Video & Transcript Research : 'licensing'
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MN
Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session
House Commerce Finance and Policy Committee 3/13/25
Commerce Finance and Policy
Transcript Highlights:
- <00:08:32.159>
at legislation says a temporary license at legislation says a temporary license - Park and Minneapolis to Grant a license Park and Minneapolis to Grant a license to<00:14:47.000>
- <00:21:02.080>
in liquor we are seeking this license in liquor we are seeking this license - The Twin Cities is allowed a total of nine liquor licenses; eight of those licenses have already been
- demand on that final license.
Bills:
HF1262, HF1741, HF472, HF1668, HF2055, HF1786, HF1876, HF1089, HF1121, HF509, HF1545, HF2027, HF642
Keywords:
food truck, liquor license, temporary license, community events, catering, municipal regulations, food hall, St. Louis Park, on-sale, intoxicating beverages, food vendors, common seating area, HF472, Mankato, Minnesota State University Mankato, MSU Mankato, Taylor Center, special liquor license, on-sale wine license, malt liquor license
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- So, the licensing and manufacturer, the licensing and manufacturers registration of registrants, retail
- three, so adding three other licenses.
- This bill cleans that up and provides a few satellites under the current licenses expands license.
- As far as adding the new license...
- We should have licensed bud tenders.
Keywords:
Texas Education Code, public schools, school district, open-enrollment charter school, teacher speech, employee speech, biological sex, pronouns, gender identity, retaliation, discipline, workplace protections, school personnel, education policy, LGBTQ, transgender, charter schools, SB 965, religious speech, prayer
AL
Transcript Highlights:
- House Bill Number 151 by Representatives Travis and Others regarding motor vehicle registration and license
Bills:
SJR 3, SB 5, SJR 36, SJR 3, SB 616, SB 565, SB 384, SB 5, SB 21, SB 72, SB 140, SB 262, SB 370, SB 372, SB 495, SB 627, SB 703, SB 764, SB 842, SB 971, SB 790, SB 767, SB 480, SB 1066, SR 44, SR 135, SR 171, SR 180, SR 185, SR 187, SR 188, SR 191, SR 197, SR 198, SR 199, SR 200
Keywords:
dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, research funding, state budget, prevention, healthcare, medical research, Dementia Prevention and Research Institute, research institute, funding, grants, state health initiatives, aquifer, water management, Edwards Aquifer, sustainability, regulatory framework, SB 565, Texas Water Code
FL
Bills:
SJR3, SB5, SJR36, SJR3, SB616, SB565, SB384, SB5, SB21, SB72, SB140, SB262, SB370, SB372, SB495, SB627, SB703, SB764, SB842, SB971, SB790, SB767, SB480, SB1066, SR44, SR135, SR171, SR180, SR185, SR187, SR188, SR191, SR197, SR198, SR199, SR200
Keywords:
dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, research funding, state budget, prevention, healthcare, medical research, Dementia Prevention and Research Institute, research institute, funding, grants, state health initiatives, aquifer, water management, Edwards Aquifer, sustainability, regulatory framework, SB 565, Texas Water Code
AL
Alabama 2026 1st Special Session
Alabama Senate Fiscal Responsibility and Economic Development Committee Jan 21st, 2026
Fiscal Responsibility and Economic Development
Transcript Highlights:
- They can work, they can practice, but the title itself to say that I'm a licensed certified public accountant
- <00:05:14.240>
certified <00:05:14.639>public <00:05:14.960>accountant licensed - certified public accountant licensed certified public accountant comes<00:05:15.919>
after <00: - But if they changed the rules to increase their license fees or whatever and call it that, wouldn't go
- But if they changed the rules to increase their license fees or whatever and call it that, it wouldn't
Keywords:
public accountancy, CPA licensing, board regulations, educational prerequisites, electronic notifications, firm registration, assignment, creditors, insolvency, liquidation, assignee, secured transaction, bankruptcy, state law, voluntary process, distribution of assets, emergency rules, governor certification, state regulations, public safety
AZ
Transcript Highlights:
- We're talking them about our licensing and other things that go on with the department.
- It says that if you're an EMT, you're licensed at DHS.
- Vice Chair Heap probably had a license at DHS.
- If they're licensed by DHS, this is all protected.
- Yeah, anybody who's licensed by DHS would be covered.
Keywords:
mental health, involuntary evaluation, service of process, court-ordered treatment, evaluation agencies, AHCCCS, remote work, state agency, employment, public health, healthcare, behavioral health, prior authorization, American Indian health program, medicaid, medical examiner, death investigation, body disposal, autopsy, veteran burial
Summary:
The committee heard and advanced a series of health and human services bills, with most receiving unanimous or near-unanimous support. SB 1113 would allow screening or evaluation agency employees, under contract with a county, to personally serve court documents in involuntary mental health proceedings instead of requiring police officers; supporters said it would reduce burdens on law enforcement and be less disruptive for patients. An amendment clarifying county contracts and reimbursement was adopted, and the bill passed 12-0. SB 1122 would limit AHCCCS from imposing over-100% prepayment review on certain behavioral health providers serving American Indian Health Program members unless a corrective action plan is in place; AHCCCS was neutral and said it could implement the bill with additional staffing, and it passed 12-0. SB 1123 would remove a board-certification requirement so trained, licensed forensic pathologists can supervise pathology trainees during the period before board exam results are available; Maricopa County supported it as a workforce and efficiency measure, and it passed 12-0. SB 1125 would require DCS to make annual efforts to enter MOUs with Arizona tribes and improve communication on tribal children in state care; DCS said it was already working on several pending MOUs, and the bill passed 12-0.
The committee also approved several bills related to cancer screening and mental health. SB 1165 would prohibit cost-sharing for diagnostic and supplemental breast cancer screening services in the commercial market; the sponsor and advocates said it would remove financial barriers that delay diagnosis, and it passed 12-0 amid personal testimony from members and the chair. SB 1243 would require notice to a patient’s guardian before discharge from court-ordered treatment and allow guardians to seek continuation of treatment; supporters said it closes dangerous gaps when treatment orders expire, and it passed 10-0 with two absent. SB 1318 would repeal a state breast-density notice requirement that now overlaps with a federal FDA standard; ADHS said the change would reduce confusion and duplicate notices, and it passed 11-0 with one absent. SB 1188 would align Arizona controlled-substance schedules with federal FDA/DEA scheduling changes; supporters said it would speed access to new treatments, while one member voted no over concerns about relying on federal review, and it passed 8-2.
Additional bills addressed privacy and assisted-living referrals. SB 1193 would bar DHS from selling or disclosing EMT personal identifying information for commercial purposes without consent, while still allowing de-identified data; the sponsor’s representative said the bill arose after DHS said vendor access to licensee data was not prohibited, and members discussed whether broader privacy protections should apply to other workers as well. It passed 10-0 with two absent. SB 1477 would require referral agencies serving assisted living facilities or homes to verify background-screening practices, maintain insurance, and provide documentation regarding APS registry status; the bill’s supporters said it raises standards for senior placement services, a technical amendment was adopted, and the bill passed 10-0 with two absent.
AZ
Transcript Highlights:
- That actually goes to my nursing license.
- For clarity, I taught at a nursing program, and I am licensed as a nurse.
- I still am licensed. Nothing has been done because it's just hanging there.
- Not due to the context of the incident, but the scars left upon my license.
- Then they may renew it and complete it before their license expires, before their new license kicks in
Keywords:
nursing board, regulatory actions, disciplinary actions, expungement, healthcare professionalism, controlled substances, prescription monitoring, opioid crisis, healthcare regulations, patient safety, prescription drugs, opioids, healthcare, pain management, utilization controls, AHCCCS, Department of Economic Security, social services, welfare programs, vocational rehabilitation
Summary:
The committee first took up several continuation bills to extend state boards and agencies, including HB 2728 for the Department of Economic Security, HB 2729 for the State Board of Nursing, HB 2730 for the Board of Occupational Therapy Examiners, HB 2731 for the Physician Assistants Board, and HB 2732 for the Board of Pharmacy. Each was moved for a due pass recommendation, with HB 2731 amended to continue the physician assistant board for four years instead of two. All of these continuation bills passed the committee with strong support.
The committee then heard HB 2408, a nursing board reform bill dealing with complaint investigation procedures, timelines, confidentiality, complaint prioritization, access to investigative files, expungement of certain disciplinary actions, and a revised definition of unprofessional conduct. The sponsor and supporters argued it would improve fairness, allow limited expungement for older non-patient-safety issues, and address long investigation delays. The nursing board president and other opponents warned it would raise the evidentiary standard, weaken patient safety protections, and erase useful disciplinary history. After extensive testimony, the committee adopted an amendment and passed the bill 7-4-1.
Next, the committee considered pharmacy-related reforms. HB 2434 updated the controlled substances prescription monitoring program, including registration, reporting, confidentiality, and a compliance work group; it passed unanimously after amendment. HB 2733 allowed pharmacists and technicians to complete continuing education after renewal submission if finished before expiration, clarified prescription delivery locations, and addressed temporary operation during ownership changes; it also passed unanimously after amendment. Finally, HB 2725, which would have restricted access contractors from substituting non-opioid drugs and limiting non-opioid utilization controls, drew concerns that it was too broad and could affect many drug classes and costs. After amendment and debate, the committee failed to give HB 2725 a due pass recommendation by a 6-6 vote, and the meeting adjourned.
MN
Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session
House Commerce Finance and Policy Committee 2/19/26
Commerce Finance and Policy
Transcript Highlights:
- In addition to that, um, passing an exam and getting a real estate or insurance or appraisal license
- or regulatory license in the state of Minnesota, practitioners are required as well to take continuing
- education to keep that license.
- In addition to that, um, passing an exam and getting a real estate or insurance or appraisal license
- education to keep that license.
OK
Oklahoma 2026 Regular Session
Business REVISION 2: HB4121 - Removed Feb 10th, 2026 at 10:30 am
Business
Transcript Highlights:
- to inspect fire extinguishers, this bill would drop it to age 18 and bring it in line with other licenses
Keywords:
fire extinguisher, licensing, public safety, age qualification, State Fire Marshal, medical marijuana, employment rights, safety-sensitive positions, workplace policies, public assistance, workforce development, economic competitiveness, task force, apprenticeships, training programs, training barriers, business growth, industry coordination, business entities, corporation law
OK
Transcript Highlights:
- Funeral Directors Association to approve continuing education requirements for funeral director's license
- This also allows for plumbers, any licensed plumber, to install and inspect approval of that equipment
- LP gas representatives were there, fire, health, and one of them addressed me and said if we had licensed
- I put an option for a licensed plumber to install or inspect so it doesn't make them the primary.
- As well, I just want to make sure that the food truck industry can have access to a licensed plumber
Keywords:
labor, e-verification, immigration, employers, employment eligibility, Department of Labor, penalties, funeral licensing, continuing education, Oklahoma Funeral Directors Association, professional development, licensing requirements, HB3660, natural organic reduction, human composting, soil reduction, green burial, funeral services, cremation, burial permit
OK
Oklahoma 2026 Regular Session
Senate Legislative Session May 4th, 2026 at 01:30 pm
Oklahoma Senate Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- It creates a defined reinstatement pathway for those electricians whose license has lapsed.
Bills:
SR28, SB201, SB1379, SB1525, SB1966, SB2112, SB2170, HB2749, HB3262, HB3265, HB3673, HB3781, HB3040, HB3076, HB3369, HB3982, HB3462, HB3465, HB3521, HB3796, HB3800, HB4095, HB4298, HB4316, HB4338, HB4408, HB4454
Keywords:
minimum salary, education funding, teacher compensation, Oklahoma education, salary schedule, human trafficking, victims, prevention, support services, Attorney General, pilot program, grant funding, SB1525, tourism, recreation, conference, Oklahoma Tourism and Recreation Department, Oklahoma Tourism and Recreation Commission, special agency account, private partnerships
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- . statute that that was applicable to persons who are not licensed.
- Stop them from opening up a shop under their new license or authority.
- First is the foreign licensed doctors from other countries who would be able to omit the U.S.
- licensing pathway.
- And there's a growing part of the workforce that is... are not licensed healthcare providers.
Bills:
HB 44, HB 2200, HB 1612, HB 2747, HB 2038, HB 3717, HB 1431, HB 3800, HB 3801, HB 3560, HB 3246
Keywords:
HB 44, Life of the Mother Act, abortion exceptions, medical emergency, reasonable medical judgment, pregnancy complications, maternal health, life-threatening condition, ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage, spontaneous abortion, fetal survival, Texas abortion law, abortion ban, physician liability, health care provider, disciplinary action, aiding and abetting, emergency abortion, obstetric care
Summary:
The meeting of the public health committee focused on the pressing issue of opioid addiction in Texas, with a particular emphasis on House Bill 3717. Chairman Harris detailed the bill's intent to fund a grant program for Ibogaine clinical trials, framing it as a critical response to the ongoing opioid crisis. He shared poignant testimonies highlighting the struggles of families and veterans battling addiction and mental health issues. The conversation underscored the necessity of innovative treatments, like Ibogaine, which showed promising results in studies for reducing symptoms of withdrawal and PTSD.
AZ
Arizona 2026 Regular Session
02/19/2026 - Senate Health and Human Services
Health and Human Services
Transcript Highlights:
- And then second thing is we license brokers as one, and then we license what we call...
- We license brokers as one, and then we license what we call navigators.
- Additionally, navigators is a separate license from an insurance broker.
- The bill also allows DCS to conduct unannounced visits and inspections of any licensed group foster home
- The bill also allows DCS to conduct unannounced visits and inspections of any licensed group foster home
Bills:
HB2408, HB2434, HB2725, HB2728, HB2729, HB2730, HB2731, HB2732, HB2733, SB1192, SB1398, SB1399, SB1494, SB1557, SB1813, SB1821
Keywords:
nursing board, regulatory actions, disciplinary actions, expungement, healthcare professionalism, controlled substances, prescription monitoring, opioid crisis, healthcare regulations, patient safety, prescription drugs, opioids, healthcare, pain management, utilization controls, AHCCCS, Department of Economic Security, social services, welfare programs, vocational rehabilitation
Summary:
The committee took up several health and human services bills. SB 1192 would exempt good-faith basic first aid given without compensation from Arizona Medical Board licensure requirements, with added consent and law-enforcement notification rules for injured persons under 15; a Shamp amendment clarified that the bill does not limit existing liability protections, and the bill passed as amended. SB 1398 would require AHCCCS to redetermine eligibility for members over 21 every six months starting in 2027 and report eligibility data annually; Access testified neutral but raised concerns about costs and the lack of exemptions, while supporters framed it as a transparency and budgeting measure. The committee adopted a technical amendment and passed the bill as amended. SB 1399 would require prepaid capitated AHCCCS contractors to report annual spending on direct patient care versus administrative costs; it passed without amendment after testimony that the report would improve oversight of taxpayer dollars.
The committee also considered SB 1494, a strike-everything amendment aimed at stopping patient brokering and steering, including prohibiting health care providers, institutions, and drug manufacturers from paying premiums or inducing plan changes tied to health-status factors. Blue Cross Blue Shield supported the concept, describing small-scale but harmful brokering and fraud concerns, while ARMA opposed the language as too broad and vague, warning it could chill ordinary provider-patient conversations and sweep in social workers and navigators. The committee adopted the striker and passed the bill as amended, though several members said they wanted to refine the language before floor action.
SB 1813 would remove the Maricopa County cap on Arizona State Hospital civil beds tied to the Arnold v. Sarn settlement and require admission based on clinical need; the sponsor and supporters argued the cap is outdated and leaves beds unused while patients remain in crisis, while the Department of Health Services and others warned of rural access concerns, litigation risk, and the need for more resources. The committee adopted both amendments, including removal of a citizenship requirement, and passed the bill as amended after a lengthy debate about legality and possible court challenges. SB 1821, which would allow JLBC audit review of DCS case-management systems, authorize unannounced inspections of licensed group foster homes, prioritize kinship placements, and require one year of supervised training for new child safety workers, passed without amendment. SB 1557 would require signed informed consent before most medical interventions; supporters said it codifies standard practice, while the ACLU argued it was vague and could create burdens for ongoing care and politically sensitive treatments. The bill passed as introduced.
TX
Texas 89th Regular
Licensing & Administrative Procedures Apr 15th, 2025 at 10:04 am
Licensing & Administrative Procedures
Transcript Highlights:
- The VFW, we are the largest bingo license holder in Texas. We have 104 licenses.
- license at the location where services are performed.
- It would be a licensed premises, so it's the location that's actually applied for the license.
- TDLR is tasked with ensuring the health and safety of licensed fighters participating in licensed combative
- TDLR is tasked with ensuring the health and safety of licensed fighters participating in licensed combative
Bills:
HB 1301, HB2278, HB2776, HB2820, HB3848, HB3920, HB4172, HB4215, HB4284, HB4285, HB4463, HB4517, HB4690, HB4765, HB4766, HB4767, HB4768, HB4769, HB4773, HB4830, HB5506
Keywords:
alcohol, beverages, winery permit, restaurant, malt beverages, Texas Alcoholic Beverage Code, alcohol production, home brewing, family use, craft beverages, massage therapy, licensing, criminal offenses, sexually oriented businesses, public safety, bingo, charitable gaming, operating capital, regulation, funding
Summary:
The Committee on Licensing and Administrative Procedures met with a quorum present, corrected the minutes from April 8, and then took up a long list of pending bills, most of which were reported favorably or left pending after hearing testimony. Early action included HB 1764 (accounting practice for certain out-of-state CPAs), HB 1788 (continuing education for barbers and cosmetologists on recognizing and assisting victims of sexual assault, domestic violence, and human trafficking), HB 2204 (land surveyor regulation), HB 2885 (local option elections on alcohol sales), HB 2996 (gambling offense definitions and prosecution), HB 3250 (real estate appraisals and appraisal management companies), HB 3352 (driver education on work zones), HB 3385 (farm winery permit), HB 3756 (powers of certain nonresident sellers’ permit holders who also hold a winery permit), HB 3816 (cruelty to livestock animals), HB 3913 (real estate licensing), and HB 3928 (electronic notice of towed vehicles), all of which were advanced with unanimous or near-unanimous votes. Several of these bills were reported with committee substitutes, and some were also sent to the Committee on Local and Consent Calendars.
The committee then heard testimony on HB 2278, which would legalize limited home distilling of spirits for personal or family use and add honey as an approved ingredient; supporters framed it as a consistency and freedom issue, and the bill was left pending. HB 3920, a TDLR workforce/CTE bill, and HB 1301, which would allow beer or malt beverages to be sold at certain wineries with on-site restaurants, were also laid out and left pending after discussion. HB 2776, aimed at tightening massage therapy licensing restrictions for people convicted of sexual and trafficking-related offenses and strengthening TDLR enforcement, and HB 3848, which would allow electronic filing of elevator and escalator inspection reports, were both heard and left pending as well.
A major portion of the meeting focused on alcohol-related bills. HB 4215 would place delivery network companies under a statewide TDLR regulatory framework; Favor Delivery supported it, and it was left pending after the committee substitute was withdrawn. HB 4172 and HB 2820 would raise bingo reserve limits and update charitable bingo rules; supporters from veterans and nonprofit groups argued the changes would help charities, but both bills were left pending after the substitutes were withdrawn. HB 4463, a broadly supported bill allowing contract brewing and alternating brewery proprietorships, was also left pending. HB 4284 would remove the “excessive discount” prohibition in alcohol sales, HB 4285 would allow airlines to store alcohol within five miles of an airport in the same county, HB 4517 would create a complaint process for Texas distillers not paid by wholesalers, and HB 4773 would let breweries and brewpubs transport their own beer between facilities; HB 4773 drew the most debate, with supporters citing efficiency and opponents warning about unintended consequences and possible effects on the three-tier system, but it too was left pending. The committee also heard and left pending a series of TDLR cleanup bills and other measures, including HB 4765 through HB 4769, HB 4830 on service contracts for lease vehicles, HB 5506 giving civil immunity to ringside physicians at combative sports events, and HB 4690 on gasoline vapor pressure compliance. The meeting ended after all business was completed and the committee adjourned.
TX
Texas 89th Regular
Licensing & Administrative Procedures Apr 15th, 2025
Licensing & Administrative Procedures
Transcript Highlights:
- Members, the committee substitute expands the scope of the license by listing the TDLR license types
- We have 104 licenses; 93 of those are regular conductors. ...licenses, and there are so many good things
- license at the location where services are performed.
- It would be a licensed premises, so it's the location that's actually applied for the license.
- TDLR is tasked with ensuring the health and safety of licensed fighters participating in licensed combative
Bills:
HB 1301, HB2278, HB2776, HB2820, HB3848, HB3920, HB4172, HB4215, HB4284, HB4285, HB4463, HB4517, HB4690, HB4765, HB4766, HB4767, HB4768, HB4769, HB4773, HB4830, HB5506
Keywords:
alcohol, beverages, winery permit, restaurant, malt beverages, Texas Alcoholic Beverage Code, alcohol production, home brewing, family use, craft beverages, massage therapy, licensing, criminal offenses, sexually oriented businesses, public safety, bingo, charitable gaming, operating capital, regulation, funding
MN
Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session
House Human Services Finance and Policy Committee 3/12/26
Human Services Finance and Policy
Transcript Highlights:
- termination,<01:04:00.964>
[clears throat] termination, [clears throat] termination, [clears throat] license - <01:04:03.039>
revocation, license revocation, license revocation, investigation<01:04:05.839> - It defines the crisis moments triggering events like sanctions, license loss, insolvency, or a provider's
Keywords:
background study, disqualification, set-aside, permanent disqualification, Office of Administrative Hearings, chief judge, human services licensing, substance use disorder treatment, SUD treatment, chemical dependency, recovery, rehabilitation, abstinence, foster care, child foster care, vulnerable adults, caregiver background check, license holder, direct contact, risk of harm
NM
New Mexico 2026 Regular Session
Senate - Health and Public Affairs Feb 11th, 2026 at 05:14 pm
Senate Health & Public Affairs
Transcript Highlights:
- I've had an active massage license since 1986.
- Currently, we only license the therapists themselves. Ability to do both of those.
- Currently, we only license the therapists themselves. Okay.
- meet the criteria to be licensed to practice in the state of New Mexico.
- Madam Chair, Senator, witness, what grounds do you have today to poke the license? License.
Keywords:
massage therapy, licensure, health and safety standards, continuing education, establishment licensing, civil rights, sovereign immunity, damages, public body, lawsuit limitations, legal notice, child welfare, computing infrastructure, data management, Department of Health, appropriation, foster care, Indian children, cultural competency, training services
AL
Alabama 2025 Regular Session
Alabama House Agriculture and Forestry Committee Apr 23rd, 2025
Agriculture and Forestry
Transcript Highlights:
- After that time, the number of licensed rehabs had dropped off.
- We do license wildlife rehabilitators. We have a process where we work with them.
- As a previously licensed rehabilitator, I can...
- Big Bend waited to shut their doors down until another license was obtained in my area.
- Today, we have fewer than six licensed Today, we have fewer than six licensed rehabbers statewide.
Keywords:
wildlife rehabilitation, conservation, good samaritan, injured animals, orphaned animals, debilitated wildlife, wild birds, wild animals, Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, DCNR, permit exemption, animal rescue, animal welfare, veterinary medicine, veterinary licensing, animal cruelty, wildlife care, rehabilitation act, non-federally protected species, endangered species
AL
Alabama 2025 Regular Session
Alabama Senate County and Municipal Government Committee Feb 25th, 2025
County and Municipal Government
Transcript Highlights:
- Okay, so it's going to handle the processing of the licenses and the noticing of the... ...of the licenses
- The new entity would collect license fees. You'll look at what those license fees are.
- pays $25 a year for a license fee.
- So when they apply for the license... ... so when they apply for the license, they're going to get their
- license.
Keywords:
business taxes, annual reports, Alabama Tax Tribunal, tax appeals, local government, media monitoring, government contracts, state agencies, local agencies, media regulations, transparency, juvenile detention, county management, legal procedures, juvenile justice, county commission, supervision, administration, emergency services, 911
LA
Bills:
HB611, HB897, HB902, HB931, HB1030, HB1092, HB1100, HB1118, HB1138, HB1143, HB1160, HB1185, HB1216
Keywords:
pregnancy help centers, healthcare services, licensure, Department of Health, medical services, counseling, regulatory compliance, public health, healthcare data, privacy, pregnancy services, confidentiality, client rights, Louisiana Pregnancy and Baby Care Initiative, trauma-informed, child education, mental health, training program, adverse childhood events, religious instruction