Video & Transcript : 'foreign national' :
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ID
Transcript Highlights:
- Idaho Barley Commission is also managing a new national barley yield contest.
- We have two of our commissioners who are in national leadership positions right now.
- is currently the chairman of the National Barley Improvement Committee.
- We have two of our commissioners are in national leadership positions right now.
- is currently the chairman of the National Barley Improvement Committee.
Committee:
House Agricultural Affairs
Summary:
The House Ag Affairs Committee approved the minutes from its March 16, 2026 meeting and then took up House Bill 879, which Representative John Scheris described as a pared-down version of an earlier industrial hemp bill. He said the measure would bring retail hemp product establishments under the Idaho Department of Agriculture’s oversight to address loopholes involving the sale of THC products such as Delta-8 and Delta-9, while avoiding overregulation of hemp seed, powder, and other legitimate products. Braden Jensen of the Idaho Farm Bureau supported the bill, saying it reflected stakeholder work and would help ensure retail products comply with state law. Representative McCann moved to send HB 879 to the floor with a do-pass recommendation and to place it on second reading, and the committee agreed.
The committee then received an update from Laura Wilder of the Idaho Barley Commission. She reviewed the commission’s funding, goals, and programs, and reported that Idaho remained the nation’s leading barley producer, growing 39% of the U.S. crop in 2025 on about 490,000 harvested acres. She highlighted research, market development, and education efforts, including work that has improved yields over time, reduced unnecessary input costs, and supported domestic and foreign market development. Wilder also noted current market softness, including expected declines in malt barley acres and flat prices, but said long-term demand remains promising because of brewing, feed, and food applications.
Maya Landa of the Idaho Grain Producers Association followed with a broader overview of the grain economy. She said growers are facing low commodity prices, rising input costs, weather and water risks, trade uncertainty, and policy changes, while noting that wheat and barley remain major Idaho crops and that exports are critical to profitability. She discussed the importance of federal programs, the Farm Bill, the U.S.-Mexico-Canada Agreement, water infrastructure, workforce issues, and commodity commissions. Committee members asked about dam breaching concerns affecting the Columbia-Snake river system and about the stalled Farm Workforce Modernization Act; Landa emphasized the need for continued engagement on those issues. The meeting ended with no further business and adjournment.
WA
Washington 2025-2026 Regular Session
House Environment & Energy Feb 3rd, 2026
Transcript Highlights:
- It removes a utility report related to heat disconnections on days when the National Weather Service
- It's better for the environment than production in a foreign country.
- It's better for the environment than production in a foreign country.
- interesting to see how difficult it is if you want economic growth, if you want prosperity in the nations
Summary:
The Environment and Energy committee met for executive session on four bills. Staff briefed House Bill 2416, which would replace Climate Commitment Act no-cost allowances for the Spokane waste-to-energy facility with a separate regulatory scheme requiring emissions reductions, reporting to Ecology and Commerce, and enforcement provisions; members discussed whether emissions accounting included biogenic emissions and confirmed the reduction measures would need to occur on-site. House Bill 2537 would direct Ecology to recommend a future allowance schedule for emissions-intensive, trade-exposed facilities and require biennial reporting and periodic plans, while House Bill 2575 would reduce several Energy Independence Act and state energy strategy reporting requirements for utilities and Commerce. House Bill 2322, as amended in a proposed substitute, would delay alternative jet fuel tax incentives until July 1, 2031, remove capacity thresholds, tie eligibility to life-cycle rather than direct emissions, and drop a Clean Fuels Program carbon-intensity change.
During executive action, the committee debated the policy impacts of the waste-to-energy bill, with supporters saying the Spokane facility is unique and needs a separate framework, and opponents arguing it would create costly disincentives and raise ratepayer costs. The EITE bill drew support from members who said it would help identify facility-specific decarbonization options, while opponents warned about competitiveness, job losses, and industry leaving the state. The reporting-reduction bill was described as a streamlining measure that would save utilities money and remove duplicative or outdated reports. The alternative jet fuel substitute was presented as a clarification and simplification of the incentive structure, and members praised the changes.
All four measures were reported out of committee with due pass recommendations. House Bill 2416 and House Bill 2537 each passed on 12-9 votes, House Bill 2575 passed unanimously by voice vote, and the proposed substitute for House Bill 2322 also passed unanimously by voice vote.
WA
Washington 2025-2026 Regular Session
Senate State Government, Tribal Affairs & Elections Feb 24th, 2026
Transcript Highlights:
- Bill 2632 relating to modernizing terminology when referring to individuals who are not citizens or nationals
- The next bill is Substitute House Bill 2123 relating to foreign national participation in Washington
- political advertising must obtain or provide a certification or statement confirming the absence of foreign
- national influence as part of a contribution or expenditure.
Summary:
The State Government, Tribal Affairs and Elections Committee met on February 24, 2026, for what was described as its last regular meeting of the session. The committee reviewed a large slate of bills and gubernatorial appointments, with staff briefing measures on voting rights, voter registration challenges, military justice victims’ rights, terminology changes from “alien” to “non-citizen,” shared leave for hate-crime and immigration-enforcement-related absences, civil service coverage for Washington Technology Solutions security staff, language-access services, small works roster limits, deceased candidates on ballots, postgraduate degree requirements, foreign national participation in elections, public records exemptions, and personal information protections. Several amendments were discussed, including changes to voting-rights language, county-residency requirements for voter-registration challengers, and a proposal on foreign national certifications; a satirical amendment to the terminology bill referencing “extraterrestrial” was also presented and later withdrawn.
After caucus, the committee moved into executive session and took action on four gubernatorial appointments, recommending confirmation for Megan Matthews, Reedy Mukapade, Kiana Daniels, and Gauri Shratria, all subject to signatures. The committee then voted out the bills, generally on unanimous voice votes, sending most to the Rules Committee and several fiscal measures to Ways and Means. Amendments were adopted on HB 1710, HB 1750, HB 1916, and HB 2123, while the amendment to HB 2632 was withdrawn. HB 2574 and HB 2637 were noted as not being moved that day. The chair and members closed by thanking staff for their work and adjourned the meeting.
TX
Texas 89th 2nd C.S.
Trade, Workforce & Economic Development Apr 2nd, 2025
Trade, Workforce & Economic Development
Transcript Highlights:
- And I want to just say I just co-wrote a piece with Jay Timmons, the CEO of the National Association
- And from a national security standpoint, the need is urgent, as the Chairwoman pointed out.
- nations, particularly adversarial ones, for critical inputs.
- Texas is the number one state in the country for foreign direct investment, and our office continues
- manufacturing is really critical for those types of industries which help our state and help our nation
Keywords:
school district, bond issuance, election dates, voter approval, Texas Education Code, HCR 9, Texas State Cemetery, Hill Country flood, July 4 2025 flood, Guadalupe River, Camp Mystic, memorial, monument, concurrent resolution, disaster remembrance, natural disaster, flood victims, survivors, State Preservation Board, Texas secretary of state
Summary:
The Committee on Trade, Workforce and Economic Development met with a quorum and moved quickly through a long agenda, hearing testimony and taking recorded votes on several bills. Early in the meeting, HB 2214 was laid out to exempt certain short-term residential leases and leaseback arrangements from flood-disclosure requirements; Texas Realtors supported the change, and the bill was left pending. The committee then voted out a series of pending measures, including HB 46, HB 186 (with a committee substitute), HB 431, HB 1147, HB 1154, HB 2468, HB 2488, HB 2788 (with a substitute), HB 2791 (with a substitute), HB 3260, and HCR 90, all reported favorably to the full House, with HB 1147 receiving two nays and the others passing unanimously or nearly so.
A major portion of the hearing focused on HB 112, which would create a Texas Science Park district and commission to support advanced manufacturing and innovation sites. The bill’s author and supporters, including Samsung Austin Semiconductor, the Texas Association of Business, and the Governor’s economic development office, argued it would strengthen supply chains, attract investment, and support national security and workforce development. Testimony described interest from semiconductor and advanced manufacturing companies and referenced the model of foreign science parks such as Sinshu in Taiwan. HB 112 was left pending after testimony.
The committee also heard HB 3698 and HB 3699, both related to unemployment insurance administration. HB 3698 would expand eligibility for the Reemployment Services and Eligibility Assessment program using federal funds, while HB 3699 would tighten the definition of “last work” to help the Texas Workforce Commission investigate UI fraud. Both bills were discussed with TWC resource witnesses and left pending after the committee withdrew the substitutes. HB 1349, which would extend HOA transparency and property-rights provisions to condominiums and refine HOA rules, and HB 621, which would require HOA meeting spaces to be available for residents to reserve for qualified political candidates or elected officials, were also heard and left pending. Finally, the committee heard HCR 9 to designate the first Saturday of each month as Small Business Saturday, HB 199 to index unemployment benefit duration to the state unemployment rate, and HB 3466 to exempt certain cancelable service contracts from Texas’s in-home sales cooling-off law; each drew supportive and opposing testimony and was left pending before adjournment.
US
US Federal 2025-2026 Regular Session
US House Floor Proceedings (Tuesday, March 17, 2026)
US Federal House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- </c> a grateful nation a grateful nation March<00:06:54.639><c> 2026</c> March 2026 March 2026 as<00:
- </c> prosperity and in turn made our nation prosperity and in turn made our nation what<00:07:41.199>
- I yield back. everyone in this great nation and future everyone in this great nation and future citizens
- Nationality Act, a non-citizen who is Nationality Act, a non-citizen who is convicted<02:31:55.680><c
- Fraud is a serious crime, and it's essential we ensure foreign national fraudsters cannot continue to
WY
Wyoming 2026 Regular Session
House Floor Session-Day 5, February 13, 2026-PM
Wyoming House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- </c> that is a trend all over the nation. that is a trend all over the nation.
- </c> has to go to one of our foreign has to go to one of our foreign adversaries<01:16:54.159><c> today
- </c> that foreign adversary. that foreign adversary.
- </c> market because of the foreign market because of the foreign adversaries<01:19:22.159><c> manipulation
- Wyoming has led the nation in rulings.
AZ
Arizona 2026 Regular Session
01/26/2026 - Senate Military Affairs and Border Security
Transcript Highlights:
- Obviously, there's clear overreach in our nation, as we all can see, regarding this subject.
- It underscores the importance of enforcing the law, and we've seen nationally that when this is not carried
- speaking about salt in the wound, I don't mean only about our communities in this state or across our nation
- a lifetime oath to support and defend the Constitution of the United States against enemies both foreign
- and Constitution of the United States against enemies both foreign and domestic.
Summary:
The Military Affairs and Border Security Committee heard two bills. SB 1055 would require immediate notification to ICE or CBP when a person unlawfully present in the U.S. is arrested by state or local law enforcement for a state or local offense. Supporters said it simply strengthens cooperation with federal authorities and clarifies existing law; opponents, including the ACLU of Arizona and several public commenters, argued it is redundant with current statute, could pressure officers to prolong stops or arrests, and would increase fear, racial profiling, and distrust of police in immigrant communities. Members debated whether the bill conflicted with SB 1070-era law and whether it would create new legal liability or merely add a reporting requirement after arrest. The committee voted 4-3 to give SB 1055 a do-pass recommendation.
The committee then considered SB 1065, which appropriates $300,640,000 in FY 2027 from the general fund for a Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Military Veterans Fund. Senator Rogers described hyperbaric oxygen therapy as a non-drug treatment that could help veterans with PTSD and improve quality of life, while supporters emphasized the need to explore options for veterans’ mental health and trauma care. Some members said they supported moving the bill forward but had budget concerns or wanted more detail on how veterans would be selected for the program. The committee approved SB 1065 unanimously, 7-0, with a do-pass recommendation, and then adjourned until the following week.
ID
Idaho 2026 Regular Session
Agenda Mar 30th, 2026
Transcript Highlights:
- the audit must include detailed information regarding the number of refugees they serve, their nationality
- The immigration status and nationally arrested individuals.
- national.
- If it is determined that the person is a foreign national, then the custodial authority shall notify
- I don't know... ...foreign national, then the custodial authority shall notify the Department of Homeland
Summary:
The committee first considered RS-33841, a draft related to Idaho’s library/obscenity laws and pending litigation. Senator Todd Lakey said the proposal, developed with the Attorney General’s office, would update definitions such as “adolescent youth” and “harmful to minors,” clarify what is and is not obscene, and strengthen the law’s defensibility. After a brief question about Mason’s Manual and active litigation, the committee voted to send the RS to print.
The committee then heard House Bill 896, a civil enforcement measure aimed at public officials who allegedly violate state law. Lakey said it would allow specified state or local leaders to request Attorney General review, provide notice and a chance to cure, and, for willful violations, allow a court to bar an official from office for up to five years. Testimony from city and county representatives and sheriffs raised concerns about local control, possible weaponization, partisan referrals, administrative burden, and the disqualification provision. Supporters said it was about accountability and enforcing the law. The committee voted to send HB 896 to the floor with a due pass recommendation; Senators Wintrow and Ruchti were recorded as voting no.
Finally, the committee took up Senate Bill 1442, which would require reporting on refugee resettlement services, prohibit certain assistance to people unlawfully present, and require law enforcement to verify and record immigration status for arrested individuals. Senator Kelly Anthon said the bill was about transparency and accountability and that the reporting would compile existing information. Sheriffs and county representatives testified that much of the data is already collected, but they objected to wording they said could require reporting on people merely investigated or detained, create duplicate reporting, impose administrative burdens, and risk liability. Some senators also questioned the refugee-related provisions and the funding-withholding enforcement language. The committee ultimately voted to send SB 1442 to the floor with a due pass recommendation, with Senators Shippee, Ruchti, and Wintrow recorded as voting no.
AZ
Arizona 2026 Regular Session
02/17/2026 - House Democratic Caucus Calendar #6
Transcript Highlights:
- on genetic sequencing procedures with a device produced by a company that is either domiciled in a foreign
- adversary or substantially controlled by a company that is a foreign adversary.
- My reason for this is because we and the Navajo Nation, there are 300 and more than 380 abandoned mines
- , but I do want to support my constituents outside these tribal nations.
- that we— can cover most of the tribal nations that we, where I come from.
Summary:
The caucus reviewed a large number of House bills, mostly on third-read consent or for floor strategy, covering education, health, water, land, energy, housing, taxation, and public safety. Topics included ESA administration funding, AI in schools and legal communications, towing and DUI changes, health facility licensing and nursing records, internationally trained physicians, nurse anesthetist reimbursement, childhood cancer research, cybersecurity encryption, school mental health instruction, superintendent pay and benefits, adoption disclosures in college health settings, anti-Semitism provisions, school safety firearms authorization, coerced abortion penalties, domestic violence testimony standards, border health and terrorism-related bills, and multiple water, land, and state trust land measures. Several members flagged concerns about unfunded mandates, local control, constitutional issues, and special legislation, while others supported bills as technical fixes, public safety measures, or ways to expand access and funding.
A number of bills were pulled from consent for further discussion, including HB 2020, HB 2093, HB 2386, HB 2481, HB 2575, HB 2906, HB 2040, HB 2136, HB 2665, HB 2904, HB 2957, HB 2044, HB 2352, HB 2667, HB 2830, HB 2307, HB 2425, HB 2426, HB 2427, HB 2497, HB 2751, HB 2780, HB 2804, HB 2926, HB 4030, and HCR 2052, among others. Some bills were noted as unanimous or split votes, and several were described as party-line or having constitutional problems. The caucus also discussed committee amendments on multiple measures, including changes to water, land, health, and AI bills.
The meeting ended with a series of remarks on the late Reverend Jesse Jackson and an “affordability award” presentation to Representatives Lorena Austin and Simacek for work on economic justice and working families. The caucus then adjourned.
VT
Transcript Highlights:
- The larger one offers 17 foreign language courses. in another a student has 73. in another a student
- </c><00:33:51.919><c> In</c> the nation in fourth grade reading.
- In the nation in fourth grade reading.
- And on national assessments, they score similar or better.
- ><c> they</c><00:34:40.399><c> score</c> And on national assessments, they score And on national assessments
AR
Arkansas 2026 Regular Session
EDUCATION COMMITTEE - SENATE AND HOUSE Feb 3rd, 2026
Transcript Highlights:
- below that national average by seven percentage points in 2024.
- So for a national comparison, we looked at additional national comparison between other states surrounding
- I mean, we are competing in a nation worldwide for our workforce and stuff.
- that national average seven percentage points in 2024.
- So for a national comparison, we looked at, for additional national comparison between other states surrounding
WA
Transcript Highlights:
- This is not about foreign policy; it's about consistency and equal treatment under the law.
- -led investigation into the killing of a lifelong Washingtonian at the hands of an allied foreign government
- -led investigation into the killing of a lifelong Washingtonian at the hands of an allied foreign government
- -led investigation into the killing of a lifelong Washingtonian at the hands of an allied foreign government
- JVP is a national organization of more than 700,000 Jews and allies who organize for Palestinian rights
Bills:
SB5837 , SB6011 , SB6009 , SB5868 , SB5974 , SB5720 , SB5833 , SB5936 , SB5993 , SB6070 , SB6002 , SJM8014 , SB6086
Committee:
Senate Law & Justice
Keywords:
guardianship, conservatorship, protective arrangement, protective arrangements, supported decision-making, supported decision making, court visitor, adult guardianship, limited guardianship, full guardianship, adult conservatorship, less restrictive alternative, capacity, legal capacity, respondent rights, due process, vulnerable adults, disability rights, elder abuse, estate management
AZ
Transcript Highlights:
- To the Republic for which it stands, one nation, under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for
- President, your Committee on Education, having under consideration SB 1327 relating to board foreign
- This is not a foreign cautionary tale.
- Foreign advisory prohibition submits the following report.
- This bill is perfectly clear about who is a foreign adversary. This makes perfect sense.
ID
Transcript Highlights:
- the audit must include detailed information regarding the number of refugees they serve, their nationality
- The immigration status and nationally arrested individuals.
- national.
- If it is determined that the person is a foreign national, then the custodial authority shall notify
- I don't know... ...foreign national, then the custodial authority shall notify the Department of Homeland
Committee:
Senate Judiciary and Rules
MO
Missouri 2026 Regular Session
2026 Legislative Session - Day Twenty - Thursday, February 12
Missouri House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- The simple truth is there are things in our nation a citizen can do that others cannot, such as vote
- The Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, against all enemies foreign and domestic
- importance under civilian direction, That I will perform work of national importance under civilian
- from another nation, became citizens, and hold elected office in the state of Missouri.
- This bill just allows Missouri to open the door for speech-language pathologists across the nation that
AZ
Arizona 2026 Regular Session
01/12/2026 - Senate Floor Session - Opening Day Ceremony
Arizona Senate Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- allegiance to the flag of the United States of America and to the republic for which it stands, one nation
- The singing of the national anthem will be performed by Trio Fretelli. Trio Fretelli.
- May the heaven-rescued land raise the power that hath made and preserved us a nation.
- These two exceptional leaders run the nationally recognized Phoenix Police Reserve Division.
- SB 107, foreign contributions. Judiciary and Elections. Government.
Summary:
The Arizona Senate convened for opening day of the second regular session of the 57th Legislature with ceremonial prayers, the presentation of colors, the Pledge of Allegiance, and the national anthem. Senate President Warren Petersen gave a farewell-style address highlighting his efforts to shift power toward members and committee chairs, preserve conservative policies, and deliver annual tax cuts, including a projected $1 billion cut this year. The chamber then recessed for an opening-day speech by Grand Canyon University President Brian Mueller, who spoke about Arizona’s labor-force needs, workforce training, and GCU’s role in expanding access to education and middle-class jobs, including apprenticeships and technical programs tied to local employers.
After returning to order, the Senate adopted its organizational rules for the session, including suspending rules so bills and resolutions could be read by number and short title only on first and second reading and by number and title only on third and final reading. Members also approved a motion to notify the House and Governor that the Senate was organized and ready for business, and the House later reported that it was likewise organized. The chamber then adopted a proposed amendment to Senate Rule 7A and the rules of the 57th Legislature, and the President announced committee assignments for standing and statutory committees, including Appropriations, Education, Finance, Government, Military Affairs and Border Security, Natural Resources, Rules, Legislative Council, Legislative Audit, and the Joint Legislative Budget Committee.
The remainder of the session focused on points of personal privilege, with senators introducing family members, constituents, local officials, school leaders, law enforcement officers, tribal leaders, and advocacy guests. Several members used the occasion to emphasize issues they expect to work on this session, including education, public safety, housing, water, early childhood services, veterans, border security, and workforce development. The Senate also received a motion to request House consent for an adjournment schedule, and the body adjourned until Wednesday, January 14, 2026, at 1:15 p.m. after announcing upcoming committee meetings and the first batch of bill introductions and references.
TX
Texas 89th Regular
Delivery of Government Efficiency Apr 16th, 2025
Delivery of Government Efficiency
Transcript Highlights:
- Together we support NASA, national security, and the large commercial space industry.
- Space Force, creating a new national security standard.
- With the support of the Texas Space Commission, Firefly continues to bring bold innovation for national
- National and state cybersecurity is a theme of today's time.
- threats. foreign adversaries.
Bills:
HB3146 , HB3719 , HB3895 , HB3923 , HB4748 , HB4751 , HB4936 , HB4952 , HB4990 , HB4991 , HB5061 , HB5196 , HB5238 , HB5246 , HB5487
Committee:
House Delivery of Government Efficiency
Keywords:
State Office of Administrative Hearings, SOAH, administrative hearings, contested case, contested case hearing, administrative law judge, ALJ, final decision, proposed decision, agency hearing, hearing continuance, rescheduling, Texas administrative law, Government Code Chapter 2001, workers' compensation, Department of Human Resources, Texas Labor Code, Transportation Code, Agriculture Code, Insurance Code
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- We are working with them as part of a working group with a national.
- But right now we're treating this as a foreign animal disease investigation.
- We don't want to overwhelm the National Veterinary Service's diagnostic lab with those samples.
- And this is a unique opportunity for Texas to lead the nation again.
- Dinges said earlier, this is a foreign animal disease, which means that it triggers a response.
Committee:
House Agriculture & Livestock
WA
Washington 2025-2026 Regular Session
House Health Care & Wellness Feb 24th, 2026
Transcript Highlights:
- There are patients across the nation here, just in Washington State where I reside and am licensed as
- Department of Health and Human Services, the VA, and national audiology associations, recognize telehealth
- Washington should continue to align with these national standards.
- And it also makes a corrects a reference to the Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates,
- and It corrects a reference to the Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates and clarifies
Summary:
The committee held public hearings on Substitute Senate Bill 6183, which would require health plans to cover all FDA-approved HIV antiviral drugs without prior authorization, step therapy, or other utilization management, with only one therapeutically equivalent option required if equivalents exist. The prime sponsor said the bill is part of Washington’s effort to end HIV/AIDS, citing ongoing new diagnoses and the need for immediate access to treatment, especially for late-stage cases. No one testified in person or remotely, and public testimony was closed with written comments invited.
The committee also heard Substitute Senate Bill 6226, which limits the Board of Hearing and Speech from adopting rules that would prevent licensed audiologists, speech-language pathologists, and hearing aid specialists from using clinical judgment to choose telehealth or in-person care. Supporters said teleaudiology improves access, especially in rural areas and for patients with mobility barriers, and that the bill preserves professional autonomy. Some testifiers raised patient-safety concerns about first-time hearing aid fittings and asked for amendments or more time to study safeguards, while others said the bill should move forward to protect access.
In executive session, the committee advanced several measures. It adopted amendments and reported out Substitute Senate Bill 5185 on international medical school graduate physician licensing, Engrossed Substitute Senate Bill 5845 on claims payment timing and refund requests, Senate Bill 5915 on the health technology assessment program, Senate Bill 6025 on the definition of fetal death, and Senate Joint Memorial 8802 requesting federal Medicare changes. The committee recessed briefly for caucus before taking final votes, and each bill or memorial was reported out with a do pass recommendation; 5845 and 5185 were reported out as amended.
MN
Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session
House Judiciary Finance and Civil Law Committee 1/21/25
Judiciary Finance and Civil Law
Transcript Highlights:
- We are having more individuals who speak foreign languages living now in Minnesota.
- </c><00:40:39.400><c> languages</c> individuals who speak foreign languages individuals who speak foreign
- </c> studies and came up with a National studies and came up with a National Standard<00:56:57.359><c
- </c> or three times higher what that National or three times higher what that National Standard Standard
- I mean, nationally I think the level is probably we plead probably 98 to 99% of all the cases.
Committee:
House Judiciary Finance and Civil Law