Transcript Highlights:

• For those who violate the rights and protections our democracy guarantees.
• And this kind of surveillance doesn't just violate privacy. It really puts real lives at risk.
• long-term planning to ensure protections for ratepayers as new large-load customers interconnect with
• Yet they often are the victims of labor violations such as wage theft at the hands of their employers
• Because of the prevalence of labor violations, the state requires FLCs to purchase a surety bond.

Summary: The Assembly met in session, established a quorum, approved dispensing with the previous day’s journal, and then took up a long third-reading file. Early procedural actions included moving AB 1589 to the inactive file and continuing reconsideration items. The chamber then considered a series of bills largely focused on immigration enforcement, detention, worker protections, child care, voting access, and related public services. Several immigration-related measures passed, including AB 2393 on damages for false imprisonment/arrest, AB 1994 on an immigrant victims’ rights and resources card, AB 1929 on health plan investment disclosures, AB 1633 imposing a tax on for-profit detention facilities, AB 1650 requiring decals on rental vehicles used for enforcement, AB 1655 protecting CalWORKs benefits when a child is detained, and AB 1896 disqualifying people who participated in immigration enforcement from certain public employment. AB 2230, which would bar immigration enforcement near polling places and child care facilities, also passed after extensive debate. Supporters framed these bills as accountability and protection for vulnerable communities; opponents argued they targeted federal law enforcement, were unnecessary, or raised constitutional concerns. AB 1851 on statewide school mental-health guidance also passed unanimously. After the midday recess, the Assembly returned and continued with more bills tied to immigration impacts and child welfare. AB 2379 passed with urgency, requiring child care providers to be informed of constitutional rights and trained on protections when confronted by immigration enforcement. AB 2460 passed to update school behavioral-health referral protocols for students affected by immigration enforcement trauma. AB 2495 passed to expand prohibitions on employer immigration-related threats, and AB 2662 was presented as a way for California to monitor and document federal enforcement actions and report on their community impacts. Throughout the day, the floor featured repeated exchanges over whether the bills addressed real problems or were political messaging, but the measures that came to a vote generally advanced with majority support.

Transcript Highlights:

• about load demand growth. about load demand growth.
• ISO New England predicts load that.
• looking specifically at the state load looking specifically at the state load growth<00:41:06.560
• So that's quite a load.
• > Representative load.

Keywords: 1189, house, all

Transcript Highlights:

• The Chair will instruct the sergeant at arms to escort anyone who violates the House rules out of this
• How is that not a violation of the law? Touch again on the kill switches.
• You've got to have meaningful penalties for violating this.
• And they're pulling these stats off of wells that are going to be performance load.
• I have constituents who cannot run a load of water and flush their toilets at the same time.

Keywords: 1184, house, all

Transcript Highlights:

• And it's pretty clear you're looking at what's the load of that facility.
• <00:37:25.599> We what's the load of that facility. We what's the load of that facility.
• First of all, the subject of net metering goes to size to load.
• First of all, the subject of net metering goes to size to load.
• So members, undermining the base load.

Keywords: 1187, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• present in the United States is arrested by a state or local enforcement official or agency for a violation
• Would my rights be violated? Would they detain me?
• talk about the ICU nurse in Minneapolis that inserted himself into a federal investigation with a loaded
• With a loaded firearm. Let's get her removed from this. I said she spit on me last year.
• of state or local law. ...city, town, or other political subdivision of the state for a violation of

Bills: SB1055, SB1065

Keywords: immigration enforcement, law enforcement, illegal aliens, state legislation, civil penalties, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, veterans, military health, mental health treatment, funding allocation, 1182, all

Summary: The Military Affairs and Border Security Committee heard two bills. SB 1055 would require state and local law enforcement to immediately notify ICE or CBP when a person unlawfully present in the U.S. is arrested for a state or local offense. Supporters said it simply clarifies and strengthens existing law and cooperation with federal authorities; opponents, including the ACLU of Arizona and several public commenters, argued it would intensify immigration enforcement, chill crime reporting, invite racial profiling, and conflict with existing SB 1070-related guidance and constitutional limits. The committee engaged in extended debate over whether the bill merely restated current law or would create new legal and practical burdens for police. After public testimony and member discussion, SB 1055 was passed on a 4-3 vote and received a do-pass recommendation. Members voting in favor said the bill was about enforcing the law and improving cooperation; members opposed said it was redundant and harmful to community trust and public safety. The committee then took up SB 1065, which appropriates $300,640,000 in FY 2027 for a Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Military Veterans Fund. The bill was presented as a way to provide non-drug treatment for veterans with PTSD and related conditions, with supporters describing potential benefits for mental health and recovery. Some members raised budget and implementation questions, including how veterans would be selected for treatment, but all members ultimately supported moving it forward. SB 1065 passed unanimously, 7-0, with several members noting support for veterans while reserving questions about the budget process or future floor consideration. The committee adjourned after passing both bills.

Transcript Highlights:

• This statute acts as a load-bearing This statute acts as a load-bearing Jenga<00:08:36.479> block
• um for a same um penalty violations um for a violation<01:08:10.320> of<01:08:10.520> existing
• <01:08:11.560> um violation of existing um violation of existing um prize<01:08:12.520>
• with Minnesota Department of Labor and Industry violations.
• . violations. violations.

Bills: HF3794, HF4472, HF4410, HF4347, HF4412, HF4398, HF4397, HF4201, HF4199, HF4203, HF3706, HF4071, HF4120, HF4175, HF4188

Keywords: surveillance, price discrimination, wage discrimination, automated decision systems, consumer protections, data privacy, biometrics, school district health insurance, charter school health benefits, employee benefits, public sector health insurance, health insurance survey, Legislative Budget Office, LBO report, premium costs, retiree coverage, broker commissions, third-party administrator, health plan transparency, health reimbursement arrangement

Transcript Highlights:

• Incentives by Mexican truckers to violate Texas laws.
• The 300,000 loads we hauled in 2024 are needed to equal the same service.
• In Atascosa County, instead of hauling $200... loads we would have normally hauled that day.
• We were required to haul 400 loads to provide the same level of service to our customer.
• If you take that away, you don't just shift our load; you shatter our business model.

Bills: HB137, HB283, HCR114, HB137, HB283, HB1398, HB1960, HB2153, HB2431, HB2638, HB2699, HB2999, HB3208, HB3389, HB3413, HB3510, HB3642, HB3859, HB3974, HB3986, HB4142, HB4173, HB4174, HB4542, HB4605, HB4663, HB4731, HB5064, HB5216, HB5218, HB5332, HB5453, HB5577

Keywords: state budget, fiscal biennium, budget repeal, financial management, state funding, Medicaid, healthcare access, Affordable Care Act, federal funding, low-income individuals, insurance coverage, memorial, pedestrian bridge, Houston, Sergio Ivan Rodriguez, city council, oversize vehicles, transportation permits, Hidalgo County, port authority

Transcript Highlights:

• members, House Bill 2369 requires that a citation issued because of a misdemeanor, civil traffic violation
• Because it's a photo, it's a camera taking your photo if you're violating the law.
• That is a violation of what I am told is called the entrenchment clause.
• It classifies a violation as a class one misdemeanor.
• A violation of the prohibition on manufacturing or distributing kratom products, and subsequent violations

Keywords: 1182, all

Summary: The committee worked through a very long minority caucus calendar covering a wide range of bills, with many items being described and then either left on consent, pulled from consent, or noted for votes. Topics included bullion and state depository proposals, a produce incentive appropriation, a biennial budget change, veterans services funding, driver licensing and traffic enforcement measures, procurement and public records changes, school board and school facilities rules, SNAP work requirements and verification, child welfare and juvenile justice provisions, housing and homelessness measures, energy and fuel policy, election administration, and several tax, commerce, and licensing bills. Members repeatedly raised concerns about constitutionality, federal preemption, duplication of existing law, and whether some measures were policy priorities that had been vetoed in prior sessions and were returning unchanged. Several bills drew extended debate. Members objected to English-proficiency requirements for commercial drivers and motor carriers, arguing federal law and the supremacy clause would bar them. Earned wage access regulation prompted strong opposition over consumer harm, overdraft cycles, and high effective APRs. School-related bills were criticized for overregulating public schools while not imposing similar requirements on ESA/private-school programs, especially on fingerprint clearance and reporting. SNAP-related bills were also opposed as setting unrealistic mandates and repeating vetoed proposals. Other contested measures included a drag-show criminalization bill, a bill restricting photo enforcement, a bill limiting local regulation of unmanned aircraft, and a bill conforming Arizona tax law to federal changes, which members said would benefit wealthy taxpayers and corporations without a clear funding source. The committee also heard a number of supportive or less controversial measures, including bills on veterans awareness, dementia care telemonitoring, Braille transcription funding, CPA licensure pathways, cash acceptance by retailers, and some child safety and court administration changes. Several bills were pulled from consent for further discussion, while others were noted as having unanimous or near-unanimous votes. The meeting ended with caucus announcements, including an affordability award presentation, an upcoming Latino Caucus discussion on community land trusts, and an invitation to African American Legislative Day activities, followed by adjournment.

Transcript Highlights:

• um you know uh if there are violation um you know uh if there are false<00:51:31.079> entries
• a much cleaner way to go about allowing utilities, if they're interested, to acquire some of their load
• I'd also like to point out that this amendment does not change the 2 million megawatt-hour or 20% load
• <01:17:01.560> and 18% of New Hampshire's load and 18% of New Hampshire's load and uh<01:17
• million megawatt hour or 20% load million megawatt hour or 20% load restriction<01:18:24.600>

Keywords: 1189, house, all

Transcript Highlights:

• As we heard earlier, there are other options, including controllable load resources, aggregated...
• is that if we do want to do something like this, it may make sense to focus on procurement on the load
• You know, many loads have diverse portfolios.
• Additionally, dispatchable resources could include batteries, load resources, and traditional fossil
• The load-serving entities, retail electric providers, municipals, and co-ops.

Bills: SB388, SB455, SB917, SB925, SB1006

Keywords: dispatchable generation, electricity, natural gas, ERCOT, energy credits, utilities regulation, renewable energy, arbitration, insurance contracts, surplus lines, Texas law, insurance policy, boiler inspection, boiler safety, inspection report deadline, certificate inspection, authorized inspector, inspection agency, Health and Safety Code, board of boiler rules

Transcript Highlights:

• Could the author just maybe give a definition on what a large load customer is and what will distinguish
• The first one is you've got $1500 per day violation, but it looks like the time frame obviously could
• Those days of per day violation if closing is always moved or could be moved.
• So, this bill requires large load data centers and crypto mining facilities to pay their portion.
• If you are a load over 75 megawatts, you have to pay your infrastructure cost or go behind the meter.

Bills: HB2894, HB3418, HB3415, HB3413, HB3414, HB3416, HB3417, HB3419, HB3420, HB1739, HB1752, HB1979, HB2941, HB2992, HB3075, HB3086, HB3177, HB3269, HB3278, HB3279, HB3497, HB3644, HB4432, HB3720, HB3849, HB3882, HB3919, HB3941, HB4118, HB4141, HB4268, HB4342, HB4428, HB4429, HB4434

Keywords: HB2894, Oklahoma Rural Jobs Act, rural jobs, rural investment, tax credit, capital investment tax credit, state tax credits, economic development, rural fund, rural investor, qualified investment, eligible business, Department of Commerce, rural business, investment certification, tax liability, credit cap, workforce development, small business finance, rural development

Transcript Highlights:

• The response was that this is a good question and that, like any other large load, it would likely have
• c><00:27:08.279> any<00:27:08.480> other<00:27:08.760> large<00:27:09.039> load
• <00:27:09.480> would just like any other large load would just like any other large load would
• What's interesting about digital asset mining is it can be a very large load, and then in a few minutes
• our state statutes in that violates our state statutes in terms<00:37:38.560> of<00:37:38.800

Keywords: 928, house, all

Summary: The subcommittee first took up an amendment to a bill dealing with digital assets, zoning, utilities, and noise. Members discussed removing the “private key” language, clarifying that the bill would prohibit state or local governments from treating digital asset mining differently from other industrial uses, and narrowing several provisions based on feedback from the Municipal Association. There was also discussion about electricity use, rate schedules, and whether the bill would allow payment of electric bills in Bitcoin; members clarified that bills would still be paid in dollars and that discriminatory rates were not allowed. The amendment was approved on a straw vote, and the committee then voted 7-1 to adopt the amended bill. The committee then considered a separate bill related to a paint stewardship program. The sponsor explained that the amendment would remove references to a fee structure that had troubled him in public hearing, while still preserving the plan and oversight by the Department of Environmental Services. Members discussed whether the bill’s liability and disclosure language affected antitrust concerns, and a representative from the American Coatings Association testified that the program’s environmental management practices and liability provisions were intended to ensure responsible handling and cleanup. The committee ultimately voted 7-1 to adopt the amended bill. Later, the subcommittee moved to liquor-related business. It first voted unanimously, 7-0, to retain a cannabis-related item. It then discussed a tavern license bill that would create a 21-plus tavern category, with the Liquor Enforcement Division explaining that the restriction was tied to alcohol-only venues and the potential for late-night entertainment and nightclub-style operations. Members raised concerns about local control and public safety, and the discussion referenced existing cocktail lounge rules and the possibility of towns opting into such a license. The transcript cuts off before a final vote on that item is shown.

Transcript Highlights:

• It has provided reliable, safe, grid-quality, renewable power to critical loads during 63 islanding events
• We need to support our workforce, but we also need to be able to account for this new load when we're
• in mid-sized businesses, monthly reporting obligations that may exceed what the CEC needs to model load
• The bill as in print would fail to provide a full understanding of load growth and address efficiency
• That activity violates state and federal law.

Keywords: 987, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• Category 3 consists of serious violations.
• In Category 1, members, is just a technical or de minimis violation.
• We were discussing that the definition of serious violations of Category 3.
• The categorization of violations? Yes.
• , de minimis violations. formal process to dismiss those.

Bills: SB312, SB945, SB946, SB1367, SB1861, SB2044, SB2337, SB2403, SB2819, SJR54

Keywords: public school funding, education, budget allocation, financial transparency, state law, local control, fiduciary responsibility, public retirement systems, investment management, proxy voting, financial factors, insurance, political shareholder proposals, fossil fuels, greenhouse gas emissions, environmental regulation, discrimination, credit extension, social credit, value-based standards

Transcript Highlights:

• We're also in the process of replacing all of our passenger loading bridges.
• Over the next six or seven years, we will replace all 128 loading bridges in our inventory.
• We're also in the process of replacing all of our passenger loading bridges.
• And over the next six, seven years, we will replace all 128 loading bridges in our inventory.
• All 128 loading bridges in our inventory, so we're extremely excited about that.

Summary: The Transportation Committee met to consider two bills and then held a lengthy discussion on Florida airport infrastructure. SB 246, presented by Senator Rodriguez on behalf of Senator Gruters, would authorize a UFC specialty license plate, with proceeds supporting the UFC Foundation’s charitable work. A UFC Foundation representative described community beneficiaries and said the plate would help raise funds for local charities. With no questions or debate, the committee voted SB 246 favorably. The committee also took up SPB 7012, a Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles public-records exemption bill that would remove the October 1, 2026 repeal date for certain active investigatory records. Senator Avila moved to submit it as a committee bill, there was no objection, and it was reported favorably as a committee bill. The remainder of the meeting focused on the Comprehensive Airport Infrastructure Program. FDOT Secretary Jared Perdue outlined Florida’s aviation system, the department’s airport funding programs, and the state’s role as a financial partner in safety, capacity, preservation, and economic development projects. He said Florida has 128 public-use airports, 21 commercial-service airports, and four large-hub airports, and noted that airport funding is largely supported by gas-tax-related revenues, with additional support from documentary stamp revenue and other fees. He also discussed the new airport infrastructure planning requirements created last session and said all required airports had submitted plans. Committee members asked about the loss of aviation fuel tax revenue, workforce development, project timelines, and how FDOT prioritizes funding, with Perdue emphasizing safety, preservation, capacity, economic return, and matching funds. A panel from Miami, Orlando, Fort Lauderdale, and Tampa international airports then described major capital programs, passenger growth, and funding needs. The airports highlighted terminal expansions, parking, baggage systems, airfield rehabilitation, people movers, and other modernization projects, along with the importance of maintaining aging facilities while accommodating growth. They said FDOT and FAA grants are helpful but increasingly insufficient for runway and taxiway costs, and several panelists said passenger facility charges and other revenue tools are important to future self-sufficiency. Members also asked about workforce shortages, small-business participation, landing-fee negotiations, and non-aeronautical revenue. The panel said workforce challenges are most acute in trades and maintenance, small-business programs are active at each airport, and landing fees are negotiated with airlines to keep airports competitive while funding needed improvements.

Transcript Highlights:

• The fine amounts that they can levy for violations must be documented; that document is unenforceable
• Three main things: we got rid of the load management I mentioned, and we established...
• Here's what we like that's in your bill: we like taking the load management... out of meeting the goals
• As noted just last- Last week at the House State Affairs meeting, ERCOT noted that Texas load growth
• five to six years are estimated to grow by roughly 75%, looking at about 145 gigawatts for our peak load

Bills: SB383, SB1012, SB1181, SB1705, SB2075, SB2221, SB2586, SB2864, SB2994

Keywords: SB 383, ERCOT, Texas Utilities Code, interconnection, wind power facility, offshore wind, coastal wind, nearshore wind, Gulf of America, Texas coast, three marine leagues, electric grid, transmission line, distribution facility, renewable energy, battery storage, energy storage, grid access, power grid, electric service

Transcript Highlights:

• Speaker, is whether you are aware that the budget was crafted in clear violation of the... ...eight occasions
• HB 4265 by Bumgarner relating to the violation of certain laws and provisions governing instruments by
• HB 4283 by LaHood relating to the penalties imposed on municipalities for violating state law and the
• HB 4290 by Drew Darby, relating to the qualifying code generator that serves a large load.
• HB 4367 by Turner, relating to the use of a load management program to meet an electric utility's energy

Bills: HJR4, HJR6, HB195, HB 13, HB143, HB135

Keywords: occupation tax, securities, financial regulation, tax exemption, legislative amendment, capital gains tax, realized gains, unrealized gains, investment income, asset sale, capital assets, wealth tax, estate tax, trust tax, tax limitation, constitutional amendment, Texas Constitution, Article VIII, property tax, sales tax

Transcript Highlights:

• action plan and attest that it fixed any violations.
• If the hospital committed a violation, the hospital must give DOH a corrective action plan and attest
• that it fixed any violations.
• We're pretty sure to do the silver loading or the premium alignment again in '27.
• We're pretty sure to do the silver loading or the premium alignment again in 27.

Summary: The committee heard a JLARC presentation on the Department of Health’s oversight of hospital inspections, complaints, and reporting. JLARC said DOH was late on 72% of acute care hospital inspections as of December 2024, had not verified that third-party accrediting standards were substantially equivalent to state standards, did not consistently require proof of those inspections, did not review adverse health event corrective plans, and could make hospital data more accessible. JLARC also raised a possible language-access barrier in the complaint system. Members asked about complaint filing by staff, the meaning of adverse health events, inspection outcomes, and whether the audit compared DOH to other agencies. JLARC said it had not reviewed inspection results or cross-agency comparisons, but noted inspectors were dedicated and working long hours. DOH later said it concurred with the recommendations and outlined a strategic plan with target dates for improving timeliness, verifying accreditation standards, expanding language access, reviewing adverse event laws, and improving public data access, with annual reporting to the Legislature expected. The committee then heard a Department of Health presentation on certificate of need modernization. DOH described the current certificate of need process, which reviews need, financial feasibility, quality, and cost containment for certain facility changes and new services, and said the program has not been modernized since the 1980s. DOH proposed 10 statutory modernization recommendations, including clarifying the program’s purpose, creating a planning entity, adding flexibility, reducing legal costs, updating access-to-care standards, expanding oversight to freestanding emergency departments and urgent care, addressing equity, improving cost control coordination, strengthening long-term funding, and using better data systems. Members asked about oversight of freestanding urgent care and EDs, funding sources, and whether the process could be streamlined or made more responsive to complaints or other triggers. A third panel discussed artificial intelligence in health care. Lucy O’Rourke of the Coalition for Health AI described CHAI’s work on responsible AI principles, technical standards, model cards or “nutrition labels,” testing and governance tools, and educational resources for providers. She said the group is focused on trust, transparency, fairness, safety, security, and privacy, and noted Washington’s AI-related policy work as among the more progressive in the country. No questions were asked. The final portion focused on the financial impact of federal and state health care policy changes. The Washington State Hospital Association said hospitals are facing low or negative operating margins, service reductions, layoffs, and closures, and that state cuts and taxes enacted in 2025, combined with federal HR1 changes, will significantly worsen finances. Providence Swedish leaders described staffing reductions, service cuts, delayed capital investments, and pressure from denials, tariffs, and reimbursement changes, while emphasizing that frontline staffing cuts are tied to service reductions rather than nurse-to-patient ratio changes. The Washington Health Benefit Exchange then began a presentation on expiring federal ACA premium tax credits, state Cascade Care Savings assistance, and eligibility changes affecting lawfully present non-citizens, with examples showing large premium increases for customers if federal subsidies expire.

Transcript Highlights:

• The penalty for failing to file these documents with TREC is $1,000 the first day of the violation and
• That's the thing that sets out the fine amounts that they can levy for violations.
• Three main things: we got rid of load management I mentioned.
• We like taking the load management out of meeting the goals.
• , looking at about 145 gigawatts for our peak load.

Bills: SB383, SB1012, SB1181, SB1705, SB2075, SB2221, SB2586, SB2864, SB2994

Keywords: SB 383, ERCOT, Texas Utilities Code, interconnection, wind power facility, offshore wind, coastal wind, nearshore wind, Gulf of America, Texas coast, three marine leagues, electric grid, transmission line, distribution facility, renewable energy, battery storage, energy storage, grid access, power grid, electric service

Summary: The committee took up a long list of pending bills before moving to several bills on the day’s posting. It reported favorably SB 438, SB 512, SB 647, SB 648, SB 715, SB 758, SB 1964, SB 2121, SB 2145, SB 2167, SB 2330, SB 2349, SB 2443, SB 2629, SB 2702, SB 1495, and SB 2268, with several of those adopted from committee substitutes. Some measures were sent to the local and uncontested calendar, while others were reported to the full Senate. Votes on the pending-business bills were generally strong, though SB 715 and SB 2330 drew recorded opposition; SB 647 and SB 648 had one member present not voting because of confusion over the deed-related bills. A major discussion centered on SB 715, which would establish a reliability standard and penalties/incentives for generation resources. Senator Sparks said the committee substitute would avoid unfairly penalizing existing dispatchable generation, allow wind and solar to qualify through storage or backup power, give the PUC flexibility to set standards and phase in the program, and exempt switchable units. Critics raised concerns that it could raise consumer costs and destabilize the market, while supporters argued it would improve reliability. The committee substitute was adopted and the bill was reported out 6-4. The committee also heard testimony on SB 2330, dealing with payroll deduction for association dues, where the author said the bill would end state involvement in dues collection except for first responders covered by meet-and-confer agreements. Members questioned why teachers and other employees were treated differently, and the bill was reported out 6-5. Other notable bills included SB 2864 on building-integrated photovoltaics, SB 1012 on sale of surplus state property, SB 2221 on fraudulent UCC filings, SB 1705 regulating cryptocurrency kiosks with licensing, transaction limits, fee caps, and a 72-hour hold, SB 1181 on combative sports licensing, SB 2586 on HOA transparency, SB 2075 as a TDLR cleanup bill, and SB 383 restricting offshore wind interconnection based on impacts to shipping, wildlife, and coastal interests. Several of these were left pending after testimony, with SB 1705 drawing both law enforcement support and industry concerns over the fee caps and limits.

Transcript Highlights:

• Loading onto applicators. There are regulations.
• Goes out what nutrients are in those loads of any manure.
• I'm not going to apply a single load of chicken manure or biosolids unless I know the nutrient content
• We're not going to get rid of PFAS, but we're all carrying some load. chemists have created thousands
• Uh, we're not gonna get rid of PFASS. but we're all carrying some load.

Summary: The meeting focused on the use of biosolids on farm and ranch land, with testimony from Oklahoma State University experts, a conservation official, and an engineering representative about the benefits, risks, and regulatory implications. Dr. Lusk described OSU’s long history of soil fertility research and said biosolids can provide nutrients and organic matter, but also may carry contaminants such as PFAS, heavy metals, pharmaceuticals, microplastics, and pathogens. He emphasized that many questions remain unanswered, especially about contaminant uptake into soil, crops, livestock, and humans, and said existing EPA and Oklahoma DEQ regulations address some treatment and application standards but may not fully cover PFAS. Dr. Arnell expanded on nutrient management, explaining that biosolids can function similarly to manure as a fertilizer source, especially for nitrogen and phosphorus, but should be tested, incorporated into soil, and applied under permit conditions to reduce runoff and other losses. He said PFAS testing methods are not yet standardized and that more research is needed to determine sampling protocols, movement in soil, and long-term effects. Committee members asked whether farmers and ranchers should be notified of risks, whether PFAS is currently tested, how many counties use biosolids, and what research would be needed for a dissertation-level study. The witnesses generally agreed that landowners should be informed of known risks and uncertainties, but said the science is still developing. Dr. Arnell said a unified testing method is needed before reliable PFAS monitoring can be done, and suggested that a multi-year study would be required to understand soil movement, crop uptake, and livestock impacts. Greg Scott of the Oklahoma Conservation Commission framed the issue as a waste-management problem, noting that human waste streams contain contaminants and that soil type affects how pollutants move; he said sandy soils pose greater movement risks than clay soils and that current best practice is incorporation, careful timing, and avoiding steep or sensitive sites. He also said PFAS are widespread and not naturally occurring in the way some other compounds are, and that liability and cleanup costs are major concerns. Mary Elizabeth Mock of Garver Engineering focused on the practical and financial consequences of a possible moratorium on land application, saying most of Oklahoma’s biosolids are currently land applied and would otherwise have to go to landfills. She warned that many landfills are nearing capacity, tipping fees could rise sharply, and cities such as Tulsa and Norman could face large increases in disposal costs, which would ultimately be borne by ratepayers and taxpayers. She also said septic system maintenance costs could rise if land application options shrink, potentially leading to deferred maintenance and system failures. Mock urged a tiered, data-driven approach to PFAS regulation and said advanced treatment technologies may help in the future, but they are still emerging and expensive. No votes were taken; the session consisted of presentations and member questions.