Video & Transcript : 'aerospace engineering' :

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MN

Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session

House Taxes Committee 2/26/25

Taxes

Transcript Highlights:
  • </c><01:09:11.719><c> uh</c> American Society of civil engineers uh American Society of civil engineers
  • more in just county engineer fees because of having to mitigate that bill.
  • more in just county engineer fees because of having to mitigate that bill.
  • more in just county engineer fees because of having to mitigate that bill.
  • more in just county engineer fees because of having to mitigate that bill.
Keywords: 1183, house
HI
Transcript Highlights:
  • Architects and engineers have historically been civil service positions within our state and also within
  • without regard to um and engineers without regard to um chapter<00:13:25.600><c> 76</c><00:13:26.320
  • and engineers have architects and engineers have historically<00:13:29.680><c> been</c><00:13:30.000
  • That's the reason why we suggested, for at this point, looking to other architects and engineers from
  • That's the reason why we suggested, for at this point, looking to other architects and engineers from
ND

North Dakota 2025-2026 Regular Session

Budget Section Leadership Division Jun 24th, 2026

Transcript Highlights:
  • JLG also has consultants: Architectural Plus, Higher Engineering, Interstate Engineering, and CMTA Engineering
  • mechanical and plumbing adjustments, site and civil scope changes, and also some additional value-engineer
  • Structural, Martin Mechanical, and Prairie Engineering.
  • Structural, Martin Mechanical, and Prairie Engineering. OMB will lease spaces to HP and BCI.
  • This facility will be constructed as a pre-engineered metal building with a metal roof and wall panels
Summary: The Budget Section Leadership Division met with a quorum present and approved the March 18 minutes. The committee first heard an update from the Petroleum Council on oil and gas activity, which described North Dakota production as holding steady around 1.1 to 1.2 million barrels per day despite lower prices and market volatility. The presentation emphasized that efficiency gains, longer laterals, and improved completion technology are allowing operators to sustain output while activity shifts north in the Bakken. Members asked about gas taxation, natural gas liquids, flaring, and enhanced oil recovery; the witness said gas is taxed by volume, most liquids are handled through oil lines or gas processing, and the state’s EOR pilot projects and new gas infrastructure are intended to help hold production flat and expand future recovery. The committee then received a presentation from the Tax Department on the federal “big beautiful bill” and its effect on North Dakota income tax collections. The department explained that most of the federal changes were extensions of existing Tax Cuts and Jobs Act provisions, but several items — including the larger standard deduction, senior deduction, tip and overtime exclusions, auto loan interest deduction, and business expensing changes — affect state collections. Revised estimates showed a smaller-than-expected impact on individual income tax, with the department suggesting a net cash effect in the range of roughly $30 million to $35 million when business and individual effects are combined, plus a possible one-time distortion from large oil-field transactions in fiscal year 2025. Members asked which provisions apply to standard versus itemized returns, and the department clarified that most of the individual provisions apply broadly, while the SALT-related item is itemizer-specific. OMB then reported on major capital projects and facility funding. Updates included Capitol grounds improvements such as 18th-floor renovations, wayfinding, augmented reality displays for the Rough Rider Hall of Fame, tree management and lighting studies, and restroom and parking reconfiguration in the tower. OMB also described security upgrades at the governor’s residence, where human remains were discovered on site and are being handled with historical and legal review. The state hospital project in Jamestown remains on schedule for substantial completion in winter 2027 and opening in spring 2028, with costs currently estimated a little over $292 million and a line of credit expected to be drawn in April 2027. The North Central State Office Building in Minot is under construction, with a $5.6 million line of credit already accessed. OMB also reported on the State Facility Maintenance Fund, noting about $1.1 million spent so far on projects such as the Liberty Memorial Building roof and foundation work, Capitol window replacement, boiler replacement, and kitchen remodeling. Finally, Legislative Council staff reviewed the interim compliance report on legislative intent and state trust funds. The report highlighted the status of multiple lines of credit, including those for the state hospital and Minot office building, and noted that the executive budget will likely need to include repayment planning for about $350 million of expected outstanding balances. Other updates included the Bank of North Dakota profit transfer schedule, litigation pool spending, the new Office of Guardianship and Conservatorship, the Missouri River Correctional Center planning effort, HHS items such as FMAP and child care assistance, Job Service’s unemployment insurance modernization project, and DPI school aid turnback estimates. No formal votes were taken beyond approval of the minutes.
CA
Transcript Highlights:
  • We have to protect at this moment the middle class and re-engineer outward.
  • The very same engineers that were evaluating the civil design and structural design are the same firm
  • That would include the types of processes that Canada has, where you have engineering stamps, special
  • . for the full infrastructure improvement of our cities versus re-engineering.
  • So construction lending is the engine that makes a development possible.
Summary: The committee heard testimony on several housing-related proposals and policy ideas. One speaker urged changes to the welfare property tax exemption for affordable housing, arguing that annual income recertifications are outdated and burdensome, and proposing a one-time qualification at move-in, streamlined monitoring through TCAC or HCD, and continued exemption protection for projects that remain in compliance. The witness said rising insurance costs and administrative burdens are hurting cash flow and threatening the viability of affordable housing operations. A major portion of the meeting focused on social housing and the SB 555 study. HCD described its ongoing study process, including public engagement with residents, practitioners, and experts, and noted that California already has many building blocks for social housing, such as public land tools, long-term affordability mechanisms, community land trusts, and tenant protections. Community land trust and housing policy witnesses argued that social housing will require legislative action, expanded public subsidy, tax abatements, public land, and simplified financing, and they emphasized the need to reframe the concept for the “missing middle” and middle-class households to build broader political support. Committee members discussed stigma around “social housing,” the need for a rebrand, and the possibility of a pilot program, especially on excess public land. The committee also heard a proposal for a certified professional plan-check system modeled on Vancouver, Canada. The presenter said California’s permitting delays, inconsistent reviews, and staffing shortages add cost and uncertainty even for streamlined projects, and proposed allowing state-certified private professionals to perform plan checks and inspections under state oversight while local governments retain zoning and enforcement authority. Members discussed local control concerns, infrastructure costs, and the need to reduce delays and uncertainty in the entitlement process. Finally, the committee heard testimony supporting changes to HCD loan disbursement so funds can be used during construction rather than only after completion. Witnesses said this would reduce interest costs, improve feasibility, and could produce additional affordable homes with existing funding. The discussion also referenced AB 1053 as the vehicle for implementing that approach.
FL

Florida 2026 4th Special Session

February 26, 2026 - 09:00 AM

Education & Employment Committee

Transcript Highlights:
  • I was just wondering what the thinking was about the focus on engineering, more curiosity out of anything
  • There are some programs, engineering specifically, that are 128 credit hours for students to graduate
  • Question about the engineering raised my attention.
  • Are there other courses, other majors that have to be adjusted in that way, or is it just engineering
  • their metrics... ...their metrics and their outcomes, and that's, we've addressed engineering.
Summary: The committee first took up PCS for CS for HB 1279, a higher education bill focused on Florida’s preeminent universities. The sponsor said the measure would increase access for Florida students, strengthen accountability and transparency, update accreditation references, adjust performance metrics, and address issues such as GPA weighting, engineering credit-hour differences, and certain fee-waiver and dental-program provisions. Members raised questions about the 95% Florida-resident enrollment target, possible funding impacts, Pell Grant metrics, and whether the bill would affect community college pathways; the sponsor said the bill was aimed at first-time-in-college students and that the 95% standard would be measured on a three-year rolling average. After an amendment removing an adjustment to the four-year graduation metric was adopted, the bill was reported favorably by a 17-2 vote. The committee then heard PCS for CS for HB 1059, which would strengthen speech and debate education by designating the Florida Debate Initiative as the statewide organization, supporting coach and judge training, statewide data collection, tournaments, and a Florida Speech and Debate Week. The sponsor and several students and advocates testified that speech and debate builds confidence, civics knowledge, leadership, and opportunities for English learners and other students, with multiple speakers describing how the program changed their lives. Members from both parties spoke strongly in support, and the bill was reported favorably without opposition. Finally, the committee considered PCS for HB 725 on political activity at public institutions of higher education. The sponsor said the bill would standardize campus policies, require notice to students and employees about free-expression and political-campaign rules, and align state practice with federal guidelines while preserving free speech and nonpartisan voter engagement. An opponent argued the bill could create barriers to civic engagement and student organizing, while supporters said it would clarify existing rules and prevent institutions from favoring one viewpoint over another. The sponsor closed by emphasizing that the bill was about information and neutrality rather than restricting speech.
WA

Washington 2025-2026 Regular Session

House Local Government Dec 5th, 2025

Transcript Highlights:
  • Senate Bill 5729, and what we want to do is propose that if a licensed architect or appropriate engineer
  • We do have architects, engineers, and others that are part of our association.
  • Also during a building permit, we also have the civil engineering department review that was kind of
  • Engineering looks at your utilities.
  • So if you wouldn't mind sending us, I'm very interested in your minor engineering review.
Summary: The committee heard a series of presentations on comprehensive plan updates, permitting reform, special purpose district coordination, and subdivision reform. Pierce County and the City of Redmond described their recent comprehensive plan updates, emphasizing housing production, transit-oriented development, middle housing, preservation of affordable housing, and the need for technical assistance and clearer state guidance. Both jurisdictions said the planning process took years and was complicated by overlapping state requirements, changing legislative mandates, and multiple review authorities. Redmond in particular said mid-course legislative changes forced supplemental environmental review and added significant cost and delay, and both local governments asked for more stability, clearer statutes, and better-aligned timelines. Presenters from the architecture, building official, and development sectors focused on permitting delays and proposed ways to speed housing delivery. Dave Boucher of AIA Washington argued for a provisional construction permit process for projects stamped by licensed professionals, along with mandatory deadlines and fewer stalled review cycles. Tim Woodard of WABO described existing tools such as pre-application meetings and phased approvals, noting they can improve certainty but also require staff time and careful coordination. Representatives from Master Builders and D.R. Horton said permit and subdivision delays add substantial cost to housing, citing studies showing months of delay and tens of thousands of dollars added per home, and urged administrative approvals, concurrent review, self-certification, and limits on repeated review cycles. The committee also reviewed a Commerce-led task force report on integrating special purpose districts into Growth Management Act planning. The task force recommended early invitation and notice to water, sewer, school, port, and other service providers during countywide planning policy and comprehensive plan updates, better coordination on grants and capital projects, updated water system coordination plans, and improved school siting and funding alignment in fast-growing areas. Speakers stressed that the recommendations were intended to be light-touch and focused on better communication rather than major statutory overhaul, while also noting that rural and slow-growing areas should not be burdened with the same requirements as rapidly growing jurisdictions. On subdivision reform, FutureWise and the City of Spokane discussed making more subdivision decisions administrative, preserving vesting, clarifying exemptions, and reducing unnecessary notice and appeal steps. Spokane described local reforms such as smaller minimum lot sizes, unit lot subdivisions, and reduced-process “minor engineering review” for simple plats, while raising concerns about new notice requirements and appeals to city councils for technical plat decisions. Across the hearing, members repeatedly returned to the theme that local governments, builders, and state agencies need clearer, more coordinated rules to reduce delay and uncertainty while still protecting safety and planning goals.
FL

Florida 2026 Regular Session

Appropriations Committee on Higher Education Mar 11th, 2025

Appropriations Committee on Higher Education

Transcript Highlights:
  • Does this include Ph.D. programs in highly technical scientific engineering...
  • At UCF, we are the largest producers of engineers in the state. I think one...
  • We are the largest producers of engineers in the state.
  • That's our move toward being our premier engineering institution.
  • So, for example, our desire is to be Florida's premier engineering institution.
Summary: The committee held an informational hearing on higher education funding, focusing on how Florida’s university system should be financed and whether a new funding model is needed. University system financial officers and Chancellor Ray Rodriguez discussed major cost drivers, including wages and benefits, utilities, maintenance, financial aid, research, and the effects of geography, institutional mission, and student mix. UF highlighted the cost of research and graduate programs; UCF and FAU pointed to growth, location, and cost of living; FAMU emphasized recruiting top-tier talent while relying on other revenue sources; and UNF noted the challenges of growth and long-term planning. Members also discussed the role of internal controls and audits in addressing excessive spending and questioned whether out-of-state tuition should be adjusted to help offset costs. On revenue sources beyond state appropriations and tuition, the panel described auxiliaries, restricted funds, capital projects, and component units such as foundations and health systems. Several universities noted that some revenues are restricted to specific purposes and cannot be used for general operations. FAMU explained that a large share of its capital project funding reflected active campus construction, while UF said its component-unit revenue is largely tied to UF Health. The Chancellor emphasized that the system’s low tuition and strong state support are central to Florida’s national standing, but also noted that some auxiliary revenues are pledged to debt and must be managed carefully. When discussing the current funding process, witnesses praised Florida’s performance-based funding model for aligning incentives with student success, transparency, and accountability. They also raised concerns about non-recurring appropriations, rising employee benefit costs, unfunded mandates, deferred maintenance, and the difficulty of multi-year planning. Suggestions for improvement included more recurring funding, better coverage of mandated costs, greater flexibility in fee-setting, and possible weighting for mission, geography, and institutional type. The Chancellor said the Board of Governors is considering a “version 3.0” of performance-based funding that would benchmark institutions against peers and Carnegie classifications, but any changes would require legislative action. On out-of-state tuition, most universities said they would prefer local board flexibility, while the Chancellor cautioned that increasing out-of-state enrollment or fees could affect future state support and should be balanced carefully.
US
Transcript Highlights:
  • Army Corps of Engineers, Engineers developed credible plans to mitigate future water shortages; they
  • Army Corps of Engineers has helped the Panamanian Authority develop involves another basic expansion
  • Army Corps of Engineers doing a feasibility review of that project.
  • Army Corps of Engineers doing a feasibility review of that project.
  • I think the reality is the canal is an economic engine; it is also a national security engine.
HI

Hawaii 2026 Regular Session

HHS Public Hearing 04-14-2026

Health and Human Services

Transcript Highlights:
  • [clears throat] I have my master's in environmental engineering. Environmental engineering.
  • I'm a professional engineer, and I believe that wastewater is so important to public health and safety
  • Um, we know that there is a lot of demands on your time as an engineer, and yes, we agree that wastewater
  • your</c><00:18:29.159><c> time</c><00:18:29.640><c> as</c><00:18:29.800><c> an</c><00:18:29.919><c> engineer
  • </c><00:18:30.640><c> and</c> demands on your time as an engineer and demands on your time as an engineer
Keywords: 912, senate, all
Summary: The Health and Human Services Committee heard several governor’s message nominations for health-related boards and commissions. Kanwardeep Kaleka was considered for the Substance Abuse Kauai Service Area Board; he said his work as a psychiatrist and family physician on Kauai motivates him to improve mental health and addiction services. Kunani Dryer was considered for the Hawaii Advisory Commission on Drug Abuse and Controlled Substances; he emphasized 26 years of personal recovery, harm reduction experience, and representation of rural, LGBTQIA+, and Native Hawaiian communities. Olivia Kim was considered for the Center for Nursing Advisory Board; testimony highlighted her experience in nursing leadership, long-term care, and LPN workforce issues. Trisha Lynn Yamashita was considered for the Kauai Subarea Health Planning Council; she described her hospice leadership, public health and palliative care background, and focus on data-informed, community-centered planning. Emily Dong was considered for the Board of Certification of Operating Personnel Wastewater Treatment Plants; she stressed wastewater’s public health importance and the need to strengthen the operator workforce pipeline. Testimony in support came from the Department of Health and several organizations and individuals, including the Hawaii State Center for Nursing, Hawaii Substance Abuse Coalition, Hina Mauka, the Kauai mayor, the Healthcare Association of Hawaii, and others. Committee members generally praised the nominees’ credentials and community ties, and repeatedly noted the value of lived experience, rural perspective, and workforce expertise. One nominee, Olivia Kim, was not present and was deferred to a later meeting for decision-making. At the end of the hearing, the committee took up the governor’s messages and recommended advise and consent for GM707, GM537, GM545, GM724, and GM790, with Senator Fevella excused and no objections recorded. GM662 was deferred to Thursday, April 16, 2026, at 3:20 p.m. in Room 225 because the nominee could not attend. The committee then adjourned.
WA

Washington 2025-2026 Regular Session

Senate Local Government Feb 19th, 2026 at 01:30 pm

Local Government

Transcript Highlights:
  • calendar days for routine infrastructure extensions or connections that do not require specialized engineering
  • exceed 120 calendar days when a proposal involves complex infrastructure or requires specialized engineering
  • district is awaiting revisions, other approvals or permits, or information necessary to complete the engineering
  • has one employee handling those plan reviews, and so for larger projects they'll have to hire an engineering
  • ...one employee handling those plan reviews, and so for larger projects they'll have to hire an engineering
Keywords: 904, all
NM

New Mexico 2026 Regular Session

Senate - Finance Feb 6th, 2026 at 09:18 am

Senate Finance

Transcript Highlights:
  • There was a number of additions in the area of the State Engineer, which begins on line 127, including
  • And then $1 million to the State Engineer for weather modification.
  • There was a number of additions in the area of the state engineer, which begins online 127, including
  • And then a million dollars to the state engineer for weather modification.
  • The state engineer has indicated they can get started, and this will count toward our eventual state
Bills: SB193, SB132, SB35, SB145
TX

Texas 89th Regular

Senate Session (Part II) Sep 3rd, 2025

Texas Senate Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • You're an engineer, and you think like an engineer. You explain like an engineer. And it's...
  • He actually bought Unimation equipment, which was what I was selling, and he had an engineering manager
  • Because one engineer, one man, looked at a problem, cut through the red tape, realized these crazy citizens
  • inventor—I don't know how many patents you have, medical patents to your name—or when you were an engineer
  • I thought I was good at math because I majored in engineering.
TX

Texas 89th Regular

Natural Resources Aug 11th, 2025

Natural Resources

Transcript Highlights:
  • were a little surprised at the approach that I was taking, but then recently, the local district engineer
  • Their sponsors, technical and engineering consultants held over 550 public meetings.
  • Cities, counties, regional water authorities, drainage districts, engineering firms, environmental public
  • So base level engineering, or BLE, is an efficient modeling and mapping approach that aims to provide
  • We've committed to base level engineering, which is model-backed, proximate flood risk information for
Keywords: 997, house, all
AR

Arkansas 2026 Regular Session

SENATE CONVENES Apr 22nd, 2026

Arkansas All Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • their exceptional contributions from all areas of the state that they’re making to our science and engineering
  • we are recognizing today have qualified to represent Arkansas at the International Science and Engineering
  • we are recognizing today have qualified to represent Arkansas at the International Science and Engineering
  • , Sciences, and the Arts students who will be attending the Regeneron International Science and Engineering
  • Fair. and the Arts students who will be attending the Regeneron International Science and Engineering
Keywords: 1204, all
AL
Transcript Highlights:
  • Early on, you have engineering costs, and later on, you have... engineering costs, and later on, you
  • We looked at the fact that everybody needs engineering and things like that done, construction workers
  • He's the engineer, but... I'll walk you through.
  • He's the engineer, but it is to create a redundant system. But he'll get in the way with Andrew.
Keywords: 924, joint, all
US

US Federal 2025-2026 Regular Session

US House Floor Proceedings (Thursday, February 27, 2025)

US Federal House Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • cutting-edge engineering facility at their Cummins engine plant.
  • cutting-edge engineering facility at their Cummins engine plant.
  • cutting-edge engineering facility at their Cummins engine plant.
  • cutting-edge engineering facility at their Cummins engine plant.
  • cutting-edge engineering facility at their Cummins engine plant.
FL

Florida 2026 Regular Session

Appropriations Committee on Higher Education Feb 25th, 2026

Appropriations Committee on Higher Education

Transcript Highlights:
  • Wett Engineering Building.
  • “And then on to automotive repair, engines, brakes, transmissions, welding.
  • On to the university, I pursued an engineering degree with a secondary interest in marine biology, which
  • And that's certainly with Pensacola State being such an important workforce engine in the state, being
  • such an important workforce engine in the Pensacola area where you have six military bases right in
Bills: S1570, S1376
Summary: The committee heard and approved two bills before moving to a long confirmation agenda. SB 1570, by Sen. Gates, would restore Project Leo, a previously sunset program that helps locate missing persons with special needs through voluntary tracking devices and coordination between CARD centers and local sheriffs; it was praised as a proven tool for families and first responders and was reported favorably. CS/SB 1376, by Sen. Burgess, would create grants to support genetic counseling education and help address Florida’s shortage of genetic counselors; testimony noted the state’s limited supply of licensed counselors and the need to expand clinical training, and the bill also passed favorably. The committee then considered a block of reappointments to university and college boards of trustees, including institutions such as UWF, Broward College, Chipola College, FIU, Pasco-Hernando, Polk State, St. Petersburg, Valencia, FAMU, FAU, UCF, FSU, New College, UNF, USF, and others. No one requested separate votes on the reappointments, and the block was confirmed unanimously for recommendation to the next committee. A series of new appointees then appeared and largely emphasized workforce training, nursing, military support, and local economic development at their institutions. Witnesses included appointees to Pensacola State, Polk State, St. Petersburg College, UNF, FIU, UWF, Valencia, the College of the Florida Keys, and others; several highlighted strong NCLEX pass rates, dual enrollment, and partnerships with employers or military communities. One nominee, Florida Poly reappointment Ilya Shapiro, faced pointed questioning from Sen. Bracey Davis about past comments regarding race and the Supreme Court; he said his remarks were about hiring criteria, not a specific justice, and reiterated opposition to race- or sex-based selection. The committee also briefly struggled to reach Sherry Young by phone before hearing her testimony for Chipola College, where she said she wanted to give back as an alumna and nurse practitioner. Most new appointees were recommended for confirmation in a block, while Thomas Zachary Smith of UWF was pulled for separate consideration.
NM

New Mexico 2025 Regular Session

IC - Legislative Finance May 13th, 2025

Transcript Highlights:
  • So we have got 3 different engineering firms.
  • We had one guy, our own engineer, figured out we could not do it by ourselves.
  • Um, we do partner every year, these dams have to be inspected by the state engineer and uh NRCS.
  • and the engine is kind of that truck picture in the back.
  • smaller engine, kind of what's pictured there.
TX

Texas 89th 2nd C.S.

Senate Committee on Water, Agriculture, and Rural Affairs May 11th, 2026

Water, Agriculture and Rural Affairs

Transcript Highlights:
  • Engine, you can have or you don't.
  • Can't do that because they're an engineering company, might cut corners.
  • Army Corps of Engineers was expecting.
  • It's an engineering marvel.
  • Army Corps of Engineers.
Summary: During the meeting, legislative members discussed the practice of municipalities diverting water and sewer revenues to their general funds, which impacts infrastructure maintenance and project delays. Vice Chair Sparks proposed limiting public testimony to two minutes, which was adopted without objection. The committee heard from various witnesses, including Perry Fowler from the Texas Water Infrastructure Network, who emphasized that utility revenues should primarily support water services and that transfers should be transparent and justified. He noted that many utilities face financial pressures that could hinder infrastructure projects. Larry French from the Texas Public Policy Foundation highlighted the significant financial impact of water loss and general fund transfers, estimating the annual loss at $1.5 billion. He argued that these transfers can create disincentives for municipalities to address water loss issues. Brian Butcher, Assistant City Manager of Sugar Land, defended the city's cost allocation model for general fund transfers, asserting that they are necessary for equitable service provision and operational efficiency. The committee also discussed the implications of rising construction costs and the need for better procurement processes to ensure effective use of taxpayer dollars. The second part of the meeting focused on the New World Screwworm and the state's preparedness to manage potential infestations. Dudley Hoskins from the USDA outlined the federal response efforts and the importance of collaboration with state agencies. He emphasized the need for ongoing surveillance and the production of sterile flies to combat the pest. Dr. Philip Kaufman from Texas A&M discussed the historical context of the screwworm and the challenges posed by its potential reintroduction, urging proactive management strategies among livestock producers. The committee acknowledged the need for increased resources and research to effectively address the threat of the screwworm.
MN

Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session

House Environment and Natural Resources Finance and Policy Committee 2/20/25

Environment and Natural Resources Finance and Policy

Transcript Highlights:
  • Leech Lake, Lake of the Woods, when you go on opening day it is an amazing display of the economic engine
  • </c><00:30:21.519><c> hydrologist</c><00:30:22.080><c> soil</c> the agency so Engineers hydrologist soil
  • He added that the Army Corps of Engineers is another example, and that if the Corps shrinks in size,
  • </c> certainly if the Army Corps of Engineers certainly if the Army Corps of Engineers for<01:12:41.920
  • It is under the control of the Army Corps of Engineers and not under their control until the permit is
Bills: HF276, HF413, HF411