Transcript Highlights:

• is already highly regulated both federally and by other state wage and employer regulations, and that
• Will the economic benefits of reduced regulation outweigh potential risk to worker safety and their rights
• Unfortunately, because of the timing of the bill, several of the breweries that we go to and market and
• Unfortunately, because of the timing of the bill, several of the breweries that we go to and market and
• That is well regulated, some of the best access to market, and allows consumer choice. Thank you.

Summary: The committee met with a quorum and heard seven measures, including four bills and three proposed committee substitutes. HB 6033, repealing the Labor Pool Act, was presented as a cleanup measure to remove duplicative regulation; supporters argued workers would still be covered by OSHA, wage laws, workers’ compensation, and liability insurance, while opponents raised concerns about losing specific protections for day laborers. The bill was reported favorably on a 4-? vote, with several members voting no over concerns about worker protections. HB 453, dealing with pool and spa contractors, was described as a technical update to Chapter 489 that would better align licensing scopes with current industry practice and allow contractors to perform related work without stopping for additional licensed trades. An amendment making only drafting changes was adopted, and the bill passed unanimously. CS/HB 277 on veteran benefits assistance was also reported favorably unanimously after testimony focused on protecting veterans from predatory claims-assistance practices while preserving choice and requiring disclosures, fee limits, and data-security safeguards. The committee then approved PCS for HB 291, which would require personal mobility device batteries sold in Florida to meet an IPX-7 certification standard, after the sponsor cited fire risks from lithium-ion batteries; the measure passed unanimously. PCS for HB 709, allowing valid pari-mutuel permit holders to lease facilities to nearby high-li permit holders, was amended to require a minimum of 59 live performances and then passed unanimously. CS/HB 4011, expanding who may serve as a building official on Palm Beach County’s Building Code Advisory Board, passed unanimously as a good-government fix to fill vacancies. Finally, PCS for HB 499, allowing small craft breweries under 31,000 gallons to self-distribute, drew extensive testimony from brewers and distributors about small-business growth versus the three-tier alcohol system; despite concerns about weakening distribution safeguards, the bill was reported favorably by a 13-2 vote. The meeting then adjourned with no further business.

Transcript Highlights:

• It adds a sentence that says the Department, being the Department of Labor, shall not retroactively apply
• Because, again, there's a lot of extra education that's required to obtain that secondary license, and
• Representative, you and I talked about this bill, and you answered a lot of my questions, and I told
• And of course, as we know, the chancellor and the director of Career Tech are both fall...
• lots of self-checkout lanes and not as many employees.

Bills: HB3239 , HB4317 , HB4321 , HB4322 , HB3832 , HB3673 , HB3783 , HB3800 , HB2956 , HB3960 , HB2471 , HB3338

Committee: House Business

Transcript Highlights:

• The department does engage in research in order to process those types of claims, and part of that research
• is in jeopardy, and the department may suspend or revoke the license, and there's a process for that
• at the Department of before my time at the Department of Labor<00:31:21.240><c> and</c><00:31:21.360>
• <c> can</c> identifying and that the department can identifying and that the department can regulate<
• If the department assesses, goes in, and does an investigation, and on assessment of that investigation

Committee: House Labor, Industrial and Rehabilitative Services

Transcript Highlights:

• Cedric Gates here on behalf of the Department of Agriculture and Biosecurity.
• behalf of the Department of Agriculture and<00:09:04.000><c> Bio</c><00:09:04.320><c> Security.
• of Hawaii is being regulated by USDA right now, and they are doing the licensing.
• And we'll also amend the bill to remove the Department of Agriculture and Biocurity licensing requirements
• and the department of agriculture and biocurity<00:21:29.840><c> licensing</c><00:21:30.400><c> requirements

Bills: SB2178

Committee: Senate Agriculture and Environment

Summary: The committee heard testimony on SP 2178, which would create an industrial hemp program in the Department of Agriculture and Biosecurity, establish an advisory board, support research through the University of Hawaii, and promote hemp-based materials and partnerships with Native Hawaiian practitioners and cooperatives. Testimony was generally supportive from industry, Native Hawaiian advocates, the Hawaii Farm Bureau, and the department, with supporters emphasizing economic opportunity, community-based development, and potential uses such as hempcrete and fiber products. The Department of Agriculture and Biosecurity also said it supported the intent, but its representative explained that the bill would require additional staffing and resources for education, monitoring, testing, and enforcement. Members raised concerns about overlapping regulation with USDA hemp licensing and the cost of new positions; the department estimated three additional positions at about $80,000 each and noted current federal licensing does not charge fees. The committee recommended passage with amendments, including removing state licensing requirements to avoid duplication with USDA authority, making technical changes, and blanking the appropriation amount for later consideration, and the recommendation was adopted unanimously. The committee also heard and later took action on several other measures. SB 2702, relating to Hawaiian Homes and an irrigation system inventory, drew support but was postponed for decision-making until February 5 so additional amendments could be prepared. SB 2785, relating to economic development, received mixed testimony but was recommended and adopted for passage without amendments. SB 2790, relating to the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands and the Mākai irrigation system, received strong support and was also passed unamended. SB 2314, relating to the Hawaiian language and the legal effect of Hawaiian versions of laws, drew support from the Hawaii Civil Rights Commission and others, while the Attorney General’s office raised concerns about the wording; the committee adopted amendments incorporating language from the judiciary, clarifying that English and Hawaiian are official languages and that priority goes to the version consistent with legislative intent when there is a material difference, and then passed the bill with amendments. All final votes reported were in favor, with no recorded opposition.

Transcript Highlights:

• And it was so dry, and it was a lot of it. And it wasn't windy. And it wasn't windy that.
• , why not have another round of certification and training and... ...regulation here?
• Not many of the licenses required were present. And it caused immense destruction in a small town.
• , and of also rooting out some of the significant conflicts of interest and other challenges that have
• are essential to have effective local regulation and local enforcement of state laws in this regard.

Committee: House Emergency Management

Transcript Highlights:

• that appears on our license plates and as a logo for the University of Wyoming.
• of State with the director of the Department of Transportation was a... generation of leaders and you're
• And so what this would do is simply uh request of the uh Department of Agriculture and we state in the
• </c> Department of Agriculture Department of Agriculture u<01:58:30.159><c> and</c><01:58:30.480><c>
• of control and how it is funded. board of control and how it is funded.

Transcript Highlights:

• Next, we'll take up Tab 3, CS for CS for SB 700, and Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services
• First, I'd like to start with thanking Senator Truenow and the folks at the Department of Agriculture
• and the bank decided they didn't want to, in our case, because of all the regulations and cost, they
• Alex Haley, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, waving in support. Howard E.
• of the extent of complaint and investigation and penalty.

Committee: Senate Fiscal Policy

Summary: The committee first took up CS for CS for CS for SB 462 on transportation, adopting a substitute amendment that would require counties receiving transportation surtax proceeds to report how the money is used, prohibit certain airport fees tied to collegiate flight training, create a Sarasota-Manatee Airport Authority pilot program, and fund a traffic signal modernization program with $10 million annually from the State Transportation Trust Fund. The amendment also removed several provisions from the bill, including a sales tax transfer to the trust fund, a bid protest-related contracting requirement, and repeal of the Metropolitan Planning Organization Advisory Council. A late-filed amendment was tabled, and the bill was reported favorably. The committee then heard CS for CS for SB 628, “Lucy's Law,” on boating safety, which would strengthen penalties for leaving the scene of a vessel accident and reckless vessel operation. Lucy’s parents gave emotional testimony in support, describing the fatal 2022 boating crash and urging stronger accountability. The sponsor withdrew pending amendments, and the bill was reported favorably. CS for CS for SB 700, the Florida Farm Bill, was next; the strike-all amendment covered a broad range of agriculture-related changes, including water fluoridation restrictions, labeling rules, drone restrictions over farmland, disaster recovery programs, an honest services registry, FFA-related provisions, and agricultural land preservation. Testimony included support from agricultural and gun-rights groups, opposition from banking, dental, and local-government advocates, and a lengthy public debate over fluoridation and financial discrimination. The committee adopted the amendment and reported the bill favorably. SB 796 on general permits for distributed wastewater treatment systems was reported favorably with little debate. The committee then took up CS for SB 1618 on K-12 education, adopting a delete-all amendment that combined a wide range of education provisions, including VPK flexibility, agriculture education, financial literacy, reading intervention requirements, teacher assignment reporting, restrictions on spending public funds on political or social activism, postsecondary and workforce-related changes, and other school and college system updates. Several speakers opposed the activism-related funding restriction, while the sponsor said the bill was intended to keep publicly funded schools focused on education; the bill was reported favorably. Finally, the committee considered SB 7016 on initiative petitions, adopting a strike-all amendment that would sharply tighten petition circulation rules and increase penalties. The proposal would require circulators to be Florida residents and U.S. citizens, impose training and registration requirements, shorten petition submission deadlines, require more identifying information on petition forms, limit sponsors to one amendment per election cycle, and create new enforcement and investigation triggers, including a 25% invalid-signature threshold. Sponsors argued the changes were needed to address fraud and protect the integrity of constitutional amendment petitions, while senators raised concerns about due process, public-records issues, burdens on volunteers, and the impact on voters and sponsors. The bill was not reported in the portion provided, and the discussion remained ongoing at the end of the transcript.

Transcript Highlights:

• An act authorizing the town of Milford to convert a license for the sale of wine and malt beverages into
• An act authorizing the town of Milford to convert a license for the sale of wine and malt beverages into
• The Senate bill providing for alcohol and beverage licenses in the town of Bolton, Senate number 2628
• President, as we navigate a course to the proper regulation of social media, allowing its proper and
• a plethora of litigation, and of violating the rights of free speech, and of violating the rights of

Summary: The Senate took up several local and special bills for final passage, including measures on culverts and dams in Town Line Brook and Lindenbrook, alcohol license conversions and additions in Milford, Salem, and Bridgewater, and special legislation allowing William Pilarie to take a firefighter civil service exam in Arlington despite the age limit. All five bills were passed to be enacted. The Senate also concurred in House amendments to bills on alcohol licenses in Bolton and conservation restrictions in Hanson, and adopted a resolution commending the National Safety Council and recognizing June as National Safety Month. The chamber then considered Ways and Means reports and orders for House bills on improving Massachusetts home care and requiring health care employers to prevent workplace violence. Both bills were amended with new Senate text and ordered to second reading on July 16, 2026, with the new text pending and further amendment procedures specified. The Senate also advanced several House bills passed to be engrossed, including land transfers in Norton, transportation bond terms, and Watertown property tax classifications, each being ordered to a third reading. The main debate centered on Senate No. 30, a bill to protect children from addictive social media feeds, which was taken up with a Ways and Means substitute draft, Senate No. 3164. Senators supporting the bill argued it targets addictive design features such as algorithmic feeds, autoplay, infinite scroll, and overnight notifications while preserving access to social media, privacy, and First Amendment rights; opponents and some supporters raised concerns about parental authority and the role of the state. The Senate adopted a series of amendments, including changes to the definition of user, stronger limits on minors’ nighttime notifications, parental consent and privacy protections for location sharing and age verification, exemptions for nonprofits and open-source platforms, age-signal clarifications, dark-pattern restrictions, and data-security/reporting provisions, while rejecting several other amendments. The debate remained ongoing at the end of the transcript, with additional amendments and discussion still pending.

Transcript Highlights:

• The code of federal regulations then refers to other codes of federal regulations.
• If the driver was drunk and has been convicted of DUI, some federal regulations require it to be due
• and scope of employment.
• Had a commercial driver's license doesn't change the pain and suffering of the plaintiff.
• Fire Department on those roadways, and the other jurisdictions have a far less number of...

Bills: SB39 , SB2129 , SB2141 , SB2246 , SB2323 , SB2439 , SB2722 , SB 39

Committee: Senate Transportation

Transcript Highlights:

• /c><00:08:33.519><c> of</c><00:08:33.680><c> things</c> licensing and and that aspect of things licensing
• of</c> establish regulations and standards of establish regulations and standards of qualification<00
• if you have another state license, and the board, the Department of Military and Veterans Affairs, is
• He said there are two different school psychologist psychotherapy licenses, and the Department of Education
• :58:48.480><c> New</c> the certification and regulation of New the certification and regulation of New

Summary: The committee held public hearings on House Bill 144 and House Bill 145, both related to professional licensing for dietitians and dental hygienists. HB 144 was described as a technical fix to align statute with existing Board of Dental Examiners rules allowing dental hygienists to administer nitrous oxide and local anesthesia, with supporters saying the bill would add needed training and examination requirements to statute. A dentist and dental society representative testified that the practice is already being done safely within scope, and committee members discussed whether nitrous oxide is still used and whether the bill was mainly to keep the paperwork and law consistent. The committee moved HB 144 forward on a 12-0 vote and placed it on consent. HB 145 would join New Hampshire to a dietitian licensure compact and add a criminal history check for initial licensure to match compact language. The sponsor and board witnesses said the compact would improve portability, support telehealth, help military families and spouses, and maintain public safety by ensuring qualified practitioners and information-sharing among member states. Committee members asked about withdrawal from the compact, the difference between single-state and compact licensure, and why a background check was included; the witness said the compact is not yet active, with four states enacted and seven needed, and that the background check is required by the compact language. Additional testimony from a private-practice dietitian supported the bill, citing continuity of care, rural access, and workforce mobility, while some members raised concerns about telehealth across state lines and the practical effect of the background check.

Transcript Highlights:

• the OCA and the Department of Energy.
• c> the</c><00:28:31.600><c> and</c> as part of the department and the and as part of the department and
• > the department heads and the staff of the department heads and the staff of the agency<01:33:43.560
• of doing this, and that this is a great way to license all of this, and everybody who is licensed by
• of doing this, and that this is a great way to license all of this, and everybody who is licensed by

Summary: The hearing focused on House Bill 610, which would fold the Office of the Consumer Advocate into the Department of Energy rather than fully eliminate consumer advocacy functions. The prime sponsor argued the current office is small, funded by a special assessment on ratepayers, and duplicative of DOE work. He said moving the function to DOE would streamline energy policy review, reduce bureaucracy, and better focus the larger agency on lowering residential energy costs. He also disputed claims that the Consumer Advocate is independent, saying the office is appointed through a political process similar to DOE leadership. Committee members and the sponsor discussed whether the bill would actually relocate existing positions or replace them, and whether the Department of Energy would absorb the cost of the transferred staff. The sponsor said the fiscal note shows roughly a million-dollar reduction in both revenue assessment and spending, and that the bill would effectively reduce the office from five positions to three. He also defended his cost estimates for energy-code-related housing impacts and said the Consumer Advocate has sometimes supported policies he считает increase costs, such as energy-efficiency measures and building code changes. He argued the office should focus more on energy supply and generation, including natural gas and nuclear, rather than efficiency alone. Representative Wendy Thomas testified in opposition, saying the Consumer Advocate is an important, fair, and impartial voice for ratepayers and warning that the bill was fiscally irresponsible because the incumbent could still be owed salary and benefits if the office were repealed. She also said the bill’s drafting was confusing and that the Consumer Advocate’s role is to push back on utilities on behalf of consumers. Other members raised questions about whether the DOE would simply inherit the same political appointment structure and whether the bill would meaningfully lower bills. No vote was taken in the excerpt; the chair indicated additional testimony would follow, and the Department of Energy was present to answer questions.

Transcript Highlights:

• and practice under the supervision of a fully licensed licensed doctor for four years.
• I look for people and it's like a group of people you help or a group of me. you help, and a group of
• They're not up and down the sidewalk in front of the police department no more.
• Department of Housing and Urban Development. to track service usage, assess needs and improve program
• both doctors and nurses and we change it to more generic licensing of certain military veterans.

Bills: HB713 , HB827 , HB932 , HB499 , HB510 , HB163 , HB296 , HB879 , HB913 , HB163 , HB296

Committee: House Public Health

Transcript Highlights:

• of education and resources.
• Have you registered as Steve Uecker, Compliance Manager for TDLR, Texas Department of Licensing and Regulation
• Texas Department of Licensing and Regulation, good afternoon. Thank you for listening to me.
• It also prohibits the purchase and sale of cigarettes and tobacco products within a thousand feet of
• of addiction, disease, and death.

Bills: HB18 , HB742 , HB754 , HB1644 , HB2187 , HB1887 , HB 1275 , HB37 , HB1503 , HB1699 , HB1700 , HB2735 , HB1741 , HB1731 , HB1675 , HB18 , HB37

Committee: House Public Health

Transcript Highlights:

• And so when it comes to recognition of our tribal licenses, because we have a code, we have a Fish and
• We have the Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, and in some of the work we've done in rehabilitation
• And we can be the best partner across departments and providers and continuum of care.
• Tourism and Marketing Division of the Department of Commerce regarding the distribution, use, and impact
• I'm the director of the Tourism and Marketing Division for the North Dakota Department of Commerce.

Summary: The committee met at Spirit Lake Tribe and first heard welcoming remarks and introductions from tribal leaders and program directors. Chairwoman Street and other tribal representatives outlined a range of concerns and requests for state action, including taxation of reservation lands, support for non-beneficiary students at the tribal school, homelessness funding, Indian-managed health care, gaming and e-tabs, Feather Alert improvements, industrial farming near waterways, tourism, and better state-tribal consultation. Committee members responded that the meeting was intended to improve understanding and communication, and several members suggested future legislation or resolutions could be used to advance some of the issues. The tribe also offered to provide training on treaties, IHS 638, and compact services to legislators and staff. A major portion of the discussion focused on Spirit Lake fish and wildlife jurisdiction and the lake boundary. Tribal representatives asked for an MOU or co-stewardship agreement with the state to clarify hunting and fishing rights, recognize tribal licenses, and reduce recurring disputes over “gray areas” on the reservation and lake. Committee members discussed whether to draft a bill or resolution directing the executive branch and state agencies to negotiate such an agreement, and asked that North Dakota Game and Fish be invited to a future meeting. Related concerns included aquatic nuisance species prevention, with both sides agreeing that more aggressive boat inspection and cleaning measures would be beneficial. The committee also discussed taxation and county relations. Tribal leaders raised concerns about county resistance to fee-to-trust transfers and about property and vehicle taxation affecting members living on or near reservation lands. Committee members and tribal counsel reviewed federal treaty principles and court cases, and one member noted that the committee had previously taken no formal action on similar issues. Later, Benson County’s tax equalization director explained how the county values taxable land, handles inundated land applications, and tracks land coming off the tax rolls when the tribe repurchases acreage. The discussion ended with a presentation from the president of Sisseton Wahpeton College, who described the college’s programs, economic impact, and funding needs, followed by an HHS presentation on 1115 Medicaid waivers and the IMD exclusion as the committee moved to its next topic.

Transcript Highlights:

• So we work with the Bureau of Criminal Apprehension and the Department of Public Safety, the Medicaid
• ><c> the</c> the Bureau of Criminal Affairs and the the Bureau of Criminal Affairs and the Department
• I have to say, in my five and a half years here in the Department of Human Services, many of the media
• I have to say, in my five and a half years here in the Department of Human Services, many of the media
• Department of Human Services, Smart Choice Healthcare Group, and the appeal of Trinity Home Care Services

Committee: Senate Human Services

Transcript Highlights:

• Uh, this bill relates to the Department of Energy and, according to the analysis, gives the department
• licensing reciprocity by making the transfer of licenses from one state to another safe, secure, and
• </c><00:47:39.520><c> licenses</c> and simplifies the transfer of licenses and simplifies the transfer
• However, they may encounter challenges and delays receiving and sharing a copy of their license.
• However, they may encounter challenges and delays receiving and sharing a copy of their license.

Committee: Senate Executive Departments and Administration

Transcript Highlights:

• That's the regulation of polystyrene products, and it's preempted to the Department of Agriculture and
• continue to be regulated by the Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services.
• continue to be regulated by the Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services.
• of Nursing and the Department of Health that is currently under...
• Senator Davis: ...regulation within the Board of Nursing and the Department of Health that is currently

Summary: The Senate convened with prayer, the Pledge of Allegiance, and several introductions, then moved into special order and returning messages. Early floor action included passage of HB 6503 (relief for Mandy Penny Lamon by Sarasota County), HB 1123 (sewer collection systems), HB 211 (farm products), and a joint resolution on ad valorem tax exemption for agricultural tangible personal property, all approved without opposition. Several other measures were temporarily postponed before the chamber recessed and later returned to messages from the House. The Senate then took up a series of House amendments and conference-style motions on major bills. SB 180 on emergency preparedness and response was amended and concurred in after debate over hurricane recovery, local government moratoriums, evacuation timing in the Keys, and property tax and redevelopment provisions; it passed 34-1. CS/HB 1609 on waste incineration and auxiliary containers was heavily debated over plastic and polystyrene preemption, local beach and park regulations, and landfill/incinerator provisions, then passed 26-10. CS/HB 1205 on citizen initiatives was amended to allow volunteers to carry up to 25 petitions without registration/training and passed 28-9. The Senate also refused to concur in a House amendment to SB 234 on offenses against law enforcement, and in SB 116 on veterans, seeking to restore funding for veteran suicide prevention. Later, the chamber approved or advanced several education and health-related bills. CS/HB 1255 on education was amended and passed, with changes to school readiness and other education provisions. CS/HB 875 on educator preparation passed after discussion of cognitive science, classroom management, teacher excellence programs, and the phaseout of the general knowledge test. CS/HB 1105, a large education package, passed after debate over charter school conversions, cell phone restrictions, and other school governance changes. In health care, CS/HB 1427 was introduced as a comprehensive package combining multiple health-related provisions, though the excerpt ends before final action on that bill. Throughout the day, the Senate also concurred or refused to concur in various House amendments on mental health, financial institutions, land development, brownfields, and out-of-network provider legislation, with votes generally recorded and several measures passing on divided but mostly favorable roll calls.

Transcript Highlights:

• of the aerospace and technology commission within the Department of Commerce.
• of License Commission and County Board of License Commission and part-time<00:20:58.960><c> inspectors
• The bill establishes the Dementia Services and Brain Health Program, and the Department of Health to
• The bill establishes the Dementia Services and Brain Health Program, and the Department of Health to
• </c><00:36:03.280><c> of</c><00:36:03.359><c> the</c> license and striking an element of the license

Summary: The Senate convened with an invocation by Rabbi Ari Goldstein, whose remarks were journalized at the request of the senator from District 33. The chamber then recognized the doctor of the day, Dr. Maryann Lamont, for her 50 years in medicine and her work in neurology and stroke care, and also thanked a legislative aide, Samantha Briggs, who is leaving for law school. The presiding officer noted a quorum was present and moved into the day’s floor work. The Senate handled several messages and committee reports, including a conference committee appointment on Senate Bill 18, which concerns provisional social work licensure. In Finance, the chamber advanced Senate Bill 246 on Health Services Cost Review Commission member terms, Senate Bill 370 on acupuncture board revisions, Senate Bill 564 creating a Division of Data Protection in the Attorney General’s office and a related work group, Senate Bill 782 on telecommunications infrastructure protections, Senate Bill 808 on health insurance provider panel requirements, Senate Bill 849 on agricultural equipment warranties, Senate Bill 867 on the Maryland Aerospace and Technology Commission, and Senate Bill 982 on mutual insurance holding companies converting back to mutual insurers. Most of these bills were reported favorably with technical or conforming amendments, which were adopted without objection, and each was ordered printed for third reading. The committee also considered several House bills with Senate cross-files or identical measures. These included House Bill 118 on money transmitter licensing, House Bills 339 and 512 on Anne Arundel County Board of License Commissioners compensation, House Bill 1100 on telecommunications infrastructure protections, House Bill 1395 on agricultural equipment warranties, House Bill 1473 creating Maryland’s Future Board, House Bill 226 on Department of Disabilities housing programs, House Bill 278 codifying the Longevity Ready Maryland plan, and House Bill 746 on collaborative care model coverage and cost-sharing limits. In each case, the committee reports were adopted, amendments were approved where offered, and the bills were advanced to third reading or passed for third reading, with no recorded opposition on the floor.

Transcript Highlights:

• To just keep an open communication with both the legislature and the people as part of our regulated
• some of our kind of savings and efficiencies.
• And no, I mean to be honest, that's where we have an advisory committee of licensed operators that we
• And this is money that we have to pay for some of the IT projects and pay Out some of the claims and
• of 3 million and kind of where we stand on some of that.

Committee: House A&B General Government Subcommittee

Transcript Highlights:

• This legislation is a work product of discussions between the Department of Children and Families in
• effective regulation of child care providers and speeds up the process for getting child care teachers
• I think this is about the regulation of banks, and I think that rests within the purview of the Legislature
• I believe this is a backdoor regulation of banking, and we have a separation for A reason this is an
• His daughter served in Congress and spearheaded initiatives at the U.S. Department of Education.

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