Video & Transcript Research : 'Vision Zero'

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TX

Texas 89th 2nd C.S.

Homeland Security, Public Safety & Veterans' Affairs Mar 5th, 2025

Homeland Security, Public Safety & Veterans' Affairs

Transcript Highlights:
  • At the time, ground zero for illegal migration was in the RGV, the Rio Grande Valley.
  • The multiple, um, in some cases you use the night vision equipment, so it can't bulls in your backyard
  • there's dark ordinances, so having street lights impacts the fighters or the, the trainers using night vision
DE
Transcript Highlights:
  • Delaware should study and evaluate a clean energy standard to recognize nuclear power as a form of zero-emission
  • Delaware should study and evaluate a clean energy standard to recognize nuclear power as a form of zero-emission
  • evaluate a clean energy standard or another procurement mechanism to recognize nuclear power as a form of zero-emission
  • Okay, thank you for keeping them in our field of vision.
Keywords: 1064, all
NM

New Mexico 2026 Regular Session

Senate - Education Feb 6th, 2026 at 09:10 am

Senate Education

Transcript Highlights:
  • On row 89, you'll see that the LFC recommendation zeroed out that $40 million bucket for CTE.
  • One of the reasons that LFC zeroed out that $40 million bucket for CTE is because we're at the tail end
  • considering, sort of not obligating you to that M-O-E until you all have a firmer idea or a firmer vision
  • State government has zero money other than the money that comes in from taxes.
Bills: SB204, SB241, HB34
TX
Transcript Highlights:
  • accountable... ...team that can help us resolve issues more quickly, which means not starting from zero
  • Thanks to this legislature's vision, that opportunity now exists.
  • Through the committee substitute, we think we've gotten it down to zero.
  • I know we all want enforcement, but we wanted that fiscal note down to zero, and I...
TX
Transcript Highlights:
  • Seven ayes and zero nays.
  • Eight ayes and zero nays.
  • single-commissioner structure presents significant challenges in both executing a cohesive policy vision
  • A lot of these bills only have zero or one witnesses, so we'll get you out after. Yes, Chair.
Summary: The Senate Committee on Business and Commerce met with a quorum and took up several pending bills, voting favorably on SB 1612, SB 2717, SB 1468, SB 1642, and SB 1789. SB 1612 was reported favorably with objections to the local and contested calendar, while SB 2717, SB 1468, SB 1642, and SB 1789 were reported favorably, with SB 1642 and SB 1789 sent to the floor. SB 2717 would create the Texas Energy Efficiency Council; SB 1642 would add an executive director to the Texas Department of Insurance structure; and SB 1789 would establish pole standards and clarify PUC authority and remedies. The committee also heard an ERCOT update from CEO Pablo Vegas on the updated long-term load forecast, which showed a much higher unadjusted growth projection driven largely by data centers. ERCOT described an adjusted forecast using historical delays and lower realized build rates, and members discussed reliability, generation timelines, and the importance of SB 6 for demand response and flexibility. The committee then heard and left pending SB 2629, which would allow condominium and property owners’ association meetings and voting by electronic means; SB 2702, which would let nationally certified professionals test backflow prevention assemblies without a separate TCEQ license; SB 2167, which would let TDLR pause new license applications tied to human trafficking emergency orders or pending SOAH cases; SB 2349, which would exempt short-term leases and certain leasebacks from flood disclosure requirements; SB 2121, which would tighten the data broker registry law; and SB 2443, which would authorize TDLR electronic delivery of notices and other documents. Testimony generally supported these bills as cleanup, modernization, or workforce-streamlining measures, with some members expressing caution about electronic meetings and emphasizing in-person accountability. The committee also heard SB 2902 on coerced debt and identity theft, with testimony from a law professor and family violence advocates supporting stronger protections for survivors and suggesting a police report as an additional proof option. SB 512, a refiled bill restricting money transmission license holders from fining users for terms-of-service violations, also received supportive testimony and was left pending. Later, the committee heard SB 2145 on allowing certain TIF boards to meet virtually in narrow circumstances, SB 2268 on extending Texas Energy Fund loan deadlines in some cases, SB 1495 creating an EV supply equipment advisory board, SB 2154 regulating delivery network companies under a statewide framework, SB 2184 lowering the age for pyrotechnic operator and fireworks display permits from 21 to 18, SB 2211 on combining data centers, power generation, and produced-water desalination projects, and SB 647 on title theft protections and clerk authority to refuse fraudulent filings. Most of these bills were left pending after brief testimony and questions, with members focusing on reliability, regulation, and safeguards against fraud.
TX

Texas 89th 2nd C.S.

Business and Commerce Apr 10th, 2025

Business & Commerce

Transcript Highlights:
  • There being seven ayes and zero nays, Senate Bill 1612 was favorably reported with objections sent to
  • There being eight ayes and zero nays, the committee substitute for Senate Bill 2717 is favorably reported
  • single-commissioner structure presents significant challenges in both executing a cohesive policy vision
  • A lot of these bills only have zero or one witnesses, so we'll get you out after." "Yes, Chair.
Summary: The Senate Committee on Business and Commerce met with a quorum and first voted out several pending bills. Senate Bill 1612 was reported favorably to the full Senate with objections sent to the local and contested calendar. The committee then adopted committee substitutes and favorably reported Senate Bills 2717, 1468, 1642, and 1789, with 1642 and 1789 sent to the floor. SB 2717 would create the Texas Energy Efficiency Council and add agencies to it; SB 1468 and SB 1642 were discussed as changes affecting utility and insurance-related structures; and SB 1789 would establish pole standards, with the author saying it would clarify PUC authority and create more practical statewide standards. The committee also heard an ERCOT update from Pablo Vegas, who said Texas load growth remains strong but ERCOT is adjusting its large-load forecast downward using historical delays and realization rates for data centers and other large loads. He said the adjusted forecast is still very high, but more realistic for planning, and members discussed reliability, generation timelines, demand response, and the role of Senate Bill 6 in helping model large data centers as flexible load. The committee then took testimony on a series of bills and left most pending after public comment. SB 2629 would allow condominium and property owners associations to hold meetings and vote electronically; testimony supported it as a way to improve access, though some members expressed concern about overuse of virtual meetings. SB 2702 would let nationally certified professionals test backflow prevention assemblies instead of requiring a separate TCEQ license, and was supported as a workforce and public health measure. SB 2167 would let TDLR pause new massage-establishment license applications when an applicant is subject to a human trafficking emergency order or pending SOAH case. SB 2349 would exempt short-term residential leases and certain leasebacks from floodplain disclosure requirements while allowing the notice to be included in the lease packet. SB 2121 would tighten the data broker registry law from the prior session, and SB 2443 would allow TDLR to use electronic delivery for notices and contested-case documents. Additional bills focused on consumer protection, housing, and regulatory administration. SB 2902 would help victims of coerced debt and identity theft stop collection efforts by requiring proof such as a court order or FTC report; advocates said it would protect survivors while still preventing fraud. SB 512 would bar money transmission license holders from fining users for terms-of-service violations in a way that forfeits account funds, and supporters framed it as a protection against private financial penalties. SB 2145 would allow public improvement districts and tax increment finance districts to meet virtually with at least one member physically present, while SB 2268 would give the PUC flexibility to extend Texas Energy Fund loan deadlines in certain cases. SB 1495 would create an advisory board for electric vehicle supply equipment standards, SB 2154 would extend statewide regulation to delivery network companies, SB 2184 would lower the age for pyrotechnic operator and fireworks display licenses from 21 to 18, SB 438 would expand confidentiality protections for SOAH administrative law judges, SB 2211 would treat digital products and desalinated water as industrial products to support combined energy-water projects, and SB 647 would strengthen title-theft protections by improving notice and clerk authority to reject fraudulent filings. Most of these bills were left pending after testimony, and several drew support from industry, consumer, or advocacy witnesses along with some member concerns about electronic meetings, licensing, and data accuracy.
MN

Minnesota 2025 1st Special Session

Committee on Capital Investment - 02/18/25

Capital Investment

Transcript Highlights:
  • It is the state's first net zero library and utilized federal funds in addition to their local match.
  • It is the state's first net zero library and utilized federal funds in addition to their local match.
  • It is the state's first net zero library and utilized federal funds in addition to their local match.
  • It is the state's first net zero library and utilized federal funds in addition to their local match.
  • <01:28:56.960> gravity<01:28:57.480> pool It's zero, and it's just a slope.
Keywords: 1187, senate, all
MA

Massachusetts 2025-2026 Regular Session

Joint Committee on Telecommunications, Utilities and Energy Jun 21st, 2026 at 01:00 pm

Joint Committee on Telecommunications, Utilities and Energy

Transcript Highlights:
  • approved 1,100 units of all-electric multifamily housing and is planning a 500,000-square-foot net-zero
  • The atomic power industry wants you to believe that it's zero carbon.
  • It is only during the nuclear fission phase of nuclear power that it is zero carbon.
  • Calling it zero carbon, that there's no release of carbon, is like saying that a flying fish does not
  • More than a moonshot, we need a sunshot to get to net zero.
Keywords: 995, all
Summary: The committee heard testimony on H. 4144, the Governor’s Energy Affordability, Independence, and Innovation Act, with the administration arguing the bill would lower bills in the short and long term while expanding clean energy supply and innovation. The Governor and Secretary said the bill would reduce or restructure charges on customer bills, reform Mass Save, expand securitization as a financing tool, speed interconnection, create energy-ready zones, strengthen consumer protections in competitive supply, and allow broader state procurement of energy resources. They said the package could save consumers billions over time and would help address high energy costs, especially during extreme heat and winter spikes. Committee members pressed the administration on several provisions, especially securitization, asking whether the bill requires an apples-to-apples comparison of total costs over time, including interest and lost tax revenue, versus paying through rates. Administration witnesses said DPU review and public comment would be required and said they would work to clarify the language if needed. Members also questioned the bill’s solar and procurement provisions, including reduced net metering compensation for some large facilities, the scope of all-resource procurements, and whether hydro, solar, and nuclear would be included; the administration said those resources were contemplated and that procurement would still be reviewed by DPU. Other questions focused on the short-term relief from bill changes, the treatment of low- and moderate-income discounts, and whether the bill’s heat pump and Mass Save reforms would help customers who cannot afford upfront costs. Several witnesses and committee members discussed Mass Save reforms, including securitization of program costs, on-bill financing, pre-approval of rebates, and shifting program administration away from gas utilities. Administration witnesses said the changes were intended to reduce volatility, lower administrative costs, and better align costs with long-term savings. Questions also touched on geothermal permitting, municipal participation in offshore wind procurement, and the proposed repeal of the ballot requirement for nuclear power, which the administration defended as preserving future options under heavy review. No votes were taken during the hearing portion described. Supportive testimony came from labor, environmental, business, planning, and development groups. The AFL-CIO, NECA, and the Environmental League of Massachusetts backed the bill, emphasizing lower bills, job creation, labor standards, just transition protections, and cleaner energy. NAIOP, the Massachusetts Business Roundtable, and MAPC supported provisions on energy-ready zones, interconnection reform, microgrids, extreme-heat shutoff protections, and Mass Save improvements. A HEET representative praised the bill’s use of securitization, geothermal, and utility financing tools but urged guardrails and workforce protections. Overall, testimony was broadly favorable, with most witnesses calling for refinements rather than opposing the bill outright.
US

US Federal 2025-2026 Regular Session

US House Floor Proceedings (Friday, May 15, 2026)

US Federal House Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • President Trump has zero expectations for NATO at this point and did not ask them for anything, even
  • I rise in opposition to this amendment. has zero expectations for NATO at this has zero expectations
  • The era of zero consequences is over.
  • The era of zero to get them.
  • The era of zero consequences<02:02:59.040> is<02:02:59.360> over.
WA
Transcript Highlights:
  • The PDC has zero problem with any of this. You're completely above board.
  • The PDC has zero problem with any of this. You're completely above board.
  • We got zero assistance. Helping American Equity update its existing website content, no assistance.
  • all the volunteers and employees on data buildouts, making sure things were aligned there with the vision
  • We had met for a lunch, and I was discussing where we're at and where the vision was and what we believed
Keywords: 904, all
Summary: The hearing concerned a Legislative Ethics Board complaint against Representative Tara Simmons in Washington State OAH Docket 401-645. The judge outlined the process, the two issues on appeal—whether Simmons violated RCW 42.52.020 and RCW 42.52.070, and, if so, what penalty should apply—and admitted a number of exhibits by stipulation or prior ruling, while taking one exhibit under advisement pending an offer of proof. The board also moved to sequester witnesses, which was granted, and the judge deferred ruling on a motion to exclude three defense witnesses until after hearing the board staff’s case. Opening statements followed, with staff alleging Simmons used her position to benefit an outside organization and to secure special privileges, and the defense arguing the conduct was lawful, technical in nature, and consistent with prior ethics guidance. Board staff then called Kimberly Gordon, an attorney and founding board member/treasurer of American Equity and Justice Group (AEJG), as its first witness. Gordon testified that AEJG used data dashboards to make justice-system data more accessible, received state proviso funding sponsored by Simmons, and also received two donations from Simmons—$10,000 and $40,000. She said the first donation was intended to help hire Antoine Coleman, whom Simmons had recommended and who was later identified as Simmons’s romantic partner, and that AEJG returned the $10,000 and declined the $40,000 after concluding there was a potential conflict of interest. Gordon also testified that AEJG believed Simmons’s involvement in the organization and her communications about Coleman created ethical concerns. Gordon further testified about a second proviso intended to expand AEJG’s work into education data and its subcontract with Equity in Education Coalition (EEC). She said EEC did not perform the expected deliverables, prompting repeated communications with the Administrative Office of the Courts and a meeting involving Chris Stanley, where AEJG raised concerns that EEC was not complying and that Simmons had intervened in the dispute. According to Gordon, Stanley ultimately directed the parties to rewrite the subcontract and continue, but AEJG later moved forward largely without EEC’s assistance. The board staff introduced AEJG’s complaint and related timeline exhibits during her testimony. After direct examination, the hearing recessed for lunch, and cross-examination by Simmons’s counsel began when the hearing resumed.
CA
Transcript Highlights:
  • have here today, but also a potential new community framework, community design that we see for the vision
  • The vision of the future of our respective downtowns.
  • As the committee analysis rightly notes, the reallocation of property taxes is a zero-sum game.
  • Seven-zero. The bill is out. We leave the roll open for the members to vote on. Thank you.
  • Seven zero. The bill is out. We leave the roll open for the members to vote on. Thank you.
Summary: The Assembly Local Government Committee heard a long agenda of housing, water, and local finance bills, with the chair repeatedly reminding attendees about hearing rules and noting that several measures were being heard without a quorum at first. Early items included AB 407, which would broaden eligibility for state-run loan and financing programs to help small businesses fund environmental, seismic, and ADA upgrades, and AB 93, which would require data centers to estimate and report water use and follow state best practices. AB 93 drew support from water advocates and local government groups, while the Data Center Coalition opposed it, arguing the bill could be overly restrictive, difficult to retrofit, and raise trade secret or security concerns. The committee also heard AB 650 on housing element review, AB 1044 on creating a new Tulare County groundwater sustainability agency, and AB 523 on allowing proxy voting for single-representative member agencies on the Metropolitan Water District board; all drew broad support from local agencies and related stakeholders and no recorded opposition in the room. Several housing bills were presented as part of a broader fast-track housing package. AB 507 would streamline adaptive reuse of office buildings into housing, especially in downtowns with high vacancy; supporters said it would revive urban cores and help meet housing and climate goals, while the League of California Cities and a few cities opposed it unless amended, citing concerns about one-size-fits-all by-right approval and fee limitations. AB 1294 would create a universal housing application and limit early application requirements; it drew strong support from housing and business groups, with the American Planning Association and League of California Cities seeking more flexibility and input. AB 610 would require local governments to disclose housing constraints in their housing elements and limit new constraints after certification for three years unless disclosed; supporters said it would improve transparency and certainty, while opponents warned it could chill legitimate local policy choices and inclusionary housing requirements. Both AB 610 and AB 698, which would require analysis of the housing and property tax impacts of proposed transfer taxes, were moved out of committee on 7-0 votes after discussion and amendments. The committee also heard AB 1112, which would repeal an outdated Riverside County property tax provision affecting Rancho Mirage; the city argued it was the only qualifying no-low property tax city not receiving the standard minimum and sought equal treatment. After quorum was established, the bill was passed 6-0 with amendments and sent to Appropriations. AB 1021, heard later, would make it easier for school districts and other local education agencies to build employee housing, with the author citing teacher recruitment and retention problems and support from education stakeholders. Throughout the hearing, members and witnesses repeatedly emphasized the need to balance housing production, local fiscal tools, and infrastructure needs, and several authors accepted committee amendments and committed to continued negotiations with opponents.
NM

New Mexico 2025 Regular Session

House - Chamber Meeting Mar 21st, 2025

Transcript Highlights:
  • It requires that microgrids reach net zero carbon standard by 2045.
  • Speaker, uh, gentle lady, there is a net zero carbon standard that they have to be by 2045 like the ETA
  • again without that RFP having been back, but as the representative of the area, that is a part of my vision
  • So I, all things considered, you know, if we were, if we were building this vision of what we, we all
  • Chair, can you, can you ask your experts, is that money, uh, in, in that fund, is it zeroed out every
US

US Federal 2025-2026 Regular Session

US House Floor Proceedings (Monday, June 8, 2026)

US Federal House Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • I rise in support of H.R. 8467, the Zeroing Out Monetary Benefits Improperly Expended Act.
  • And I want to thank the to zero.
  • On this vote, the yays are 384 and the nays are zero.
  • On this vote, the ayes are 393, and the nays are zero.
  • With the dedicated vision of legacy.
FL

Florida 2026 Regular Session

Senate in Session May 1st, 2025

Florida Senate Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • Please read the next bill. 38A zero nays, Mr. President. The bill passes.
  • For example, cornea transplantation is done to restore vision or to save the eye.
  • And record the vote. 37 ayes, zero nays, Madam President. Show the bill passes.
  • Lock the board and record the vote. 37 yeas, zero nays, Madam President.
  • Lock the board and record the vote. 36 yeas, zero nays, Madam President. Oh, well.
Summary: The Senate opened with prayer, the Pledge of Allegiance, and a series of member introductions recognizing interns, pages, and a retiring Senate employee. Leadership also announced that budget talks with the House were continuing and that senators should not plan to be in next week, with hopes of sharing more budget news soon. The chamber then moved to third reading and took up a major bill on citizen initiatives and constitutional amendments, with sponsors saying it was needed to address documented petition fraud and to protect the integrity of the process. That bill drew extensive debate. Supporters argued that recent investigations showed widespread fraud in petition gathering, that the measure would add reasonable guardrails, and that it would prevent taxpayer-funded government messaging from being used to influence ballot measures. Opponents said the bill would make it much harder for ordinary Floridians to place amendments on the ballot by adding costs, deadlines, registration requirements, fines, and felony exposure, and they warned it would chill grassroots participation and effectively favor wealthy or corporate-backed campaigns. After debate, the Senate passed the bill 28-10. The Senate then adopted several House amendments and concurred on a series of education and public-safety measures, including bills on stem cell therapy, student-athlete electrocardiograms, cardiac emergency planning in schools, school safety, Bright Futures and other education policy items, and educator preparation. Most of those measures passed unanimously or with overwhelming support, and the chamber also recognized additional interns and a long-serving education advocate before recessing and returning to continue with House messages.
WY

Wyoming 2026 Regular Session

Senate Floor Session-Day 7, February 17, 2026-PM

Wyoming Senate Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • Then zero tax is due.
  • <01:34:26.000> zero<01:34:26.480> dollars.
  • <01:34:27.440> Then sale, often for zero zero dollars.
  • Then sale, often for zero zero dollars.
  • This bill recognizes zero tax is due.
Keywords: 916, all
KY
Transcript Highlights:
  • And, um, 10 years ago, 25% of all undergraduate students at U of L paid zero dollars out of pocket for
  • tuition. 25% paid zero dollars for tuition and fees because of scholarships and grants.
  • Of all undergraduate students at U of L, 25% paid zero dollars out of pocket for tuition. 25% paid zero
  • Um, whether it’s $2 million or zero, that’s still tight.
  • to believe in my vision and I can<01:33:59.440> tell<01:33:59.600> you<01:33:59.760>
Keywords: 958, all
Summary: The committee met with a full quorum and approved the prior minutes. Members offered introductions of guests and family members, then heard a presentation from University of Louisville President Thomas Jared Bradley, who was sworn in before testifying. He described his background and outlined U of L’s strategic priorities: student success, access and affordability, workforce development, community engagement, and research. Bradley highlighted enrollment growth, increases in first-generation and Pell-eligible students, strong transfer pathways with KCTCS, and support programs such as the Cardinal Commitment Grant, 15-to-Finish, Comeback Cards, tutoring, mentoring, and mental health services. Bradley also emphasized U of L’s statewide and regional impact through UofL Health, rural outreach, the Bullitt County rural cancer education and research center, nursing expansion, and the Kentucky Manufacturing Extension Partnership program. He noted major institutional distinctions, including R1 status, a new Carnegie Opportunity College and University designation, and community-engaged classification. He said the university is one of only 10 public universities nationwide with all three designations and reported record enrollment, improved retention, and strong research expenditures. He also thanked lawmakers for significant capital and operating support, including funding for the simulation center, health science center, asset preservation, and the MEP program. During questions, members praised the university’s public service role and asked about first-generation enrollment, retention, graduation rates, and post-graduation outcomes. Bradley said the university is working to improve completion by expanding academic support, early alerts, incentives for tutoring, and faculty/advisor mentoring, especially for first-generation and high-need students. He acknowledged that post-graduation employment data is difficult to collect but said the new Carnegie classification reflects positive outcomes. No votes were taken beyond approving the minutes, and no formal actions were taken on legislation in this portion of the meeting.
US

US Federal 2025-2026 Regular Session

US House Floor Proceedings (Tuesday, April 1, 2025)

US Federal House Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • That's very different from the Democratic vision for America.
  • That's very different from the Democratic vision for America.
  • :10.399> is<03:30:10.720> one Republican vision for America is one Republican vision for
  • On this vote, the yays are 423, the nays are zero, two-thirds being in the affirmative.
  • Speaker, by direction of the... are zero, 2/3 being in the affirmative. are zero, 2/3 being in the affirmative
HI

Hawaii 2025 Regular Session

ACT 310, SLH 2025 Nonprofit Grants Program Informational Briefing 10-30-2025

Hawaii Senate Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • c> to<01:19:25.920> 173,526 reduced to 173,526 reduced to 173,526 with<01:19:28.480> zero
  • , to act on the legislaturator's vision, to act on the legislaturator's vision, continue<01:24:28.560
  • This past June, Americanore zeroed out $3.5 million of our federal funding, which should have started
  • This past<01:37:08.000> June,<01:37:08.480> Americanore<01:37:09.040> zeroed<01:
  • zeroed out $3.5 million<01:37:10.719> of<01:37:10.880> our<01:37:11.119> federal
Keywords: 912, senate, all
Summary: This joint informational briefing focused on Act 310 grants and aid, with committee members hearing one-minute testimony from organizations first in person and then by Zoom. At the outset, the chairs explained there would be no Q&A during the briefing and asked testifiers to focus on how federal cuts were affecting their work. The meeting was organized by registration number and included both neighbor island and Oʻahu applicants. Testimony centered on organizations seeking state support to offset federal funding losses or anticipated reductions. Health and social service providers described impacts from Medicaid, SNAP, ACA subsidy, Title X, and other federal changes, including Aloha Care, Community Clinic of Maui, Healthy Mothers Healthy Babies, West Hawaiʻi Community Health Center, Hawaiʻi Disability Rights Center, Hawaiʻi Youth Services Network, Alcoholic Rehabilitation Services of Hawaiʻi, and Kokua Kalihi Valley. Other groups highlighted losses affecting food security, housing, disaster preparedness, and climate resilience, including the Kohala Center, Feeding Hawaiʻi Together, Hawaiian Lending and Investments, Dynamic Community Solutions, and the Pacific Tsunami Museum. Several arts, youth, and education organizations also testified, including Hawaiʻi Literacy, Hawaiʻi Youth Symphony, Honolulu Theatre for the Youth, Sounding Joy Music Therapy, Big Brothers Big Sisters Hawaiʻi, Girl Scouts of Hawaiʻi, Kids Hurt Too Hawaiʻi, and US Vets, each requesting funding to preserve programs and staffing. No votes or formal committee actions were taken during the briefing. The only action was procedural: the chairs moved through the applicant list, limited testimony time, and then transitioned from neighbor island in-person testimony to Oʻahu and later Zoom participants.