Transcript Highlights:

• They will protest, and it often seems reasonable to make exceptions for what seem worthy and isolated
• If the principle is thus breached, however, the door is open for additional protest, each with more or

Summary: The committee’s final day focused first on a historical overview of New Mexico tax packages by Pam Stokes of Legislative Council Services. She described how tax packages have alternated over the decades between tax relief, revenue raising, and tax reform, with examples ranging from the creation of the gross receipts tax in 1966 to major packages in 1981, 1986, 1991, 1994, 2005, 2019, 2022, 2024, and the vetoed 2025 package. Members discussed how tax policy often tracks revenue conditions, how packages can combine increases and decreases, and how local government gross receipts taxes and hold-harmless distributions have affected communities differently. Several members reflected on past packages, especially the 2004 food tax repeal and the 2013 film tax and manufacturing changes, and noted that tax policy can have major economic and political effects even when it is not “sexy” legislation. The committee then heard a proposal to expand the health care practitioner gross receipts tax deduction to include co-insurance, and to extend the sunset date. Sponsor Senator Figueroa said the bill was intended to help recruit and retain medical providers and build on prior deductions for co-pays and deductibles. Testimony explained that co-insurance is the patient’s share after the deductible, that providers currently absorb the gross receipts tax on those payments, and that the proposal would cost about $30 million to the state plus about $20 million to municipalities and counties, with the exact fiscal impact likely to be updated. Members raised concerns about the effect on local governments, whether insurers could be required to reimburse providers, whether the bill would actually attract doctors, and whether better evaluation measures and sunsets should be added. The sponsor said the bill was part of a broader set of efforts to address provider shortages and that the discussion would continue. Representative McQueen then presented a bill to update the Land Conservation Incentives Act. He and conservation partners said the program has protected more than 500,000 acres but has not kept pace with rising land values, especially for irrigated agricultural land in the Middle Rio Grande. The proposal would increase the percentage of conservation value eligible for the credit, raise the per-transaction cap from $250,000 to $2 million, and make the credit refundable rather than only transferable. Testimony emphasized that the program is voluntary, keeps land in private ownership and production, and helps land-rich, cash-poor landowners preserve farmland and water rights. Members asked about average credit amounts, how easements work, whether landowners could effectively buy land and then use the credit, and whether there should be inflation indexing or a statewide cap. The discussion also touched on water rights, fencing, and the role of conservation easements in protecting agricultural land and compact water deliveries. Finally, Senator Sharer previewed his 2% tax proposal with a historical presentation on New Mexico tax law, using props to illustrate the evolution from early territorial tax codes to the modern tax system. He argued that the state’s current tax structure is overly complex and that recent federal changes have disrupted the personal income tax base. The committee did not take any votes on the day’s presentations; the meeting was primarily informational, with members offering feedback and raising policy concerns for future sessions.

Transcript Highlights:

• We told you last year about four members of that board who resigned in protest because they were no longer

Bills: HR243 , HB939 , SB56 , SB72 , SB129 , SB171 , SB252

Committee: House Transportation, Highways & Public Works

Summary: The committee first adopted Amendment Set 527 without objection, then took up Senate Bill 56 concerning the Lafitte Area Independent Levee District and its possible transfer into the Southeast Louisiana Flood Protection Authority-West. Amendment Set 5327 was adopted to add a compliance officer with specified qualifications, described as a checks-and-balances measure separating that role from the chief of police. Testimony in support emphasized the district’s limited recurring revenues, the need for professional management, and the West Bank authority’s ability to provide administrative and operational support. A witness for affected landowners raised concerns about unpaid takings claims and urged amendments to preserve liability and avoid litigation, but the committee ultimately reported SB 56 favorably with amendments. The committee then received an update from DOTD Secretary Glenn Laude on the department’s transformation initiatives, including outsourcing operations and maintenance, construction process improvements, faster contractor payment times, quicker change-order approvals, and improved project delivery rates. After that, the committee reported favorably Senate Bill 171, which makes cleanup changes to the new water resources authority, and Senate Bill 252, which updates driver’s license organ-donor authorization to record both yes and no choices. Senate Bill 72, dealing with electronic titles and vehicle registration, was amended extensively to modernize OMV processes, support electronic lien and title transactions, and set standards for secure digital titles; it was then reported with amendments. House Bill 939, which would have created a Louisiana New and Used Motor Vehicle Commission, was converted into a substitute bill creating a Louisiana Vehicle Commission and consolidating the existing new and used vehicle commissions. After discussion of implementation, governance, funding, and employee-transition concerns, the committee adopted the substitute amendments and then deferred the bill. Senate Bill 129, creating a Master Combat Infantry Specialty license plate, was amended to add designated state officials for a related special plate request tied to security and parking around the Supreme Court in New Orleans, and it was reported with amendments. Finally, House Resolution 243, as amended, urged safety warning signage on the Tickfaw River after a fatal boating accident; the amendment shifted responsibility from DOTD to surrounding parish governing authorities, and the resolution was reported with amendments before the committee adjourned.

Transcript Highlights:

• We told you last year about four members of that board who resigned in protest because they were no longer

Summary: The committee first adopted Amendment Set 527 without objection, then adopted Amendment Set 5327, which adds a compliance officer requirement and related qualifications for the Southeast Louisiana Flood Protection Authority. Supporters of Senate Bill 56 argued that the Lafitte levee district lacks sufficient recurring revenue to maintain its system and that the West Bank flood authority could provide professional management, coordination, and financial support. Testimony also raised concerns about governance problems at SLFPA East and about unresolved landowner damage claims tied to prior levee work. The committee reported SB 56 favorably with amendments. The Department of Transportation and Development secretary then gave an update on the agency’s transformation initiatives, including outsourcing, construction process improvements, faster contractor payments, quicker change-order approvals, and higher project delivery rates. The committee next reported Senate Bill 171 favorably, which cleans up language for the recreation, economy, navigation, and transportation authority board, and Senate Bill 252 favorably, which allows driver’s license records to reflect both acceptance and refusal of anatomical gift authorization. Senate Bill 72, dealing with electronic vehicle titles and registration, was amended extensively to modernize OMV processes, require electronic lien and title functions for certain users, and set implementation timelines; it was then reported with amendments. House Bill 939, which would create a Louisiana Vehicle Commission by consolidating the motor vehicle commissions, was amended with a substitute but then voluntarily deferred to allow more stakeholder work. Senate Bill 129, creating a Master Combat Infantry Specialty license plate and adding a special plate provision for designated state officials tied to Supreme Court parking/security concerns, was reported with amendments. Finally, House Resolution 243, urging safety warning signage on the Tickfaw River after a fatal boating accident, was amended to shift responsibility to parish governing authorities and was reported with amendments.

Transcript Highlights:

• So the database, including advice letters, protest letters, and resolutions filed in response, is an

Summary: The Assembly Committee on Utilities and Energy met without a quorum at first and proceeded as a subcommittee, then later established quorum and took up three bills. AB 1715, by Assembly Member Schiavo, would require the CPUC to create a searchable online database of utility advice letters, responses, and resolutions dating back to 2020, and add quarterly reporting on taxpayer-funded loans and grants to investor-owned utilities. Supporters, including TURN, said the bill would improve transparency and accountability around utility financing and ratepayer savings; no formal opposition testified, though SDG&E and SoCalGas said committee amendments addressed their main concerns. The bill was moved do pass as amended to Appropriations and ultimately passed 16-0. AB 1761, by Assembly Member Rogers, would improve transparency around the PCIA charge paid by community choice aggregators and other departing load customers by allowing advance access to data used in the calculation through an existing CPUC nondisclosure process. CalCCA, several CCAs, local governments, and clean energy groups supported the bill, arguing that current PCIA-setting practices are opaque and can cause rate shock; IOUs opposed, citing concerns about market-sensitive data and noting an existing CPUC process they said had not been fully used. After discussion of confidentiality protections and the committee amendments, the bill passed 15-0 to Appropriations. AB 1787, by Assembly Member Schultz, would require the CPUC to direct the large investor-owned utilities to offer optional dynamic rate tariffs once smart meter and related system upgrades approved on or after January 1, 2027 are in place. Supporters said dynamic pricing can help customers shift usage to lower-cost, cleaner periods and reduce peak demand costs, while opponents from PG&E, SDG&E, and SCE argued the bill was too prescriptive, could conflict with ongoing CPUC proceedings, and might create cost or implementation issues. The author said he would continue working with opponents and accepted committee amendments; the bill passed 13-0 to Appropriations. All three measures were reported out, and the committee adjourned.

Transcript Highlights:

• So the database, including advice letters, protest letters, and resolutions filed in response, is an

Committee: House Utilities and Energy

Transcript Highlights:

• Widespread protests. We also, in this state, are not immune to those problems.

Transcript Highlights:

• Oklahoma City, where Luper and members of the Oklahoma City NAACP Youth Council staged a nonviolent protest

Bills: SR29 , SB667 , SB1466 , SB1942 , SB1989 , SB1670 , SB1716 , SB1521 , SB1273 , SB1433 , HJR1032 , SB1969 , SB1953 , SB1277 , SB1287 , SB1061 , SB1916 , SB1589 , SB2178 , SB1444 , SB1438 , SB1501 , SB1873 , SB1364

Summary: The Senate convened with a quorum, opened with prayer, and then spent much of the session on recognitions and floor introductions. The chamber honored the undefeated Jones High School Longhorns football team for winning the Class 2A-I state championship, recognized Miss Oklahoma 2025 Tessa Darrell, and celebrated the Murray State College bass fishing team for winning its second consecutive national title. The Senate also adopted SR-29, a resolution recognizing February as Black History Month and highlighting Black Oklahomans’ history, civil rights contributions, and achievements; the resolution passed without opposition. The Senate then took up several bills. SB 667, requested by the Board of Chiropractic Examiners, updates chiropractic licensure language, moves to an online licensure portal, and repeals an obsolete consultant position; it passed 45-0. SB 1466 extends the sunset date for the advisory committee on midwifery to 2036; it passed 41-4 and was advanced as an emergency measure. SB 1942, dealing with dental insurance and provider pricing for services not reimbursed by insurance, prompted extended debate over free-market principles, patient costs, and insurance contract limits; it passed 40-3. SB 1989 modernizes the Oklahoma College Savings Plan by allowing contributions through digital payment platforms such as Venmo, Cash App, PayPal, Zelle, and digital wallets; it passed 44-0. The Senate also heard gallery introductions for FCCLA students, including the Bristow chapter and Adair High School students, and welcomed former Senator Judy Easton McIntyre for Black History Month events. Committee and floor announcements followed, including upcoming meetings of Business and Insurance, Administrative Rules, and Technology and Telecommunications. The chamber then adjourned until Monday, February 23, 2026, at 1:30 p.m.

Transcript Highlights:

• off the road who have an additional EU assignment to come in and work security for special events, protests

Transcript Highlights:

• with Florida for all waiving in support, is there any further public testimony, you know, for the protests

Committee: House Commerce Committee

Transcript Highlights:

• For many of those I served over the years, their personal faith, whether it was Protestant, Kevin Trinka

Transcript Highlights:

• Protesters have appeared at some of our legislative hearings.

Committee: House Local Government

Summary: The Assembly Local Government Committee met on June 18, 2025, and began with housekeeping rules emphasizing in-person testimony, written submissions through the portal, and a prohibition on disruptive conduct. The chair noted the committee was initially operating without a quorum, so several bills were heard in subcommittee format before the quorum was later established and formal votes were taken. The committee heard several local government and infrastructure measures. SB 333 (Laird) would let San Luis Obispo County voters consider raising the combined local sales tax limit above 2% for transportation funding; it had support from the San Luis Obispo Council of Governments and no opposition, but was later approved 7-2 and sent to Revenue and Taxation. SB 390 (Becker) would close a Mello-Roos-related loophole affecting certain South San Francisco properties with conservation easements so they can contribute to infrastructure financing; it drew support from the city and was approved 9-0. SB 394 (Allen) would increase penalties for water theft, especially unauthorized use of fire hydrants, and allow recovery of damages; it had broad support from water agencies and was approved 9-0 to Judiciary. The committee also heard housing and code enforcement bills. SB 611 (Richardson) would restore protections for housing projects tied to adopted community plans while CEQA litigation is pending, with support from Los Angeles and San Francisco representatives and no opposition; it was approved 10-0 to Judiciary. SB 757 (Richardson) would let cities and counties collect nuisance abatement costs through liens or special assessments for certain public health and safety violations, with supporters arguing it would help cities address chronic blight and opponents warning about due process, displacement, and racialized wealth extraction; after quorum was established, the bill passed 7-0. SB 489 (Arrigine) would require agencies involved in housing approvals to post application requirements online and make related Permit Streamlining Act changes; it was supported by builders and housing groups, received one question about LAFCO-related concerns, and passed 10-0 to Housing and Community Development. The committee then approved the consent calendar, which included SB 74, SB 225, SB 272, SB 409, SB 558, SB 735, SB 736, and SB 737, all by unanimous vote. After disposing of the remaining items, the chair adjourned the meeting.

Transcript Highlights:

• in sending out tax bills until after November 30th for some properties due to delays in resolving protests

Bills: SB128 , SB203 , SB317 , SB393 , SB397 , SB731 , SB781 , SB801 , SB867 , SB1071 , SB1086 , SB1087 , SB1232 , SB1262 , SB1444 , SB1483 , SB1782 , SB1798 , SB1861 , SB1897 , SB1944 , SB2023 , SB2082 , SB2215 , SB2309 , SB2497 , SB2549 , SB2566 , SB2603 , SB2607 , SB2617 , SB2688 , SB2797 , SB2799 , SB2841 , SB2891 , SB2919 , SB2928 , SB2969 , SB2994 , SB3070 , HB 11 , HB 12 , HB26 , HB33 , HB34 , HB45 , HB48 , HB 130 , HB148 , HB198 , HB210 , HB303 , HB647 , HB668 , HB677 , HB762 , HB791 , HB 1022 , HB 1041 , HB 1188 , HB 1240 , HB 1242 , HB 1261 , HB1318 , HB1397 , HB1465 , HB1520 , HB1535 , HB1729 , HB1778 , HB1950 , HB2003 , HB2027 , HB2029 , HB2559 , HB2596 , HB2607 , HB2692 , HB2712 , HB2742 , HB2768 , HB2775 , HB2788 , HB2802 , HB2894 , HB3474 , HB3594 , HB3611 , HB3698 , HB3699 , HB3700 , HB4187 , HB4753 , HB4804 , HB4850 , HB4885 , HB5061 , HB5238 , HB5560 , HCR90 , SJR34 , SB529 , SB541 , SB693 , SB963 , SB1173 , SB1646 , SB1734 , SB1833 , SB1968 , SB2544 , SB1 , SB17 , SB260 , SB509 , SB1506 , SB1637 , SB2308 , SJR36 , SJR50 , SJR63 , SCR12 , SCR39 , SB2023 , SB128 , SB2309 , SB1861 , SB2617 , SB62 , SB666 , SB847 , SB284 , SB854 , SB810 , SB1505 , SB583 , SB507 , SB1434 , SB1772 , SB2016 , SB1122 , SB731 , SB397 , SB508 , SB1436 , SB287 , SB1882 , SB393 , SB1791 , SB209 , SB2429 , SB511 , SB1085 , SB1975 , SB2717 , SB1262 , SB636 , SB2056 , SB884 , SB1200 , SB1845 , SB2458 , SB801 , SB3014 , SB3013 , SB758 , SB2797 , SB2076 , SB2876 , SB1640 , SB1449 , SB1181 , SB1234 , SB2926 , SB2841 , SB1528 , SB2891 , SB1854 , SB317 , SB1250 , SB2082 , SB1237 , SB2819 , SB629 , SB2608 , SB1602 , SB2009 , SB867 , SB640 , SB1698 , SB2680 , SB913 , SB1071 , SB1086 , SB1087 , SB1483 , SB1444 , SB1553 , SB1556 , SB1703 , SB2133 , SB2297 , SB2298 , SB2622 , SB2955 , SB2334 , SB1367 , SB2044 , SB2363 , SB2565 , SB1888 , SB3036 , SB3057 , SB3043 , SB3063 , SB3035 , SB203 , SB2799 , SB2688 , SB2522 , SB2459 , SB2655 , SB2251 , SB1884 , SB2928 , SB2566 , SB1749 , SB2549 , SB2553 , SB2919 , SB1782 , SB1944 , SB1232 , SB2969 , SB2497 , SB1798 , SB2603 , SB2607 , SB781 , SB524 , SB2233 , SB2683 , HB1393 , HB2559 , HB26 , HB2607 , HB3810 , HB388 , HB 12 , HB2712 , HB2692 , HB1633 , HB1318 , HB685 , HB4753 , HB2742 , HB303 , HB198 , HB1535 , HB762 , HB148 , HB1520 , HB5061 , HB2286 , HB1606 , HB 1041 , HB132 , HB 11 , HB45 , HB48 , HB 1261 , HB1465 , HB1778 , HB2596 , HB5238 , HB33 , HB 1188 , HB210 , HB 1022 , HB1458 , HB5560 , HB 1240 , HB1950 , HB2027 , HB2768 , HB2788 , HB2791 , HB3146 , HB3698 , HB3699 , HB1893 , HB3700 , HB4850 , HB4187 , HB1397 , HB4885 , HB4804 , HB3751 , HB3611 , HB2775 , HB2061 , HB2003 , HB1729 , HB 1242 , HB791 , HB2029 , HB647 , HB2522 , HB4738 , HB3033 , HB3594 , HB3474 , HB2563 , HB2802 , HB34 , HB 128 , HB 130 , HB581 , HB668 , HB677 , HB766 , HB2259 , HB2960 , HB2358 , HB2894 , HB4384 , HB2663 , HB748 , HB793 , HB 1193 , HB1734 , HB2340 , HB2350 , HB3104 , HB5180 , HB4739 , HB1584 , HB4344 , HB4238 , HB4219 , HB3806 , HB3805 , HB3804 , HB3803 , HB3229 , HB3228 , HB1922 , HB1522 , HB431 , HB3597 , HB1612 , HB4224 , HB754 , HB1314 , HB2254 , HB2789 , HB3560 , HB4643 , HB 1237 , HCR90 , HCR98 , SJR60 , SB1319 , SB1978 , SB3038 , SB3045 , SB1633 , HB3126 , HB2856 , HB3114 , HB3041 , HB3505 , HB4205 , HB5652 , HB3687 , HB5424 , HB4506 , HB3370 , HB2025 , HB4273

Transcript Highlights:

• He may want to protest. He's a socialist. He wants to do it. He wants to do it. He wants to do it.

Summary: The Assembly Committee on Human Services heard and advanced a series of foster care, benefits, housing, and poverty-related bills. AB 373 would require appointed counsel for nonminor dependents in dependency proceedings to represent the young adult’s expressed wishes rather than substitute counsel’s judgment; supporters said it would respect autonomy for foster youth ages 18 to 21, and the bill passed 4-0, later updated to 6-0 and then 7-0 as absent members were added. AB 42 would exempt merit-based scholarships, grants, loans, and fellowships from income calculations for CalWORKs and CalFresh and align the two programs’ exclusions; student and anti-poverty advocates said it would prevent students from losing benefits when they pursue education, and it passed 6-0, later updated to 7-0. AB 534 would encourage transitional housing providers serving foster youth to move from leasing to owning properties by extending contract terms and improving access to financing; witnesses said ownership would improve stability and reduce landlord barriers, and it passed 4-0, later updated to 7-0. AB 562 would require counties below the state average for family placements to use a family-finding checklist and best-practice support; supporters emphasized family-first placements for foster youth, and it passed 6-0, later updated to 7-0. AB 661 would direct the Department of Social Services to develop an implementation plan for a permanent statewide guaranteed basic income program; supporters described positive results from pilot programs and the bill passed 5-2, later updated to 7-0. The committee also approved a consent calendar of additional bills, all without opposition.

Transcript Highlights:

• He may want to protest. He's a socialist. He wants to do it. He wants to do it. He wants to do it.

Committee: House Human Services

Summary: The Assembly Committee on Human Services heard several bills focused on foster youth, public benefits, housing stability, and poverty reduction. AB 373 would require attorneys in extended foster care dependency cases to represent the expressed wishes of non-minor dependents ages 18 to 21 rather than substituting their own judgment. Supporters, including California Youth Connection and the Children’s Law Center, said the bill would respect young adults’ autonomy; there was no opposition. The committee later approved AB 42, which would exempt merit-based scholarships, grants, loans, and fellowships from income calculations for CalWORKs and CalFresh, with supporters arguing that students should not lose benefits for pursuing education. The bill passed unanimously to Appropriations. The committee also approved AB 534, which would help transitional housing providers serving foster youth move from leasing to owning properties by extending contract terms and improving access to financing. Supporters said ownership would create more stable, affordable housing and reduce landlord barriers; there was no opposition. AB 562, a family-finding measure, would require counties below statewide placement averages to use a checklist and work with the Center for Excellence for Family Finding to improve relative placements for foster children. Testimony emphasized the importance of family-first placements and better county accountability, and the bill passed unanimously. AB 661 would direct the Department of Social Services to develop a plan for a permanent statewide guaranteed basic income program, drawing on local pilot programs and input from experts and participants. Supporters described the program as a way to improve economic security, housing stability, and access to education and health care, while one committee member voted no and the bill passed 5-2. The committee also adopted a consent calendar containing several additional bills, and all measures taken up during the hearing were reported out to the Assembly Appropriations Committee.

Transcript Highlights:

• have an open seat so Republicans have 67 and Democrats have 66 for an entire caucus to stay out of protest

Transcript Highlights:

• We're talking about organizations that have actively participated in organized and fueled aggressive protests
• Protests so intense, they required the deployment of the State Police. We all know what we saw.
• church corner or on a people like Assemblyman Kenetra or someone on a church corner or on a street protesting
• If you're doing a protest and you obstructed the street for what you believe in and someone else disagreed

Transcript Highlights:

• Alfredo led a student protest against the university, demanding better wages and working conditions.
• Alfredo led a student protest against the university, demanding better wages and working conditions,
• ...led a student protest against the university, demanding better wages and working conditions for the
• The protest led to the appointment of a commission to review the allegations, but was also an impetus

Summary: The House convened, approved the journal, and spent much of the opening portion recognizing guests and interns from both parties, along with former lawmakers and a newly seated member, Representative Sylvia Allen. The chamber then took up House Concurrent Resolution 2065 honoring the late Alfredo Gutierrez. Members from both parties gave extended remarks about his life as a civil rights advocate, student activist, legislator, and mentor, and the resolution was unanimously adopted and transmitted to the Senate. Family members of Gutierrez were recognized in the gallery during the memorial tribute. The House then moved into Committee of the Whole on the first budget-related measures. On House Bill 4138, the “feed bill”/budget operations measure, Democrats argued the budget favored corporations and data centers over seniors, health care, housing, universities, and vulnerable families, while Republicans defended it as a continuation of prior policy and said it preserved tax conformity and modest agency cuts. After debate and questions, the committee recommended the bill do pass and the House adopted that report, sending HB 4138 to engrossing. The chamber next considered House Bill 4139, the amusement/gaming-related budget bill. Members debated whether it was essentially unchanged from last year’s budget language, with Republicans saying it was a continuation bill and that gaming-related provisions would support rural economies and tourism, while Democrats questioned the broader budget context and its effects on working families. The committee recommended HB 4139 do pass, and the House adopted that recommendation. The House then began debate on House Bill 4140, the state budget implementation bill, focusing on the budget stabilization fund and a proposed government efficiency initiative; discussion was still underway at the end of the transcript.

Transcript Highlights:

• Alfredo led a student protest against the university, demanding better wages and working conditions.
• Alfredo led a student protest against the university, demanding better wages and working conditions,
• ...led a student protest against the university, demanding better wages and working conditions for the
• The protest led to the appointment of a commission to review the allegations, but was also an impetus

Transcript Highlights:

• What might come to mind when I say this are probably the observers and the protesters that gathered shortly
• this are probably the observers<00:53:23.040><c> and</c><00:53:23.200><c> the</c><00:53:23.440><c> protesters
• </c><00:53:24.000><c> that</c> observers and the protesters that observers and the protesters that gathered

Committee: House Education Finance

Transcript Highlights:

• You know, if you go through our most prized amendments, the First Amendment, you can still protest, you
• amendments, the first amendment, you can amendments, the first amendment, you can still<00:37:08.400><c> protest
• c> you</c><00:37:09.440><c> can</c><00:37:09.520><c> still</c><00:37:09.760><c> worship</c> still protest
• , you can still worship still protest, you can still worship freely,<00:37:10.720><c> you</c><00:37:10.880

Summary: The joint meeting of the House Elections, Constitutional Amendments and Intergovernmental Affairs Committee and the House State Government Committee was called to consider House Concurrent Resolution 45, sponsored by Representative Jason Petri. The resolution would support calling for a federal balanced budget amendment through the Article V process. Petri argued that Kentucky’s own constitutional balanced-budget requirement shows the value of fiscal restraint, and he said decades of federal deficit spending and rising debt make a constitutional amendment necessary. Governor Ron DeSantis and Lauren Ends of the National Campaign for a Balanced Budget Amendment also testified in support, emphasizing the growth of federal debt, the risk of a future debt crisis, and the view that Congress is unlikely to solve the problem on its own. Members asked about the mechanics and risks of an Article V convention, including whether the convention’s “sole purpose” language would be enforceable and whether a convention could become a “runaway” process. DeSantis and Ends said states can impose guardrails on delegates, including criminal penalties and delegate-limitation laws, and noted that any proposed amendment would still require ratification by 38 states. They also said that if Congress chose to draft the amendment itself in response to state pressure, that would be acceptable. One witness said 18 states have passed faithful-delegate or delegate-limitation laws. Representative Callaway asked what would happen if the debt issue is not addressed. Witnesses responded that continued borrowing could lead to economic dislocation, higher interest costs, and a debt crisis that would crowd out other federal spending. They said the current debt burden is already more than $100,000 per U.S. citizen and roughly $300,000 per taxpayer, and that a balanced budget amendment would be a first step toward stopping the growth of debt before any long-term paydown could occur. The transcript provided does not show a final vote or other committee action on the resolution.