Video & Transcript Research : 'role models'
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CA
California 2025-2026 Regular Session
Assembly Higher Education Committee Jul 17th, 2025
Transcript Highlights:
- SB 638 aims to do the same, and we know that this model works.
- The other models that have been currently on the table are advisory bodies only.
- But I think the point of moving this bill forward is to have this concept and this model on the table
- There are a lot of entities and systems that are very concerned about their role in this space.
- I do not see a single value-added role in this new body. I see duplication.
Summary:
The Assembly Higher Education Committee met in a special hearing and took up SB 638 by Senator Padilla, a workforce development bill aimed at creating a coordinating entity called the Middle Class Pipeline Project. The bill would streamline interagency education and workforce programs, improve career technical education and career pathways, and direct resources toward high-unemployment, low-income regions through changes to the CTE incentive grant program. Supporters, including the Association of Independent California Colleges and Universities, the California Edge Coalition, National University, Long Beach City College, and United Ways of California, argued that California needs a statewide coordinating body to reduce silos, improve access to high-quality jobs, and better align education with labor market needs.
Committee members focused heavily on whether the proposed entity would duplicate existing bodies such as the California Workforce Development Board and other education/workforce agencies, and whether its broad duties could be carried out with the $1.5 million budget allocation. The author said the bill is intended to move an operational coordinating entity into broader tri-party negotiations with legislative leadership and the Governor, and that the final structure and staffing would depend on those talks. Some members supported the concept but raised concerns about scope, duplication, and whether the bill should be delayed or audited; one member opposed it as too broad and underfunded.
The committee ultimately voted to pass SB 638 to the Assembly Appropriations Committee on a courtesy vote. The roll call showed five ayes and three noes, with one member not voting, and the chair later allowed additional members to add on, including an additional aye from Assemblymember Haney. The hearing then adjourned with the chair noting that further conversations would continue on the coordinating entity and its responsibilities.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- In the 87th session, we passed SB1941, which created a high Rameses' strategic plan is modeled after
- The program aims to increase the number of Hispanic women in leadership roles and in government, because
- She's an amazing role model, but I cannot, I cannot. Stop, Mr. President.
- Members, pollinators are a keystone species that play a crucial role in the ecosystem services that are
- And Environment Texas has played a role.
Bills:
HB11, HB12, HB21, HB26, HB30, HB33, HB37, HB45, HB210, HB303, HB630, HB879, HB1041, HB1188, HB1261, HB1318, HB1465, HB1535, HB1593, HB1778, HB2559, HB2596, HB2692, HB2703, HB2712, HB2742, HB2809, HB2890, HB3012, HB3526, HB5061, HB5092, HB5238, HCR92, SB203, SB317, SB393, SB397, SB644, SB731, SB801, SB867, SB913, SB1071, SB1073, SB1086, SB1087, SB1250, SB1310, SB1359, SB1444, SB1483, SB1705, SB1782, SB1861, SB1897, SB1944, SB2023, SB2043, SB2082, SB2133, SB2215, SB2309, SB2497, SB2532, SB2549, SB2566, SB2617, SB2639, SB2696, SB2717, SB2747, SB2751, SB2790, SB2797, SB2799, SB2841, SB2850, SB2857, SB2891, SB2919, SB2928, SB2994, SB3051, SJR34, SB529, SB541, SB693, SB963, SB1968, SB2308, SB2544, SB1173, SB1646, SB1734, SB1833, SB1, SB17, SB260, SB509, SB1506, SB1637, HB1393, HB2559, HB26, HB3012, HB1593, HB2607, HB3526, HB3810, HB388, HB879, HB12, HB2703, HB30, HB2712, HB2692, HB1633, HB1318, HB685, HB630, HB4753, HB2742, HB303, HB198, HB1535, HB762, HB148, HB1520, HB5061, HB2286, HB1606, HB1041, HB132, HB11, HB45, HB48, HB1261, HB1465, HB1778, HB2596, HB5238, HB33, HB1188, HB210, HB1022, HB1458, HB5560, HB1240, HB1950, HB2027, HB2768, HB2788, HB2791, HB3146, HB3698, HB3699, HB1893, HB3700, HB4850, HB4187, HB1397, HB4885, HB4804, HB3751, HB3611, HB2775, HB2061, HB2003, HB1729, HB1242, HB791, HB2029, HB647, HB2522, HB4738, HB3033, HB3594, HB3474, HB2563, HB2802, HCR90, SJR36, SJR50, SJR63, SCR12, SCR39, SB2023, SB128, SB2043, SB62, SB666, SB847, SB284, SB854, SB810, SB1505, SB583, SB507, SB1434, SB1772, SB2016, SB1122, SB731, SB397, SB508, SB1436, SB287, SB1882, SB393, SB1791, SB209, SB2429, SB511, SB2309, SB1085, SB1975, SB2717, SB1262, SB636, SB2056, SB884, SB1200, SB1845, SB2458, SB801, SB3014, SB3013, SB758, SB2797, SB2076, SB2876, SB1640, SB1449, SB1181, SB1234, SB2926, SB2841, SB1528, SB2891, SB1854, SB317, SB1250, SB2082, SB1237, SB2819, SB629, SB2608, SB1602, SB2009, SB867, SB640, SB1698, SB2680, SB2994, SB913, SB1071, SB1086, SB1087, SB1483, SB1444, SB1553, SB1556, SB1703, SB2133, SB2297, SB2298, SB2622, SB2955, SB2334, SB1861, SB1367, SB2044, SB2363, SB2565, SB1888, SB3036, SB3057, SB3043, SB3063, SB3035, SB203, SB2799, SB2688, SB2522, SB2639, SB2459, SB2655, SB2251, SB1884, SB2617, SB2928, SB2566, SB1897, SB1749, SB2549, SB2553, SB2919, SB1782, SB1705, SB2696, SB1944, SB2215, SB1232, SB2850, SB2969, SB2497, SB1798, SB2603, SB2607, SB781, HB34, HB128, HB130, HB581, HB668, HB677, HB766, HB2259, HB2960, HB2358, HB2894, HB4384, HB2663, HB748, HB793, HB1193, HB1734, HB2340, HB2350, HB3104, HB5180, HB4739, HB1584, HB4344, HB4238, HB4219, HB3806, HB3805, HB3804, HB3803, HB3229, HB3228, HB1922, HB1522, HB431, HB3597, HB1612, HB4224, HB754, HB1314, HB2254, HB2789, HB3560, HB4643, HB1237, HCR98, SB3070, SB835, SB524, SB2233, SB2683
Keywords:
licensing, reciprocity, regulation, Texas Department of Licensing and Regulation, interstate agreements, housing finance, multifamily residential, low income, tax exemption, audit requirements, affordable housing, local government, development bonds, Medicaid, nutrition support, maternal health, chronic conditions, pilot program, disaster relief, tax rates
CA
California 2025-2026 Regular Session
Assembly Floor Session Mar 10th, 2025
California House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- Women who are role models to allow young girls to see themselves and envision themselves so that one
- She credits her family, who played a crucial role in her success.
- Caitlin McGuire has embraced numerous leadership roles beyond school.
- She has held roles as deputy superintendent, assistant superintendent, and principal.
- County Federation of Labor and holds key roles in California labor organizations. Thank you.
US
US Federal 2025-2026 Regular Session
US House Floor Proceedings (Monday, November 17, 2025)
US Federal House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- These veterans represent true role models within our community, deserving our utmost respect, acknowledgment
- These veterans represent true role models within our community, deserving our utmost respect, acknowledgment
- These veterans represent true role models within our community, deserving our utmost respect, acknowledgment
- These veterans represent true role models within our community, deserving our utmost respect, acknowledgment
- HE'S WORKING FOR YOU IF YOU BANK ROLE HIS CRYPTO SCHEMES OR PONY UP FOR PRESIDENTIAL PARDONS. MS.
NM
New Mexico 2025 Regular Session
House - Chamber Meeting Feb 3rd, 2025
Transcript Highlights:
- And whereas Sandia National Laboratories and Los Alamos National Laboratory play pivotal roles in national
- With over 15 years in atomic physics, she has held roles in academia, industry, and national labs.
- His career spans research in hyperspectral detection, nuclear reactor modeling, hypersonic, and nuclear
- Prior to his current role, he was chief scientist at the Air Force Nuclear Weapons Center, leading technical
- This month, it'll make Las Cruces a model of where and how to build affordable housing. Mr.
MA
Massachusetts 2025-2026 Regular Session
Joint Committee on Economic Development and Emerging Technologies Jun 21st, 2026 at 11:00 am
Joint Committee on Economic Development and Emerging Technologies
Transcript Highlights:
- They have been a model gaming operation since their existence, and they have been a great partner to
- The response has been kind of the responsible gambling model.
- Veterans organizations play a critical role in our Commonwealth and in our towns, supporting service
- I hate to use Illinois, but that's the best model that's out there because it's so highly regulated.
- Okay, the sweepstakes model is taking away your revenue from a state; that's their model currently.
Summary:
The committee on Economic Development and Emerging Technologies, chaired by Rep. Carole Fiola and Sen. Barry Finegold, held a lengthy hearing on a range of gambling-related bills. Testimony first focused on H. 496 to allow the Massachusetts Gaming Commission to authorize Plain Ridge Park Casino to add table games and more slot machines. Supporters, including Rep. Jeffrey Roy, Sen. Finegold, Rep. Barry R. Finegold, Rep. Brian Vaughn, and Plainville officials, argued the change was needed to keep Massachusetts gaming dollars from flowing to Rhode Island, protect jobs, and preserve local tax revenue. They described Plain Ridge as a strong community partner and cited host-community benefits such as municipal infrastructure projects and local aid. Opponents or skeptical witnesses later argued that expanded gambling, especially online, would increase harm and cannibalize existing casinos and local economies.
The committee also heard testimony on bills related to sports betting restrictions and online gambling. Sen. John Keenan presented a “Better Health Act” proposal to ban prop bets and in-play bets, require affordability checks, prohibit hosts, raise the sports betting excise tax, expand funding for problem-gambling services, and increase research and data sharing. He and supporters framed the bill as a public-health response to addiction, suicide, bankruptcy, and other harms. Rep. David Nangle, speaking from personal experience with gambling addiction, strongly opposed internet gaming, warning that it would intensify addiction and expose children and families to 24/7 gambling on phones. In contrast, Rep. David Moradian and industry witnesses supported H. 4431 to legalize and regulate internet gaming, arguing it would bring illegal activity into a regulated market, generate new revenue, and include consumer protections such as age verification, deposit limits, self-exclusion, and responsible-gaming tools.
The committee also took testimony on H. 4238, which would expand fundraising options for fraternal organizations, especially the Elks. Rep. Bruce Ayers and Elks representatives said the bill would help lodges raise money for scholarships, veterans’ services, and community programs after COVID-related losses and declining membership. On H. 480, Rep. Kathleen LaNatra, Rep. Badger, and representatives of veterans organizations and gaming-machine operators urged allowing qualified veterans groups to participate in certain video gaming activity, saying it would provide a sustainable revenue source to keep posts open and support veterans’ services. Dr. Rachel Volberg testified that expanding gambling, especially online gambling and slot machines at veterans organizations, would likely increase gambling harm, and she urged stronger harm-prevention measures, data reporting, and research funding. Other witnesses, including anti-gambling advocates and industry representatives, sharply disagreed over whether legalization would reduce illegal gambling or worsen addiction and social costs. No votes or final actions were taken during the hearing.
CA
California 2025-2026 Regular Session
Assembly Budget Subcommittee No. 1 on Health May 19th, 2025
Transcript Highlights:
- Models out there and mirroring the benefit package.
- We have not modeled different approaches on the dental benefit package, no. Okay.
- And by the lack of modeling of different scenarios, this feels like a very blunt approach.
- I will definitely try to model the Chair.
- that the legislature has its own role to protect the community.
AR
Arkansas 2026 Regular Session
ALC-HOSPITAL, MEDICAID, & DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES STUDY SUBCOMMITTEE Jun 15th, 2026
ALC-HOSPITAL, MEDICAID, & DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES STUDY SUBCOMMITTEE
Transcript Highlights:
- You know, again, it's more like a franchise model.
- I think there was a question around a franchise model in the list of questions.
- Well, and I think that's part of this model, right?
- Under our model, we think we're going to increase that by $6 million to $7 million annually.
- They're Districts and a lot of them are a consortia model through our education co-ops.
Summary:
The meeting focused on Arkansas’s proposed workforce system overhaul, including a combined WIOA/Perkins state plan and a package of federal waiver requests intended to consolidate workforce governance, reduce administrative costs, and redirect more funding to training and supportive services. Commerce officials said the plan would replace the current structure of 10 local workforce boards and more than 200 board members with a single statewide board and one administrative entity, while keeping local offices open and using regional business councils to preserve employer and local input. They said the state has already reduced Commerce headcount and operating costs, and that the changes would improve coordination with higher education, adult education, vocational rehabilitation, DHS, and Arkansas Industry Connect.
Much of the discussion centered on the waiver package, especially the proposal to make the state board function as the local board, allow more flexible movement of funds across regions, eliminate the WIOA “last dollar” requirement for training and supportive services, create affiliate sites instead of requiring every area to maintain a comprehensive center, and relax the 14 youth program element requirement. Officials said the State Board of Workforce Development approved the waiver package 11-3 before it was submitted to the U.S. Department of Labor, and that implementation would begin only after federal approval and a closeout process, likely taking up to a year. They also described plans to streamline referrals and data sharing, expand mobile and virtual services, and use a more centralized model to improve customer service and employer engagement.
Members raised repeated concerns about rural representation, local control, board composition, and whether jobs and relationships would be lost if local boards were eliminated. Commerce officials responded that local offices would remain open, some current staff could be rehired by the state, and regional business councils would help ensure local employer voice. Several members also questioned how the funding was being used, citing audit findings that only about $1.8 million to $1.9 million of roughly $14 million to $15 million in federal workforce funds had gone to training and supportive services. Officials said the reorganization could increase annual training spending to roughly $6 million to $7 million by reducing overhead, one-stop operator contracts, and board administration. The committee also discussed how the changes might support workforce training facilities, apprenticeships, child care and transportation assistance, and employer-driven training in fields such as manufacturing, health care, technology, and welding.
The Division of Higher Education also briefed members on Workforce Pell. Officials explained that the new federal program would extend Pell eligibility to short-term programs, but only within narrow limits, such as 150 to 599 clock hours and 8 to 15 weeks of instruction, with additional completion and employment benchmarks. They said Arkansas is working with colleges and universities to identify programs that fit the criteria and that the governor has designated the Division of Higher Education to lead implementation. No votes were taken by the committee during this portion of the meeting.
NH
New Hampshire 2026 Regular Session
Senate Health and Human Services (01/21/2026)
Health and Human Services
Transcript Highlights:
- It's just a model, a mold of this hand transposed.
- <04:16:40.560>
And <04:16:41.040>that would be taken off the roles. - And that would be taken off the roles.
- <04:16:50.080>
because take more people off the roles because take more people off the roles - :06.000>
layers actuarial models and stop-loss layers actuarial models and stop-loss layers reflect
CA
California 2025-2026 Regular Session
Senate Floor Session Apr 27th, 2026
California Senate Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- Can you please mention my role in the Coastal Act and the creation of the Coastal Commission?
- And of course, I, you know, focused on that from ever after because he was so proud of his role in...
- ...I focused on that from ever after because he was so proud of his role in drafting the legislation
- We've seen this interim housing model.
- We have a model that is working now, and we need to scale it up with focus. Thank you. Thank you.
Summary:
The Senate convened with a quorum, offered prayer and the Pledge of Allegiance, and then moved through privileges of the floor recognizing Fresno State Ag Leadership Development Program students and members of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc. The body also approved the Senate journals and took up several gubernatorial appointments, including confirmations to the Court Reporters Board and the California Law Revision Commission, each approved by roll call vote.
The chamber then considered SCR 136 marking the 50th anniversaries of the California Coastal Act, Coastal Commission, and Coastal Conservancy. Supporters emphasized coastal access, habitat protection, public trails, and resilience, while one senator argued the commission can overrule local control and slow development. The resolution passed 27-4. The Senate also adopted SR 68 for Denim Day and Sexual Assault Awareness Month, with broad support focused on survivor advocacy and accountability, and SCR 130 recognizing Child Abuse Prevention Month, which passed unanimously. Several bills were then approved on unanimous roll call, including SB 1058 on school nutrition procurement, SB 930 on encryption for school exam proctoring, SB 917 on winery sales at farmers’ markets, SB 1002 on continuity of out-of-state telehealth care, SB 1036 on mitigation fee credits for redevelopment, SB 1285 on juvenile record dismissals, and SB 969 on remote developmental services.
Later, SCR 131 called for an urgent, coordinated response to unsheltered homelessness, emphasizing interim shelter, permanent housing, and supportive services. Supporters said the state must stop normalizing encampments and better coordinate resources; one senator objected that the resolution did not sufficiently address self-sufficiency or alternatives to housing-first approaches. The resolution passed 34-0. The Senate also adopted SCR 157 honoring school bus drivers, approved the consent calendar, heard committee announcements, and adjourned in memory of Sandy Steers, a conservation advocate and longtime executive director of Friends of Big Bear Valley.
MN
Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session
Child Committee Meeting - 2025-04-01
Children and Families Finance and Policy
Transcript Highlights:
- biggest reasons why we're losing slots is because childcare is, some have said, a failed business model
- And it's also, you know, being looked at as a national model, especially coming out of COVID.
- Beginning with the state's 2025 fiscal year, Greater Twin Cities United Way entered a new role as this
- Our role allows for consistent implementation of program rules and regulations across the state, helping
- a maltreatment determination is upheld, this offender would be prohibited from having child-facing roles
Keywords:
child welfare, economic assistance, child care, grant program, video security cameras, early education, scholarships, funding, children, families, Minnesota education, child care licensing, family child care, child care center, Minnesota Department of Children, Youth, and Families, correction order, conditional license, fix-it ticket, documented technical assistance, license suspension
CA
California 2025-2026 Regular Session
Assembly Higher Education Committee Jun 23rd, 2026
Higher Education
Transcript Highlights:
- These colleges and institutions play a central role in preparing the workforce for our state and its
- ability to sustain our state's $4 trillion economy and its role in long-term global competitiveness.
- By establishing a California HSI designation, the state formally recognizes the vital role HSIs play
- By establishing a California HSI designation, the state formally recognizes the vital role HSI's play
- How many staff members will this new role impact?
FL
Florida 2026 5th Special Session
Children, Families, and Elder Affairs Nov 18th, 2025
Transcript Highlights:
- Under the FVPSA, the state's role is primarily to act as a pass-through for federal grant funds.
- And I would be the assistant secretary now that is in that role.
- And I would be the assistant secretary now that is in that role.
- I'm seeing different roles. However, how does the money get down to Safe Space?
- That model is a U.K.
Summary:
The committee held a panel discussion on Florida’s domestic violence system, focusing on the roles of the state, the federally designated coalition, direct-service providers, and law enforcement. Members reviewed the history of the system after the dissolution of the former coalition in 2020, the creation of the Florida Partnership to End Domestic Violence, DCF’s Office of Domestic Violence, and the current contract structure involving Women in Distress and its subcontractors for hotline and legal services. Panelists also discussed the 2024 lethality assessment law, the workgroup’s conclusion that the evidence-based Maryland tool could not be used because of copyright and cost issues, and the state’s current use of statutory questions instead. DCF and FDLE described the statewide certification and funding framework, including more than $60 million in domestic violence funding for fiscal year 2025-26 and the requirement that law enforcement complete lethality-assessment training by October 1, 2026.
Testimony highlighted both collaboration and conflict. Florida Partnership to End Domestic Violence and Women in Distress described overlapping training and technical-assistance roles, but disagreed sharply about the quality of their relationship with DCF and whether the current structure is duplicative. DCF said it maintains communication with both the coalition and the centers and emphasized that the coalition is federally required, while the coalition argued that the department has obstructed its work. Women in Distress and Hope Villages stressed direct services, prevention, and the need for more housing, staffing, and funding, especially in rural areas. They also described programs in schools, hospitals, and child welfare settings, and noted that children exposed to domestic violence often need specialized services.
Members asked about funding flows, certification, rural coverage, the number of centers, and the lethality assessment rollout. DCF said the 41 certified centers serve all 67 counties and that no new applications have been received in about 15 years. FDLE reported that 46 of roughly 400 law enforcement agencies had completed the lethality-assessment training and attestation, with the statutory deadline still ahead. Panelists said domestic violence appears to be increasing, citing higher hotline demand, shelter occupancy, and local case numbers, while also noting that statewide crime data remains outdated. The discussion ended with calls for better coordination, clearer implementation of statutes, more funding, and possible legislative fixes to improve data collection, training, and service delivery.
NH
Transcript Highlights:
- back in the spring and our modeling back in the spring and our modeling showed<00:20:01.120>
- role. So, we'll wait on you, Chancellor. role. So, we'll wait on you, Chancellor.
- Both models can operate Hampshire.
- Both models need the of reserves.
- :22:28.480>
that legislature affirmed the models that legislature affirmed the models that were
CA
California 2025-2026 Regular Session
Assembly Budget Subcommittee No. 5 on State Administration May 20th, 2026
Transcript Highlights:
- the broker in the transaction. to help prospective franchisees understand the role of the broker in
- the Legislature wants to play in designing this model, this process.
- And so the recognition of their role in this is that they currently implement AB 977, which involves
- They were much more likely to follow evidence-based, housing-first, low-barrier models compared with
- I know it's not an easy role that you have.
FL
Florida 2025 Regular Session
Regulated Industries Feb 11th, 2025
Transcript Highlights:
- I PROUDLY SERVE AS THE PRESIDENT OF THE COMMUNITY ASSOCIATION INSTITUTE, SUNCOAST CHAPTER AND HOLD ROLES
- >> 20%.FROM WIND OK IF YOU HAVE $100 MILLION BUILD AND WE GO OUT AND 718111 ALLOWS YOU TO DO A MODEL,
- SOME OF THESE WITH THE MODEL LOSS IT WILL BE LESS THAN THE DEDUCTIBLE.
- NOT THAT IT DOES NOT HAVE INDIVIDUAL IMPACT WHICH IS WHAT OUR JOB IS AND OUR ROLE IS TO MAKE SURE THAT
- WHICH IS WHAT OUR JOB IS AND OUR ROLE IS TO MAKE SURE THAT WE CAN ADDRESS THOSE INDIVIDUAL IMPACTS.
US
US Federal 2025-2026 Regular Session
Hearings to examine biomedical research, focusing on keeping America's edge in innovation. Apr 30th, 2025 at 09:30 am
Senate Appropriations
Transcript Highlights:
- What that teaches us about the attractiveness of America's model to scientists all around the globe.
- Prior to serving in her current role, Dr. Dr.
- Thank you, Chair Collins, and congratulations on your first hearing in this distinguished role.
- We innovate by using unconventional models like zebrafish and salamanders. to study chronic disease and
- While today's focus is biomedical research, I would like to convey the importance of the role the FDA
NM
New Mexico 2025 Regular Session
IC - Legislative Health and Human Services Sep 11th, 2025
Legislative Health & Human Services Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- But dental insurance is not really built on an insurance model. It's a reimbursement-type model.
- It's the model itself that's somewhat the problem.
- If you could just give us some concise, short answers: How do you see your role, the association's role
- This is a model, Madam Chair. And I have a couple of examples for you here.
- For example, the models that I showed you on slides 16 and 17 by individual hospitals.
TX
Texas 89th Regular
Delivery of Government Efficiency Apr 30th, 2025
Delivery of Government Efficiency
Transcript Highlights:
- For us, if they're in that role, that could facilitate the work.
- Do you have any models? Models like autonomous vehicle models to demonstrate with.
- We'll get you an autonomous vehicle model. I think we can do that. I was just checking. Model.
- Have you all studied the Florida model at all? Not in particular.
- We've studied the Florida model and we understand.
Keywords:
government review, Texas Sunset Act, regulatory oversight, agencies, sunset provisions, autonomous vehicles, regulation, safety, criminal offense, Autonomous Vehicle Commission, registration, regulations, Level 4 automation, Level 5 automation, self-driving technology, traffic laws, permit system, collision reporting, safety standards, Automated Vehicle Commission
MN
Transcript Highlights:
- There’s a model here within the U.S. legal system called dram shop for alcohol liability.
- They’re irrelevant to the business model.
- Is there any insight into the role that the VIP host plays? Sure, Senator Johnson.
- <01:13:18.639>
um want to assume that in our model um want to assume that in our model um - <01:14:18.120>
um states when we estimate our model um states when we estimate our model um