Video & Transcript Research : 'fraud'
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NH
Transcript Highlights:
- It's not all fraud.
- a lot of fraud in government.
- Uh, I rise to speak against the ITL motion. not all fraud. I think in this era of not all fraud.
- <01:27:56.080>
But <01:27:56.320>there a lot of fraud in government. - But there a lot of fraud in government.
MN
Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session
House Elections Finance and Government Operations Committee 2/26/25
Elections Finance and Government Operations
Transcript Highlights:
- We also have heard multiple examples of counties responding to concerns about perceived fraud because
- We also have heard multiple examples of counties responding to concerns about perceived fraud because
- We also have heard multiple examples of counties responding to concerns about perceived fraud because
- We also have heard multiple examples of counties responding to concerns about perceived fraud because
- We also have heard multiple examples of counties responding to concerns about perceived fraud because
MN
Minnesota 2025 1st Special Session
Committee on Jobs and Economic Development - 02/12/25
Jobs and Economic Development
Transcript Highlights:
- rates in the one of the lowest fraud rates in the country<00:20:41.480>
you <00:20:41.559> - I want to be very clear that improper payments are not fraud. They are two different things.
- So I guess what of that 7.42, 4% I see 1.35, 8% the fraud, and we'll get to that in a second, but of
- the improper payment, how much of that is recouped back into the fund, other than the fraud rate?
- <00:37:36.119>
rate <00:37:36.400>at at just the fraud rate at at just the fraud rate
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- county lines, especially when dealing with tangible personal property like cryptocurrency, online fraud
- This change aligns with current Texas law and other venue statutes in place for crimes such as fraud,
Bills:
HB2217
Keywords:
law enforcement, bullet-resistant, grant program, safety equipment, peace officers, 1185, senate, all
MN
Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session
MN House debates bill requiring agencies to submit such reports to members electronically 5/4/26
Minnesota House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- They see the fraud. They see the self-serving governance.
- They<00:03:34.520>
see <00:03:34.680>the <00:03:34.800>fraud. - They see the fraud. They see the fraud.
Summary:
House File 3679, which would allow mandatory reports to legislative committees to be submitted electronically instead of on paper, was presented as a bipartisan efficiency measure by Representative Nash. The bill also carried an A1 amendment, adopted by voice vote, that addressed interim administrative authority for the Chief Clerk during a gap in caucus leadership and was described as a procedural fix worked out with caucus leaders.
A second amendment, A2, offered by Representative Engen, sought to prohibit legislators from participating in appropriations to named nonprofit recipients that later employ or contract with them, arguing this created conflicts of interest and self-serving governance. Supporters said the amendment was needed for institutional integrity and taxpayer trust, while opponents argued it was too narrow, not well defined, and would unfairly single out certain jobs or industries; the debate included references to direct appropriations, conflict-of-interest rules, and examples involving nonprofits, law firms, farmers, teachers, and other outside employment. The A2 amendment was put to a roll call and failed on a 66-66 tie.
After the amendment vote, the bill was read a third time and received broad support. Representatives Nash and Cleborne urged a green vote, and the House passed House File 3679 as amended by a vote of 132-0, with its title agreed to.
AZ
Arizona 2026 Regular Session
02/19/2026 - Senate Health and Human Services
Health and Human Services
Transcript Highlights:
- In some cases, those people didn't know that they were now enrolled in a different plan, clearly fraud
- In some cases, those people didn't know that they were now enrolled in a different plan, clearly fraud
- Because remember, in many cases, you are committing insurance fraud by doing this.
- We have a mandatory duty to report that to the DiFi fraud unit.
Bills:
HB2408, HB2434, HB2725, HB2728, HB2729, HB2730, HB2731, HB2732, HB2733, SB1192, SB1398, SB1399, SB1494, SB1557, SB1813, SB1821
Keywords:
nursing board, regulatory actions, disciplinary actions, expungement, healthcare professionalism, controlled substances, prescription monitoring, opioid crisis, healthcare regulations, patient safety, prescription drugs, opioids, healthcare, pain management, utilization controls, AHCCCS, Department of Economic Security, social services, welfare programs, vocational rehabilitation
Summary:
The committee took up several health and human services bills. SB 1192 would exempt good-faith basic first aid given without compensation from Arizona Medical Board licensure requirements, with added consent and law-enforcement notification rules for injured persons under 15; a Shamp amendment clarified that the bill does not limit existing liability protections, and the bill passed as amended. SB 1398 would require AHCCCS to redetermine eligibility for members over 21 every six months starting in 2027 and report eligibility data annually; Access testified neutral but raised concerns about costs and the lack of exemptions, while supporters framed it as a transparency and budgeting measure. The committee adopted a technical amendment and passed the bill as amended. SB 1399 would require prepaid capitated AHCCCS contractors to report annual spending on direct patient care versus administrative costs; it passed without amendment after testimony that the report would improve oversight of taxpayer dollars.
The committee also considered SB 1494, a strike-everything amendment aimed at stopping patient brokering and steering, including prohibiting health care providers, institutions, and drug manufacturers from paying premiums or inducing plan changes tied to health-status factors. Blue Cross Blue Shield supported the concept, describing small-scale but harmful brokering and fraud concerns, while ARMA opposed the language as too broad and vague, warning it could chill ordinary provider-patient conversations and sweep in social workers and navigators. The committee adopted the striker and passed the bill as amended, though several members said they wanted to refine the language before floor action.
SB 1813 would remove the Maricopa County cap on Arizona State Hospital civil beds tied to the Arnold v. Sarn settlement and require admission based on clinical need; the sponsor and supporters argued the cap is outdated and leaves beds unused while patients remain in crisis, while the Department of Health Services and others warned of rural access concerns, litigation risk, and the need for more resources. The committee adopted both amendments, including removal of a citizenship requirement, and passed the bill as amended after a lengthy debate about legality and possible court challenges. SB 1821, which would allow JLBC audit review of DCS case-management systems, authorize unannounced inspections of licensed group foster homes, prioritize kinship placements, and require one year of supervised training for new child safety workers, passed without amendment. SB 1557 would require signed informed consent before most medical interventions; supporters said it codifies standard practice, while the ACLU argued it was vague and could create burdens for ongoing care and politically sensitive treatments. The bill passed as introduced.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- This bill relates to the administrative remedies for certain fraud and abuse violations under Medicaid
- homes, including injury to the elderly, assault, sexual assault, murder, exploitation, and health care fraud
- require close coordination with partner agencies such as the Office of the Attorney General's Medicaid Fraud
- It is going to leave some families trying to figure things out and it is going to lead to fraud.
Bills:
HB2510, HB3589, HB4611, HB4655, HB4665, HB4666, HB4670, HB4700, HB4730, HB4798, HB4838, HB5136, HB5243, HB5302, HB5539
Keywords:
assisted living, healthcare, licensing, criminal offense, personal assistance, group home, regulation, health and safety, inspections, resident care, criminal background checks, adoption, parental rights, registry, vital statistics, disclosure, counseling, foster care, independent living, financial literacy
MN
Transcript Highlights:
- I'm a member of the Fraud Prevention Committee, and this is a subject that we spend a lot of time on.
- The ideas that were coming up on the Fraud Prevention Committee were related to paper, but we're spending
- Now, there could still be fraud; I know it doesn't You know, nothing fixes everything a hundred percent
- I think the terms waste, fraud, and abuse sometimes flow together, and they lose their meaning.
MN
Transcript Highlights:
- First, the Governor is proposing an enterprise-wide initiative focused on fraud prevention and program
- Moving on with additional no-cost items, in our fraud detection and prevention package, we've added a
- I was going to ask how much you guys have overseen in fraud in the past two years, or I'm sorry, six
- Additionally, there is a request for three new FTEs for the Governor's Fraud and Prevention Program.
FL
Transcript Highlights:
- establishes qualifications and oversight for anyone conducting alternative judicial sales to prevent fraud
- establishes qualifications and oversight for anyone conducting alternative judicial sales to prevent fraud
- This bill prevents fraud, collusion, manipulation that have harmed property owners and bidders.
- We participate in the Florida Attorney General's Consumer Fraud Work Group and work regularly with them
Summary:
The Judiciary Committee met with a quorum present and Senator Thompson excused. The committee first considered Senate Bill 48 by Senator Garcia on judicial sales and procedures. Garcia explained a delete-all amendment that would create clearer statewide procedures for alternative judicial sales, increase transparency, remove bidding credits, extend sale timelines, and add oversight for auctioneers and escrow agents to prevent fraud and collusion. After no questions or opposition, the amendment was adopted, Senator Pasadoma said the rewrite addressed many of his concerns, and the committee then voted CS for SB 48 favorably with unanimous yes votes from members present.
The committee then received a presentation from the Seminole County Sheriff’s Office on the effectiveness of Florida’s recent anti-squatting law, House Bill 621/SB 888. Presenters described several cases in which deputies used the new process to remove unlawful occupants, including a false landlord report, a long-term fake lease situation, and a more recent unlawful occupancy case. They said the law has helped protect property owners and potential victims, but suggested technical changes: clearer authorization for deputies to enter and use force if needed, and a fix to the affidavit penalty provision because false statements are currently being charged as false reports rather than perjury under the existing wording.
The Florida Bar also presented on its role in regulating lawyers, lawyer advertising, and the unlicensed practice of law. Bar leaders explained that the Bar operates under the Florida Supreme Court’s authority, is funded by member fees, and handles complaints through a multi-step process involving intake, branch offices, grievance committees, referees, and final Supreme Court review. They described advertising review procedures, discipline statistics, consumer assistance, the Clients’ Security Fund, and enforcement against unlicensed practice. Senators asked about the Legislature’s authority over lawyer advertising, the prevalence of legal ads, the role of public members on grievance committees, and how those members are selected and used.
LA
Louisiana 2026 Regular Session
House of Representatives Mar 18th, 2026
Louisiana House Floor Meeting
Bills:
HR42, HR43, HR44, HR45, HCR22, HCR23, HCR24, HCR25, HCR26, HCR27, HCR28, HCR29, HCR30, HB894, HB983, HB984, HR39, HR40, HR41, HCR19, HCR20, HCR21, HB2, HB3, HB15, HB441, HB976, HB977, HB978, HB979, HB980, HB981, HB982, HB129, HB130, HB287, HB489, HB521, HB545, HB553, HB555, HB570, HB670, HB672, HB797, HB854, HB952, HB207, HB300, HB331, HB428, HB464, HB587, HB618, HB629, HB801, HB853, HB891, HB474, HB487, HB503, HB606, HB633, HB707, HB720, HB728, HB733, HB846, HB852, HB856, HB868, HB875, HB112, HB657, HB221, HB149, HB901, HB148, HB354
Keywords:
women, chemistry industry, Louisiana, recognition, workforce, commendation, leadership, faith, community service, Bishop Weidner, log truck drivers, transportation safety, log industry, pastor, Church of Pentecost, forestry, tree farming, W.H. Ward Properties, community support, Louisiana Forestry Association
CA
California 2025-2026 Regular Session
Assembly Aging and Long-Term Care Committee Jun 23rd, 2026
Transcript Highlights:
- That can be financial fraud issues. That can be problems with technology.
- That can be financial fraud issues all around them. That can be caregiver stress.
- We had noticed that when you move that age lower, we're better able to capture much of the fraud and
Summary:
The Assembly Committee on Aging and Long-Term Care met without an initial quorum and heard four Senate bills focused on older adults and people with disabilities. SB 837 by Senator Reyes would require Aging and Disability Resource Connection programs to provide disaster and emergency preparedness education tailored to older adults and people with disabilities. Supporters, including the California Foundation for Independent Living Centers and the California Commission on Aging, cited recent wildfire deaths and the need for better evacuation planning and preparedness. The bill passed on a due pass motion and was re-referred to the Committee on Emergency Management.
SB 971 by Senator Choi would create a Healthy Aging Community Partnerships Program to encourage voluntary local partnerships, including with community colleges and other entities, to support social connection, technology help, caregiver resources, and other healthy aging activities. Supporters said it would promote independence and prevent isolation at no mandated cost, while one member questioned whether the bill addressed a current legal gap and whether public health departments should be involved. The committee approved the bill on a due pass motion and re-referred it to the Committee on Health.
SB 1261 by Senator Laird would allow Aging and Disability Resource Connections to continue operating for one to two years during transitions when an area agency on aging or independent living center operator changes, preventing service disruptions. Testimony from Access Central Coast and the California Association of Area Agencies on Aging emphasized the importance of continuity for thousands of clients. The committee passed the bill and re-referred it to the Committee on Appropriations. SB 991 by Senator Menjivar, presented by Assemblymember Gonzalez, would require the Department of Social Services to classify substantiated abuse in residential care facilities for the elderly by specific abuse type rather than a broad residents’ rights category. Ombudsman advocates argued this would improve transparency and accountability; members also discussed whether similar protections should extend to younger adults in other licensed settings. The bill passed on a due pass motion and was re-referred to the Committee on Human Services.
CA
California 2025-2026 Regular Session
Assembly Aging and Long-Term Care Committee Jun 23rd, 2026
Aging and Long-Term Care
Transcript Highlights:
- That can be financial fraud issues. That can be problems with technology.
- That can be financial fraud issues all around them. That can be caregiver stress.
- We had noticed that when you move that age lower, we're better able to capture much of the fraud and
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- The legislature let out... very strict and intelligible principles to protect the public from fraud and
- And I think that the bill is a wonderful bill because we have to always try to prevent fraud at every
- research you and your staff and Thank you for your your dedication to this issue so that we clean up fraud
Keywords:
teacher compensation, education funding, public school educators, teacher retention, teacher designation, lottery, gambling, internet gaming, mobile application, criminal offenses, aquifer, water management, Edwards Aquifer, sustainability, regulatory framework, SB 565, Texas Water Code, TCEQ, Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, compliance agreement
US
US Federal 2025-2026 Regular Session
US House Floor Proceedings (Thursday, May 8, 2025)
US Federal House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- Cuz if you complain, you must be about fraud.
- You must be about something else fraud.
- quote cutting waste, fraud, and abuse. quote cutting waste, fraud, and abuse.
- so stunningly easy to commit fraud so stunningly easy to commit fraud against<03:43:04.880>
the - <03:43:12.319>
unlike During the co era, we saw fraud unlike During the co era, we saw fraud
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- by the legislature when Article 39.026 was enacted, but that legislation is specific to health care fraud
- device that is capable of unlawfully intercepting electronic communications or data to perpetuate fraud
- This bill ensures victims of cybercrime, fraud, and deceptive online theft are no longer left behind
- Election fraud is a unique crime that is one of the very few criminal offenses where the vast majority
- , wire fraud, and even civil rights violations that intersect with election law.
Keywords:
animal cruelty, nonlivestock, prosecution, veterinary defense, animal welfare, aggravated assault, penal code, public servant, deadly weapon, mass shooting, Penal Code, penalties, felony, Texas Penal Code, felony enhancement, first-degree felony, second-degree felony, violent crime, assault punishment, serious bodily injury
MN
Minnesota 2025 1st Special Session
Committee on Rules and Administration and Rules Subcommittee on Committees - 04/07/25
Transcript Highlights:
- inspector general who operates independently of the executive branch and is empowered to investigate fraud
- The office will have the tools to independently investigate fraud and misuse, issue reports, recommend
- I think having an independent office of inspector general is critically important to combat fraud in
- 00:02:46.080>
important <00:02:46.400>to <00:02:46.560>combat <00:02:46.879>fraud - is critically important to combat fraud is critically important to combat fraud in<00:02:47.480>
MN
Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session
Committee on Judiciary and Public Safety - Part 2 - 04/04/25
Judiciary and Public Safety
Transcript Highlights:
- investigations. governor's fraud package uh related to governor's fraud package uh related to kickbacks
- These from the governor's fraud package.
- additionally from the governor's fraud additionally from the governor's fraud package.<01:27:49.199
- agencies for the purposes of fraud agencies for the purposes of fraud investigations.<01:27:55.760
- This is uh related to the fraud package.
AL
Bills:
HB 200, HB 541, HB 1803, HB 30, HB 175, HB 249, HB 721, HB 851, HB 897, HB 1128, HB 1904, HB 1916, HB 5560, HB 3071, HB 5627, HB 5435, HB 3913, HB 2921, HB 2695, HB 2688, HB 3045, HB 3483, HB 3673, HB 4213, HB 4226, HB 783, HB 4373, HB 4735, HB 5155, HB 5057, HB 4984, HB 4944, HB 4813, HB 5339, HB 5196, HB 5033, HB 4853, HB 3486, HB 4211, HB 74, HB 4670, HB 4730, HB 4743, HB 4603, HB 4463, HB 3892, HB 4139, HB 4752, HB 4520, HB 4517, HB 4486, HB 4437, HB 4426, HB 4396, HB 4263, HB 3487, HB 3418, HB 2284, HB 2266, HB 2229, HB 4912, HB 2189, HB 4506, HB 5269, HB 5224, HB 5195, HB 3317, HB 4166, HB 3947, HB 3358, HB 3370, HB 4438, HB 3745, HB 3602, HB 3697, HB 2001, HB 1968, HB 3371, HB 3909, HCR 7, SB 1744, SB 1364, SB 1316, HB 2026, HB 3302, HB 3368, HB 1639, HB 5652, HB 4655, HB 5654, HB 5658, HB 5656, HB 4894, HB 4996, HB 5088, HB 5650, HB 4464, HB 3751, HB 5665, HB 5661, HB 1237, HB 2802, HB 5437, HB 2703, HB 5666, HB 5667, HCR 113, HCR 86, SB 2196, SB 463, SB 856, SB 1245, SB 1169, SB 509, SB 985, SB 305, SB 552, HB 1535, HB 123, HB 1804, HB 426, HB 1773, HB 1871, HB 2035, HB 2492, HB 1411, HB 4753, HB 4666, HB 4529, HB 1499, HB 1610, HB 2028, HB 1506, HB 886, HB 3546, HB 796, HB 223, HB 3556, HB 2448, HB 4638, HB 111, HB 180, HB 1027, HB 1178, HB 610, HB 1277, HB 1615, HB 1620, HB 5342, HB 4885, HB 4751, HB 4530, HB 4488, HB 2149, HB 2071, HB 2282, HB 2248, HB 2243, HB 2522, HB 2310, HB 2513, HB 2300, HB 1902, HB 1813, HB 3719, HB 4284, HB 3743, HB 3778, HB 5153, HB 5147, HB 4877, HB 4850, HB 3261, HB 3005, HB 3033, HB 2849, HB 2967, HB 3531, HB 1768, HB 333, HB 2914, HB 2613, HB 3717, HB 3704, HB 2697, HB 3801, HB 3099, HB 3488, HB 3477, HB 3466, HB 3396, HB 3469, HB 2594, HB 2776, HB 2564, HB 2298, HB 5331, HB 5646, HB 5247, HB 5323, HB 4384, HB 3896, HB 4014, HB 3627, HB 3594, HB 2524, HB 510, HB 561, HB 5111, HB 5446, HB 1181, HB 3963, HB 2785, HB 1661, HB 2460, HB 200, HB 541, HB 1803, HB 30, HB 175, HB 249, HB 721, HB 851, HB 897, HB 1128, HB 1904, HB 1916, HB 5560, HB 3071, HB 5627, HB 5435, HB 3913, HB 2921, HB 2695, HB 2688, HB 3045, HB 3483, HB 3673, HB 4213, HB 4226, HB 783, HB 4373, HB 4735, HB 5155, HB 5057, HB 4984, HB 4944, HB 4813, HB 5339, HB 5196, HB 5033, HB 4853, HB 3486, HB 4211, HB 74, HB 4670, HB 4730, HB 4743, HB 4603, HB 4463, HB 3892, HB 4139, HB 4752, HB 4520, HB 4517, HB 4486, HB 4437, HB 4426, HB 4396, HB 4263, HB 3487, HB 3418, HB 2284, HB 2266, HB 2229, HB 4912, HB 2189, HB 4506, HB 5269, HB 5224, HB 5195, HB 3317, HB 4166, HB 3947, HB 3358, HB 3370, HB 4438, HB 3745, HB 3602, HB 3697, HB 2001, HB 1968, HB 3371, HB 3909, HCR 98, HCR 92, HCR 126, HCR 7
Keywords:
juvenile offenders, parole eligibility, youth justice, criminal justice reform, inmate rehabilitation, direct patient care, healthcare, physicians, medical services, insurance regulation, dentist, dental hygienist, interstate practice, licensure, compact privilege, public health, military members, disaster relief, tax rates, local government
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- prosecutors with greater flexibility to pursue cases involving intangible personal property like online fraud
- Received death threats, including calls to hang him when convicted for fraud.
- administrator in Tarrant County received death threats, including calls to hang him when convicted for fraud
- likeness through social media or other digital means without consent and with the intent to harm. ...fraud
Bills:
HB200, HB541, HB1803, HB30, HB175, HB249, HB721, HB851, HB897, HB 1128, HB1904, HB1916, HB5560, HB3071, HB5627, HB5435, HB3913, HB2921, HB2695, HB2688, HB3045, HB3483, HB3673, HB4213, HB4226, HB783, HB4373, HB4735, HB5155, HB5057, HB4984, HB4944, HB4813, HB5339, HB5196, HB5033, HB4853, HB3486, HB4211, HB74, HB4670, HB4730, HB4743, HB4603, HB4463, HB3892, HB4139, HB4752, HB4520, HB4517, HB4486, HB4437, HB4426, HB4396, HB4263, HB3487, HB3418, HB2284, HB2266, HB2229, HB4912, HB2189, HB4506, HB5269, HB5224, HB5195, HB3317, HB4166, HB3947, HB3358, HB3370, HB4438, HB3745, HB3602, HB3697, HB2001, HB1968, HB3371, HB3909, HCR7, SB1744, SB1364, SB1316, HB2026, HB3302, HB3368, HB1639, HB5652, HB4655, HB5654, HB5658, HB5656, HB4894, HB4996, HB5088, HB5650, HB4464, HB3751, HB5665, HB5661, HB 1237, HB2802, HB5437, HB2703, HB5666, HB5667, HCR113, HCR86, SB2196, SB463, SB856, SB1245, SB1169, SB509, SB985, SB305, SB552, HB1535, HB 123, HB1804, HB426, HB1773, HB1871, HB2035, HB2492, HB1411, HB4753, HB4666, HB4529, HB1499, HB1610, HB2028, HB1506, HB886, HB3546, HB796, HB223, HB3556, HB2448, HB4638, HB 111, HB180, HB 1027, HB 1178, HB610, HB 1277, HB1615, HB1620, HB5342, HB4885, HB4751, HB4530, HB4488, HB2149, HB2071, HB2282, HB2248, HB2243, HB2522, HB2310, HB2513, HB2300, HB1902, HB1813, HB3719, HB4284, HB3743, HB3778, HB5153, HB5147, HB4877, HB4850, HB3261, HB3005, HB3033, HB2849, HB2967, HB3531, HB1768, HB333, HB2914, HB2613, HB3717, HB3704, HB2697, HB3801, HB3099, HB3488, HB3477, HB3466, HB3396, HB3469, HB2594, HB2776, HB2564, HB2298, HB5331, HB5646, HB5247, HB5323, HB4384, HB3896, HB4014, HB3627, HB3594, HB2524, HB510, HB561, HB5111, HB5446, HB 1181, HB3963, HB2785, HB1661, HB2460, HB200, HB541, HB1803, HB30, HB175, HB249, HB721, HB851, HB897, HB 1128, HB1904, HB1916, HB5560, HB3071, HB5627, HB5435, HB3913, HB2921, HB2695, HB2688, HB3045, HB3483, HB3673, HB4213, HB4226, HB783, HB4373, HB4735, HB5155, HB5057, HB4984, HB4944, HB4813, HB5339, HB5196, HB5033, HB4853, HB3486, HB4211, HB74, HB4670, HB4730, HB4743, HB4603, HB4463, HB3892, HB4139, HB4752, HB4520, HB4517, HB4486, HB4437, HB4426, HB4396, HB4263, HB3487, HB3418, HB2284, HB2266, HB2229, HB4912, HB2189, HB4506, HB5269, HB5224, HB5195, HB3317, HB4166, HB3947, HB3358, HB3370, HB4438, HB3745, HB3602, HB3697, HB2001, HB1968, HB3371, HB3909, HCR98, HCR92, HCR126, HCR7
Keywords:
juvenile offenders, parole eligibility, youth justice, criminal justice reform, inmate rehabilitation, direct patient care, healthcare, physicians, medical services, insurance regulation, dentist, dental hygienist, interstate practice, licensure, compact privilege, public health, military members, disaster relief, tax rates, local government