Transcript Highlights:

• > join<00:07:31.440> me<00:07:31.599> in<00:07:31.759> a<00:07:31.919> round
• <00:07:32.199> of<00:07:32.400> applause please join me in a round of applause please
• join me in a round of applause for<00:07:33.000> our<00:07:33.240> distinguished The chair
• I will reach the mandatory retirement age of 70 today. of Kamehameha distinguished guests of Kamehameha
• 15:45.000> the role later this year I will reach the role later this year I will reach the mandatory

Keywords: House Agenda:, 910, house, all

Transcript Highlights:

• TO COMPLETE MANDATORY TRAININGS FOR WORKING WITH CSE YOUTH.
• FROM FT ELLIE REGARDING THE MANDATORY AND OPTIONAL ADVANCED HUMAN TRAFFICKING TRAINING FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT
• LAUNCHED IN 2043, THE PROGRAM IS ROUNDING OUT THE SECOND YEAR WITH A PILOT SET TO AND CONCLUDE IN 2026
• THE TRAINING IS STRUCTURED TO PROVIDE MENTORS WITH A WELL ROUNDING FOUNDATION FOR HOW TO BEST SUPPORT

Keywords: 999, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• And are there rounds of grant application windows, or is it year-round? Is it open all the time?
• Uh, I, I think that's just good policy, uh, ought to be mandatory policy and, and, um, so I, I applaud
• We do not, and we actually have to legislatively authorize you to do that for the mandatory, like when
• these people are going through a mandatory registration process, now we need to authorize your agency
• So there's a, OK, so there's a mandatory portion of your continuing that's civil, and then you get to

Bills: HB1, HB 2, HB18, HB19, HB20

Keywords: youth camps, emergency preparedness, safety standards, health regulations, camp licensing, disaster preparedness, emergency management, flooding, mass fatality, mass casualty, fatality tracking, body recovery, autopsy, justice of the peace, medical examiner, county judge, sheriff, mayor, emergency coordinator, emergency manager license

Transcript Highlights:

• So much so that we have embarked on mandatory training across the entire system on how we understand,
• So, I think, you know, it has to do with mandatory minimum sentencing, and the idea of discretionary
• And so if you had a mandatory minimum sentence and it was three to five years, the idea is that in that
• And so we began that work, and we've done two rounds of inventory analysis.
• executive branch, and the trial court came together and reapplied and were successful in that second round

Keywords: 995, all

Summary: The Special Commission on Correctional Consolidation and Collaboration met to approve the May 5 minutes and hear a presentation from the Massachusetts Probation Service. The minutes were approved unanimously, with a request that a member’s closing remarks be added to the record. The commission also noted online participants and confirmed quorum before moving to the presentation. Probation leaders described the agency’s role as the state’s largest post-release supervision system and emphasized its focus on reentry, accountability, and reducing technical violations. They outlined the from-and-after sentencing structure, dual supervision with parole, and efforts to reduce revocations and non-criminal violations. Members asked about racial and ethnic disparity work, and probation said that effort is funded through the trial court and state budget, not federal grants. The presentation highlighted community engagement, simplified and translated probation conditions, workforce diversification, and training aimed at improving trust and access for court users. A major portion of the discussion focused on Community Justice Support Centers, evidence-based programming, and shared services such as housing, MassHealth enrollment, transportation, and behavioral health referrals. Probation said the centers are underutilized but have shown improved outcomes in non-randomized studies, with lower recidivism among participants compared with similar probationers. Members discussed mental health access, veterans identification, medication-assisted treatment, and the importance of state IDs and driver’s licenses for successful reentry. The commission also heard about housing supports, including transitional and sober housing, and a statewide behavioral health initiative for justice-involved individuals. The meeting ended with plans for the next session on July 11 and a motion to adjourn, which passed.

Transcript Highlights:

• recognize who are the good actors and who are the bad actors when everybody's drawn a gun and firing rounds
• recognize who are the good actors and who are the bad actors when everybody's drawn a gun and firing rounds
• It makes the current Eagle mediation program mandatory to carriers.
• Chairman, this bill also deals with communication, but this bill strengthens the mandatory child abuse
• It's a mandatory language that would allow local use.

Bills: HB1453, HB2933, HB2941, HB2945, HB2959, HB3087, HB3094, HB3297, HB3298, HB3319, HB3321, HB3386, HB3453, HB3471, HB3505, HB3510, HB3544, HB3549, HB3652, HB3727, HB3791, HB3845, HB3906, HB4119, HB4125, HB4126, HB4198, HB4236, HB4425, HB4343, HB4094, HB3407

Keywords: foreign ownership, property rights, agricultural land, Attorney General, divestment, real estate, felony penalties, insurance regulation, homeowner claims, premium discounts, catastrophe mitigation, civil penalties, fentanyl, overdose, first responders, drug reporting, immunity, controlled substances, penalties, abortion

Transcript Highlights:

• By establishing clear, structured, mandatory local coordination, AB 591 ensures faster recovery, more
• Okay, let's open up the roll for the first round of votes. We're going to...
• Okay, let's open up the roll for the first round of the votes.
• emergency plan, this bill would require the jurisdiction to include procedures for rescuing pets in mandatory
• As you would expect, being the mayor of a city affected by the Palisades fire and mandatory evacuations

Summary: The committee first took up a consent calendar of multiple bills, moving them forward mostly to Appropriations, with AB 1531 sent to Insurance. It then heard AB 645, requiring emergency medical dispatch training for public safety dispatchers who handle medical calls. Supporters said standardized dispatcher training would improve CPR and other pre-arrival instructions, especially in rural areas with long response times; there was no opposition, and the bill was moved to Appropriations. AB 716, on statewide hydrogen fire safety standards and a State Fire Marshal hydrogen expert, also drew support and was sent to Utilities and Energy. AB 783, aimed at lowering disaster rebuilding costs by allowing state contracting for construction materials in declared disaster areas, was supported by housing and building groups and moved to Appropriations. AB 591, creating a public works mutual aid plan for disasters, and AB 1200, expanding disaster preparedness through tabletop exercises, a State Lifelines Council, and CERT training, both received supportive testimony and were sent to Appropriations. The committee also heard AB 300, which would require regular updates to fire hazard severity zone maps; witnesses from fire agencies and cities supported moving the review schedule to every five years, and the bill was sent to Appropriations as amended. AB 986 would add landslides and climate-change-exacerbated conditions to the definition of state and local emergencies; supporters from Rancho Palos Verdes and the League of California Cities described severe land movement and major costs, while members raised concerns about overbroad emergency declarations. The bill nonetheless advanced to Appropriations. AB 478, requiring local emergency plans to include pet rescue procedures and longer holding periods for rescued animals, was supported by the author, a mayor, and animal advocacy groups; members suggested revisiting the 90-day reclamation period and transfer rules, but the bill moved to Appropriations. Later, AB 598 proposed school mapping technology for K-12 campuses so first responders can access accurate layouts during emergencies. The sponsor and dispatch representatives said the maps could reduce response times and improve coordination, while committee members asked about costs, vendor neutrality, rural school funding, and coordination with the 911 Advisory Board; the bill was moved to Appropriations with members noting possible follow-up amendments. Throughout the meeting, several votes were left open for later addition, and the committee eventually recorded additional aye votes and one no vote on AB 783 and a not-voting position on AB 986 before adjourning.

Transcript Highlights:

• Please, everybody, give them a round of applause. It is their day here at the Capitol.
• Give it a round of applause.
• You go all the way to the checkout, and then they say, oh, $20 mandatory fee. $5 mandatory fee, whatever
• mandatory fee, and they didn't tell you up front.
• I don't care if they want to meet three days a week and have school year-round.

Bills: HR244, HR245, HR246, HR247, HR248, HR249, HR250, HR251, HCR101, HCR102, HR223, HR224, HR225, HR226, HR227, HR229, HR230, HR231, HR232, HR234, HR235, HR236, HR237, HR238, HR239, HR240, HR241, HR242, HR243, HCR94, HCR95, HCR96, HCR97, HCR98, HCR99, HCR100, SCR31, SCR33, SCR35, SCR37, SCR56, SCR57, SB171, SB251, SB252, SB353, SB367, SB433, SB461, HR170, HR191, HR206, HR207, HR208, HR217, HCR11, HCR53, HCR60, HCR66, HCR68, HB66, HB153, HB165, HB326, HB387, HB454, HB455, HB484, HB513, HB603, HB660, HB719, HB762, HB766, HB793, HB802, HB816, HB833, HB940, HB947, HB950, HB975, HB1028, HB1039, HB1051, HB1053, HB1080, HB1201, HB1215, HB1228, HB1251, HB1252, SCR2, SB26, SB28, SB29, SB30, SB41, SB44, SB64, SB84, SB87, SB93, SB98, SB107, SB118, SB142, SB192, SB195, SB199, SB219, SB222, SB234, SB241, SB255, SB275, SB277, SB292, SB294, SB306, SB314, SB482, SB233, SB326, HR171, HCR49, HCR65, HCR72, HR37, HCR64, SCR19, SCR3, SCR6, SCR18, SCR11, SCR22, HB64, HB68, HB92, HB130, HB258, HB633, HB801, HB89, HB341, HB451, HB456, HB579, HB595, HB621, HB818, HB841, HB1064, HB1101, HB1191, SB47, SB82, SB106, SB206, SB210, SB248, SB305, SB376, SB397, SB441, SB2, SB19, SB24, SB50, SB70, SB96, SB101, SB103, SB104, SB114, SB122, SB159, SB160, SB173, SB180, SB182, SB260, SB412, SB418, SB424, SB442, SB460, SB476, SB1, SB23, SB32, SB42, SB43, SB46, SB51, SB110, SB113, SB150, SB154, SB161, SB218, SB220, SB221, SB253, SB289, SB310, SB351, SB399, SB404, SB502, HCR32, HB955, HB284, HB617, HB730, HB926, HB1125, HB1194, HB1203, HB798, HB998, HB1084, HB1223, HB646, HB824, HB901, HB79, HR20, HR74, HB59, HB306, HB366, HB393, HB458, HB577, HB582, HB605, HB614, HB682, HB733, HB752, HB773, HB911, HB996, HB1035, HB1069, HB1113, HB1140, HB1180, HB1234, HB1240, SB89, SB68, SB149

Keywords: disclosure, local law, public notice, legislative transparency, Artists at the Capitol Day, art education, Louisiana Art Education Association, recognition, community engagement, House Resolution 247, HR247, Laura Lewis, birthday commendation, 104th birthday, centenarian, longevity, St. James Parish, Louisiana House of Representatives, Mount Calvary Baptist Church, ceremonial resolution

Transcript Highlights:

• Students are burdened with rising mandatory CSU recently approved a tuition hike.
• Students are burdened with rising mandatory fees, and faculty are facing layoffs.
• That sounds mandatory to me.
• At no time were we ever informed of having to pay for these non-mandatory mandatory fees.
• Ever informed of having to pay for these non-mandatory mandatory fees.

Summary: The committee first adopted its 2025-26 rules on a 7-0 roll call, then approved three consent items—AB 88, AB 240, and AB 313—on a due-pass motion to Appropriations. The hearing then moved to AB 648, which would give community college districts the same zoning authority as the UC and CSU systems to build student and staff housing on property they own or lease. The author and supporters argued the bill would help address severe housing insecurity and homelessness among community college students, while opponents and some members raised concerns about local control, zoning exemptions, and the impact on nearby communities. AB 648 passed the committee on a 5-2 vote and was sent to the Local Government Committee. The committee next heard AB 466, which would require California Community Colleges and CSU campuses to provide organ and tissue donor registry information during student orientation, and request UC campuses to do the same. Supporters shared personal stories about transplants and donation, saying college orientation is a good opportunity to increase registrations. Some members worried about information overload during orientation and suggested campuses have flexibility in how they present the material, but the bill advanced on a unanimous 7-0 vote to Appropriations. AB 326 followed, proposing campus-by-campus external audits of the CSU every three years and public release of the audits. The author, faculty supporters, and a student argued that systemwide audits do not provide enough transparency about how money is spent at individual campuses, citing examples of financial mismanagement and fee increases. CSU opposed the bill, saying it already conducts annual consolidated external audits and that campus-level audits would add cost without added benefit. After extensive discussion about transparency, audit scope, and implementation, the bill passed 6-1 to Appropriations. The committee then took up AB 335, which would create a California Black-Serving Institution Grant Program to support Black student success and broader underserved student services; supporters emphasized persistent equity gaps and low completion rates, while an opponent argued the bill needed to be carefully amended to comply with Proposition 209 and equal protection requirements. The transcript ends during that item’s discussion, before a final vote is shown.

Transcript Highlights:

• The rounds you see medical marijuana for people with cancer, you know, with their...
• I'm just concerned about minimum mandatories with unintended consequences.
• Then they will get caught up in this with the minimum mandatory. Is that what you're saying, sir?
• We're also increasing the mandatory minimum for a repeat sexual offender who commits.
• Representative Gottlieb: I have a significant problem with the minimum mandatory sentences, and I've

Transcript Highlights:

• Now it's to make sure that all of the issues that we've seen in the local school districts, Round Rock
• Now it's to make sure that all of the issues that we've seen in the local school districts, Round Rock
• Because single-user restrooms are not mandatory, this bill would ban gender-diverse folks from these
• Because single-user restrooms are not mandatory, this bill would ban gender-diverse folks from these
• Y'all defund education, don't provide free daycare, free school lunches, mandatory...

Bills: SB6, SB7, SB8, SB11, SB12, SB13, SB15, SB17

Keywords: hemp, consumable hemp, hemp-derived cannabinoids, CBD, cannabidiol, CBG, cannabigerol, delta-8, delta-9, intoxicating hemp, hemp gummies, hemp vape, edibles, cannabinoid regulation, hemp licensing, retailer registration, product registration, QR code labeling, child-resistant packaging, minor access

Summary: The committee first took up Senate Bill 8, the Texas Women's Privacy Act, and heard extensive public testimony both for and against the measure. Supporters, including representatives of Texas Values and Texas Values Action, argued the bill was needed to protect women’s privacy and safety in restrooms, locker rooms, showers, prisons, domestic violence shelters, and other government-controlled spaces, and said it would provide clear, sex-based rules. Opponents, including many transgender Texans, civil rights advocates, clergy, business and public safety voices, and others, argued the bill would invite harassment, gender policing, lawsuits, and invasive inspections, while harming trans, intersex, and gender-nonconforming people as well as cisgender women who do not fit stereotypes. Several witnesses said the bill would conflict with federal law or prison standards, worsen safety in shelters and prisons, and hurt Texas’s reputation and economy. The chair repeatedly noted the compressed special-session schedule and said flood relief remained the session’s top priority. Public testimony on SB 8 was eventually closed, and the bill was left pending. The committee then moved to Senate Bill 6, dealing with consumable hemp product restrictions. Testimony on SB 6 focused on whether the bill went too far in restricting hemp-derived THC products. Opponents argued hemp and THC have medical and economic value, that the bill would criminalize conduct and burden courts, and that regulation—not prohibition—was the better approach. Some witnesses supported tighter rules such as testing, child-resistant packaging, and limits on marketing to children, but still opposed the bill’s broad THC ban, higher fees, and age restrictions. Several speakers emphasized benefits for veterans, chronic pain patients, and small businesses, and warned that prohibition would push consumers toward the illicit market. The committee heard the testimony and then continued with additional witnesses, with no final vote or disposition reported in the excerpt.

Transcript Highlights:

• It was never the intention for any of this to be mandatory, only voluntary. But, Mr. Chair, Mr.
• I don't understand why that part was put in that it would be mandatory. So, Mr. Chair, Mr.
• Credo, to be clear then, it does have a mandatory part, correct? Mr. Chairman.
• It does have a mandatory part, correct? Mr.
• I would also echo Tom's comments about us being willing to have this not be mandatory.

Bills: HB2665, HB2904, HB2917

Keywords: manslaughter, suicide encouragement, assisted suicide, online harassment, social media, text messaging, directed communication, minor suicide, youth suicide prevention, criminal liability for speech, online bullying, free speech, homicide, class 2 felony, Cade's Law, Arizona criminal law, sovereignty, border security, health crisis, drug cartels

Transcript Highlights:

• Lastly, the bill denies mandatory supervision of an inmate serving a sentence for, or who has been previously
• I observed 10 rounds traveling up the front of the vehicle and into her windshield.
• Two of the rounds... ...struck the headrest. Brittany was injured but survived.

Keywords: 1184, house, all

Transcript Highlights:

• I'll round out the crowd. I like Aaron. My name is Patrick McLeod.
• When landlords unbundle services and hide mandatory ancillary fees like trash, common area utilities,
• Several other states have provisions similar to Virginia, where all mandatory fees must be listed in
• They can no longer advertise rent without including any mandatory...
• They can no longer advertise rent without including any mandatory fees.

Keywords: Virginia Housing Commission - Fees in Residential Rental Agreements Workgroup, 976, house, all

Transcript Highlights:

• Fourth, all events are mandatory.
• "All events are mandatory.
• So we’re going to round. So we’re going to go. Thank you. Okay. So we're going to be a lot of it.

Keywords: House streaming session for Saturday, April 25, 2026, 957, house, all

Summary: The transcript appears to be from the opening of the 2026 Maryland YMCA Youth and Government State Conference, including the joint session of the Youth General Assembly. The House and Senate were called to order, a quorum was announced, the Pledge of Allegiance was recited, and oaths of office were administered to the Youth Senate, House of Delegates, Secretary of State, Lieutenant Governor, and Youth Governor. The Youth Governor then delivered an opening address about vulnerability, growth, civic engagement, and the importance of speaking up and learning through debate and public service. The State Director followed with conference safety and conduct instructions, emphasizing traveling in groups, looking out for roommates, respecting shared spaces, attending mandatory events, using the Guidebook and Slack apps for communication, obtaining adult permission to leave scheduled activities, staying in rooms after room checks, and only interacting with people wearing conference lanyards. She also encouraged delegates to make new friends, set personal goals beyond winning or passing bills, and to debate ideas rather than people. After adjournment of the joint session, participants were directed to their next locations based on program and committee assignments. Legislators were instructed to check Guidebook for committee assignments and move to the House Office Building, while lobbyists and press were sent to their respective leaders. The transcript then shifts into committee roll calls and informal introductions, with no substantive bill debate, votes, or committee actions recorded in the excerpt.

Transcript Highlights:

• The parties get to impasse on a mandatory subject of bargaining, which has to do with wages, hours, or
• So yes, next year, another round of chairs would be elected.
• committee has met one or two times in a year, two times in the even-numbered years for those two kind of mandatory

Summary: The Joint Committee on Employment Relations met for work sessions on supplemental bargaining for Washington Public Employees Association (WPEA) agreements in general government and higher education, followed by an overview of the collective bargaining process. OFM staff explained that bargaining for the 2025-27 biennium began in 2024, reached tentative agreements, was not ratified in time for the October 1 deadline, resumed, and ultimately produced ratified agreements in August 2025 that were submitted for financial feasibility review under RCW 41.80.010. Staff outlined the tentative agreements’ costs and covered employee counts, including roughly 2,500 FTEs in general government and 2,100 in higher education, with estimated 2025-27 total fund costs of about $22.25 million and $13.5 million respectively. Staff then gave a broader briefing on how state collective bargaining works, including the bargaining calendar, the role of class and compensation review, the June revenue forecast, interest arbitration, and the October 1 submission deadline. They described the groups OFM bargains for, including general government, higher education, health care coalitions, and certain non-state provider groups such as adult family home providers, child care providers, and language access providers. In response to a question from Senator King, staff said the legislature requires bargaining for those non-state provider groups and has also provided interest arbitration for them. Staff also discussed bargaining priorities such as general wage increases, targeted classification adjustments, recruitment and retention, low-wage worker increases, and maintaining the health care premium split. In executive session, the committee voted to keep the current co-chairs, Senator Robinson and Representative Couture, through 2026. Members also voted to recognize that the committee met twice in 2025 and to set the 2026 meeting schedule at two meetings. The motions passed without opposition, and the meeting adjourned.

Transcript Highlights:

• Uh, question is, is it voluntary donation or mandatory relation? It's entirely voluntary.
• You know, 'Do you want to round up your purchase to make sure you donate?'
• It's it's entirely mandatory relation?
• Yeah, like the, um, so when you see it in millimeters, it's a NATO designation round.
• You can shoot either round. It doesn't matter because I've got the .308 and the 7.62.

Keywords: 1189, house, all

Transcript Highlights:

• Her experience on both sides of the radio gives her a unique well-rounded perspective that enhances her
• The technology roadmap is not mandatory and is not part of the statutory mandated Oklahoma 911 strategic
• It's one of the six mandatory offerings of this GIS course. It'll be April 2nd from 8 to noon.
• Mi Cha already mentioned the mandatory training that's coming up.

Keywords: 914, all

Transcript Highlights:

• that, I wanted to ask: What is the rationale behind moving the UI portion of the ICMS project to mandatory
• The reforms would not impose any mandatory timelines on it. To start over or reapply.
• The reforms would not impose any mandatory timelines on applicants, and applicants would not need to
• And we have been allocated $65 million over three different budget years, and we've done two rounds of
• of the grant was actually to provide continuation funding to the round one and two grantees that have

Summary: The subcommittee heard a series of budget and trailer bill presentations focused on labor and public employment programs. The first item covered EDD Next modernization, where EDD described progress on customer service improvements, fraud prevention, language access, and the Integrated Claims Management System. The LAO urged stronger legislative oversight as the project enters its most difficult phase, and members questioned the revised schedule, total cost, change orders, stress testing, SB 1090 implementation, and how race and ethnicity data will be protected. EDD said the overall project cost remains about $1.2 billion, that the work is being phased with disability insurance and paid family leave first, and that fraud has been greatly reduced since pandemic-era programs ended. Members also asked for follow-up information on SB 590 outreach and equity impacts. The committee then reviewed the California Workforce Development Board’s request to reduce staffing as one-time grant workloads wind down, along with trailer bill language to streamline reporting requirements. The board and Department of Finance said the staffing reductions reflect the end of surge funding and that the proposal would consolidate roughly 10 to 12 reports into one annual report, with additional reporting only if new funds are appropriated for certain programs. Senator Durazo questioned the policy direction of reducing workforce staffing, while the administration said the positions were tied to temporary grant programs and that current staffing is sufficient for ongoing duties. Members also asked about the board’s role in AI-related workforce planning and the rationale for using state funds for the High Road Construction Careers Program. A major portion of the hearing focused on the Subsequent Injury Benefits Trust Fund reforms and related staffing request at DIR. The administration and LAO described rapid growth in applications, backlog, and liabilities, saying the program’s eligibility has expanded beyond its original intent and that liabilities could reach about $30 billion by 2030 without reform. The trailer bill would tighten eligibility, apply the changes to open cases, and use the QME process and contemporaneous evidence to document preexisting disabilities. Members raised concerns about fairness to pending claimants, evaluator capacity, and the relationship to other SIBTF legislation, while the LAO said the proposal largely aligns with its prior recommendations. DIR also presented a request to eliminate vacant positions under a statewide vacancy sweep, which drew criticism from members who argued the cuts could weaken enforcement and backlog reduction efforts; the committee asked DIR to return with more detail on impacts and on its use of temporary-help authority. The final items addressed a request for additional Cal/OSHA investigative staff and a trailer bill to make permanent the revised Workers’ Compensation Appeals Board petition timeline. DIR said the BOI staffing would help investigate fatalities and serious injuries more quickly, while members emphasized the importance of family contact and timely investigations. For the WCAB item, the chair explained that the 2024 change to Labor Code section 5909, which starts the 60-day decision clock when a case is transmitted rather than when a petition is filed, has reduced pending cases and should be made permanent; the remaining backlog was reported at 460 cases, down from 637 before the change.

Transcript Highlights:

• It was one of the first in the nation to create a mandatory clinical program.
• It was one of the first in the nation to create a mandatory clinical program.
• It's Would be a great way to start bringing in a better rounded group. Madam Chair, Madam Chair.
• I know it's a lot more time-consuming, but if you can get a better class, a more well-rounded class,
• Faculty, staff, and administration, including myself, have a mandatory reporting requirement.

Bills: SB1, SB3

Keywords: interstate medical licensure compact, physician licensure, medical license reciprocity, expedited licensure, medical practice act, New Mexico medical board, compact commission, physician mobility, telemedicine, license portability, background check, disciplinary action, joint investigation, reproductive health care, gender-affirming care, scope of practice, medical board transparency, multistate compact, licensure renewal, health care workforce

Transcript Highlights:

• clarification: as well, in 2024, the legislature passed House Bill 207, which made this program mandatory
• It changed the "may" to a "shall," so this is quite simply, the only PSCOC funding that is now mandatory
• Thus far, we have released round one, and we've acknowledged there was a much better way that we should
• So I've been working with our new executive director on kind of a path forward for round two and ways