Transcript Highlights:

• contracted with the state statute allows entities contracted with the state that have not yet been paid to file
• agency to adopt a standardized hiring process for all employees' employee positions and allows a candidate
• This bill is on the third. ...candidate to appeal a hiring decision to the State Personnel Board.
• Guardians' Notice, Release, modifies how guardians of those undergoing court-ordered treatment can file
• SB 1039 entitles an attorney who prevails in an attorney discipline matter to file a claim against the

Keywords: 1182, all

Summary: The committee heard a long series of Senate bills, mostly on third-read consent, covering education, public safety, health, courts, labor, and water. Several bills were briefly explained and then pulled from consent for further discussion, including measures on public records review standards (SB 1078), sexually explicit materials in schools/libraries (SB 1435 and SB 1567), burial costs in death cases (SB 1135), military flags in HOAs/COAs (SB 1184), court-ordered treatment guardianship (SB 1243), standardized state hiring (SB 1665), released-time religious instruction (SB 1741), firearm safety instruction in schools (SB 1424), student participation in extracurriculars after certain convictions (SB 1475), Celebrate Freedom Week (SB 1572), federal scholarship-granting organizations/vouchers (SB 1142), immigration-related arrest notifications (SB 1055), defamation standards (SB 1099), peace officer certification for military police veterans (SB 1107), mandatory reporting of child abuse/neglect directly to DCS (SB 1127), attorney licensing and discipline issues (SB 1148 and SB 1039), concealed weapons on college campuses (SB 1068), and firearm muffling devices/silencers (SB 1069). Members also raised constitutional, policy, and school-safety concerns on several of these bills, while supporters emphasized alternative pathways for students, veterans, and workers, and tighter reporting or licensing rules. Other bills were described without extended debate, including claims against the state for unpaid contracted services (SB 1097), workers’ compensation death benefits for surviving spouses who remarry (SB 1136), burial expense increases (SB 1135), state agency web pages for internal guidance (SB 1586), court-ordered treatment procedures and service of process in mental health cases (SB 1113), medical examiner authorization (SB 1123), tribal MOUs with DCS (SB 1125), controlled-substance scheduling conformity with federal classifications (SB 1188), EMT personal information protections (SB 1193), mammography notice updates (SB 1318), assisted-living referral disclosures (SB 1477), accommodation school GED instruction for 11th graders and students over 16 (SB 1166), credit enhancement board continuation (SB 1422), school district and charter school obligations related to religious release time (SB 1741), school firearm safety instruction (SB 1424), and school civics/freedom-week instruction (SB 1572). The committee also heard bills on CPA certification pathways (SB 1181), insurance adjuster licensing (SB 1415), county voter-registration rules online (SB 1040), campaign address privacy (SB 1259), federal land acquisition notification (SB 1281), water supply/demand assessments (SB 1202), environmental compatibility for power plants and small modular reactors (SB 1418), and groundwater recovery rules (SB 1785). The meeting ended with announcements and a brief recognition of Rep. Stephanie Hamilton with an “Affordability Award.” No final votes are shown in the transcript excerpt; instead, many bills were either left on consent, pulled for later discussion, or flagged for closed caucus. The chair then asked guests to leave so members could hold a closed caucus.

Transcript Highlights:

• If not, the Chair has one announcement: the deadline to file Senate Concurrent Resolutions and Senate
• The Chair has one announcement: the deadline to file Senate Concurrent Resolutions and Senate Resolutions
• The deadline to file Senate Concurrent Resolutions and Senate Resolutions for introduction with the Clerk's
• <00:10:09.959> to<00:10:10.120> file<00:10:10.480> Senate has won the deadline
• to file Senate has won the deadline to file Senate concurrent<00:10:12.440> I<00:10:12.600>

Keywords: 912, senate, all

Summary: The Senate convened, called the roll, and approved the previous day’s journal. Members then made several introductions recognizing visitors in the gallery, including staff and guests connected to tourism, a group from the Luso-American Development Foundation from Portugal, and students and administrators from Kahakai Elementary School. Senator Kim also introduced four University of Hawaiʻi Shidler College of Business Travel Industry Management students and their academic advisor and professor. Senator DeCoite spoke about Tourism Day at the Capitol, thanking HTA, HBCB, CNH, and Kilohana for their participation and youth-focused tourism programs, and later introduced the FLAD visitors from Lisbon, Portugal. The clerk reported Governor’s Message Nos. 713 to 717 transmitting nominations to boards and commissions, and Governor’s Message No. 718 withdrawing a nomination to the Hawaii Hurricane Relief Fund board. The Senate also received Senate Concurrent Resolutions 51 to 67 and Senate Resolutions 33 to 51 for referral to committee, which were ordered referred. The Chair announced that the deadline to file Senate Concurrent Resolutions and Senate Resolutions with the Clerk’s Office was 4:30 p.m. that day. At the close of business, Senator Wai moved that the Senate stand in recess, leaving the journal open until 4:30 p.m. for receipt of resolutions and reconvene at 11:30 a.m. on Monday, March 10. Senator Dort seconded the motion, and the Senate recessed without objection.

Transcript Highlights:

• That's House Bill 1765 by Representative Howitt and House Bill 1646 filed by Chairman Day.
• House Bill 1646, filed by Chairman Day.
• Some have been threatened with defamation lawsuits for filing Title IX complaints.
• Some have been threatened with defamation lawsuits for filing Title IX complaints.
• We have seen perpetrators file defamation claims, even from prison.

Keywords: 995, all

Summary: The Joint Committee on the Judiciary held a hearing on bills in the Civil Actions 2 and Court Administration areas, with testimony spanning judicial security, judicial compensation, civil process fees, bar advocate compensation, interstate discovery, defamation protections for sexual assault survivors, and related criminal procedure changes. Chairs Edwards and Day opened with housekeeping rules on testimony limits and written submissions, then called witnesses on each bill in turn. On H. 1766, judicial officers and the Massachusetts Bar Association strongly supported a judicial security bill that would protect judges’ personal information, citing threats, online harassment, swatting, and violence against judges and their families. On H. 1819, judges and the Massachusetts Judges Conference asked for higher compensation, saying Massachusetts judges rank low nationally after cost-of-living adjustment and that pay affects recruitment and retention. The committee also heard support for H. 1582/S. 1183 to raise civil process service fees, with sheriffs saying the fees have been unchanged since 2003 and are needed to cover rising costs, safety equipment, and operations funded by those fees. The committee heard from prosecutors on H. 1604 and H. 1846, which would give district courts concurrent jurisdiction over certain school-threat and leaving-the-scene offenses, allowing prosecutors to handle less serious or panic-driven cases more efficiently while preserving mandatory penalties. CPCS and bar advocates supported H. 1876 on bar advocate compensation, describing a continuing shortage and crisis in indigent defense despite recent pay increases and staffing investments. The Boston Bar Association supported H. 1857, a Massachusetts version of the Interstate Depositions and Discovery Act, saying it would simplify out-of-state discovery and reduce cost and delay. A large portion of the hearing focused on H. 1974/S. 1143, which would protect survivors of sexual assault and harassment from retaliatory defamation suits unless the plaintiff proves actual malice, and would allow fee shifting and damages against abusive suits. Survivors, advocates, and attorneys described threats, legal costs, and chilling effects that silence reporting, while supporters said the bill would protect truthful speech and improve access to counsel. The committee also heard insurance-industry testimony on S. 1101, which would change personal injury protection payment rules to require insurers to tender disputed amounts within 30 days to avoid attorney’s fees; insurers said the bill would curb a growing volume of provider lawsuits and reduce abuse of the no-fault system. No votes were taken during the hearing, and the chair closed after all scheduled testimony was complete.

Transcript Highlights:

• they led me away from the floor, but if circumstances permitted, given what I know, I have to be candid
• <03:37:53.560> I<03:37:53.640> would what I know I have to be candid I would what I
• know I have to be candid I would do<03:37:53.960> it do it do it again<03:37:56.040> I
• I hold no animus toward the member of Congress who's done this, filed the legislation.
• 2033 deadline without having completed<04:04:59.000> a<04:04:59.239> single<04:04:59.960

Keywords: U.S. House of Representatives Floor Proceedings on Thursday, March 6, 2025, 1012, house, all

Transcript Highlights:

• <00:00:37.920> Senator consideration is Senate File 90.
• >> Senate file 90 has passed the committee.
• >> Senate file 90 has passed the committee.
• Uh, this a barrier for some candidates.
• >> This is a roll call to table Senate File >> This is a roll call to table Senate File 59

Bills: HB0023, HB0024, HB0025

Keywords: extracurricular activities, public school participation, enrollment, Wyoming, student access, charter schools, application process, authorizers, public hearing, community support, scholarship, education, eligibility, continuous enrollment, 916, all

Transcript Highlights:

• Three rounds of proofing, checking office titles, candidates, vote fors, etc.
• <01:33:26.560> Our titles, candidates, vote fors, etc.
• Our titles, candidates, vote fors, etc.
• <01:33:33.760> before down, including the audio files before down, including the audio files
• ,<01:33:40.000> is make sure X, Y, and Z candidate, is make sure X, Y, and Z candidate, is

Keywords: Discussion of BR 25 (2026 RS) 04:15 Presentation on voting systems by ES&S 48:14 Presentation on voting systems by Hart InterCivic and Harp Enterprises 01:13:07, 958, all

Summary: The committee met to approve the October 21 minutes and then took up BR 25 for the 2026 regular session, a proposal relating to prohibited uses of tax dollars and public resources. The sponsors said the bill is intended to strengthen existing law by adding civil and criminal penalties for taxpayer-funded advocacy on ballot questions, especially in light of controversies during the 2024 election over school officials and districts using public resources to oppose a constitutional amendment. They also described related concerns about school districts hiring third-party lobbyists and public relations firms, particularly in Fayette County, and said the proposal was meant to keep tax dollars focused on public services rather than political persuasion. Committee members raised several concerns about scope and drafting. Some asked whether the bill should specifically mention schools, school boards, and school employees, and the sponsors said they would add that language. Others questioned whether the measure would also affect local government lobbying through groups like KLC and KCO, and the sponsors said they intended to focus narrowly on schools while exempting certain advocacy organizations and internal government lobbyists. Members also asked whether public employees could still speak as private individuals, and the sponsors said yes. Several members suggested splitting the lobbying and ballot-advocacy issues into separate bills, and the sponsors said they would consider that. Members also pressed for clarification on how the bill would apply in practice, including whether it would cover legal challenges to petition drives or only advocacy after a question is on the ballot. Counsel for the sponsors said the bill would not cover some petition-related litigation as drafted, though they believed it should. The sponsors and supporters argued the proposal was needed to give the existing prohibition real enforcement, while some members warned that the language could unintentionally limit legitimate public representation or be too broad if not carefully drafted. No final vote was taken during the discussion.

Transcript Highlights:

• too late, so with the final draft, I'm here to ask for a late bill filing.
• they asked me to do a late Bill filing they asked me to do a late Bill filing for<00:04:15.320><
• <00:06:27.960> to well um I have two late filings to well um I have two late filings to submit
• The sign-off deadline is 4:00 p.m. on February 25th.
• The sign-off deadline is 4:00 p.m. on February 25th.

Keywords: 1191, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• c><01:29:37.520> state<01:29:37.880> police<01:29:38.679> um<01:29:38.880> file
• complain to the state police um file complain to the state police um file complaints<01:29:40.080
• My understanding is that at this time translators are brought in by the candidate, so they bring in a
• um so they they bring in a the candidate um so they they bring in a um<01:51:51.119> a<01:51:
• New Hampshire or an organization, one of the advocacy organizations perhaps, it does allow them to file

Keywords: 928, house, all

Summary: The Transportation Committee opened its public hearing with HB 249, sponsored by Representative Seth Miller, which would allow bicycles, human-powered vehicles, and electric bicycles to treat stop signs as yield signs and red lights as stop signs in certain situations. Miller argued the bill would improve cyclist safety and traffic flow at no cost to the state, citing Idaho and Delaware as examples where similar laws were associated with fewer injuries and crashes. He emphasized that the proposal would remain optional for cyclists, who would still be required to yield to cross traffic and obey right-of-way rules, and said the bill is intended to help riders maintain momentum and avoid the instability that comes from repeatedly starting from a full stop. Committee members raised concerns about uncertainty for drivers and pedestrians, liability, and whether the bill would create a special class of road users with different rules. Representative Crawford asked about the red-light left turn language, and Miller explained it was included because bicycles may not trigger some traffic signals. Representative Hill questioned how other road users would know what a cyclist intended to do at an intersection, and Representative Gon noted the bill did not appear to address liability the way some motorcycle-related laws do. Miller responded that cyclists would still be expected to yield appropriately and said he would be open to an amendment if liability language was needed. Representative Emble also questioned whether the bill would create a special vehicle class, and Miller replied that bicycles already have different roadway rules and that the bill was meant to improve safety and flow. Several supporters testified in favor of the bill. Michael Frank, a cyclist and League cycling instructor from Spofford, said he regularly rides a cargo bike for errands and that stopping fully at intersections leaves him exposed longer and makes it harder to restart on hills. He said the bill would let cyclists slow, assess traffic, and proceed safely while maintaining momentum, and noted that he had not personally received a ticket for rolling through a stop sign, though he had been warned by police. Tim Blagden, former head of the Bike-Walk Alliance of New Hampshire, said the bill reflects how many people already ride, saves energy, and helps bicycles move through intersections faster and more safely. No vote or committee action was taken during the portion of the hearing provided.

Transcript Highlights:

• there is between candidates.
• allowed to electioneer and candidates allowed to electioneer and candidates are<00:45:47.280>
• And what it basically means is that the candidate and the candidate supporters just need to be there
• And what it basically means is that the candidate and the candidate supporters just need to be there
• And what it basically means is that the candidate and the candidate supporters just need to be there

Keywords: 1191, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• The file we sent a deal. We do the way the process works.
• on those fields as a lot of students on those files.
• So we do go through our files as we get a file every year we ask for file every year to make sure the
• We do that with preliminary files as well with preliminary October survey files that might become available
• We declare the man eligible when we see the final survey files.

Transcript Highlights:

• Um, but we will start with House File File 4479, Representative Frederick.
• File 4368. Correct, chair. File 4368. Correct, chair. >> Correct. >> Correct.
• speaking in support of House File 4368. speaking in support of House File 4368.
• House<00:57:39.200> filing<00:57:39.599> 4368 House filing 4368 House filing 4368 takes
• that, House File 4889 is laid over. that, House File 4889 is laid over.

Bills: HF4479, HF4368, HF4889

Keywords: higher education, public university, college campus, postsecondary institution, Minnesota State Colleges and Universities, University of Minnesota, town hall, town hall meeting, elected official, legislator, public forum, constituent meeting, campus access, free meeting space, parking fees, civic engagement, public outreach, chapter 135A, HF4368, Minnesota State

Summary: The committee approved the April 9 minutes and then took up House File 4479, which would require public postsecondary institutions to make space available for town halls and similar official events by elected officials, with limits intended to keep the events on the official side and not campaign-related. Representative Frederick said the bill is meant to prevent universities from creating barriers such as fees or parking charges and to ensure a neutral, accessible venue for community conversations. The bill was laid over for possible later action. The committee heard supportive testimony from Jim Dimmick of Minnesota State University, Mankato, who argued that town halls should be public, open, moderated, and dialogic rather than speeches, and said universities should be centers for public discourse. He also said charging fees can undermine neutrality and that using partisan student groups to sponsor events can create the appearance of bias. Minnesota State official Mr. Omen said campuses often host these events, fees are set locally to cover costs, and student government sponsorship can sometimes avoid charges; he also noted the fee at Mankato is discounted and depends on room size. Several members raised concerns about the bill. Representative Scott, Chair Robbins, Representative Schwarz, Representative Allen, and others argued that campuses should not be required by statute to give legislators special treatment, that fees and parking costs cover real expenses, and that universities should remain focused on education rather than political events. Questions also focused on who would decide what room size is reasonable, how disputes would be handled, and who would pay for security if protests or safety issues arose. Representative Frederick responded that room selection would be a good-faith partnership with the university, that the bill does not require a town hall or guarantee a specific room, and that security funding is not spelled out in the bill.

Transcript Highlights:

• The SIC statute did not include a specific deadline for the PEC to complete SIC cases. and the deadline
• Therefore, our members were pleased to see a 60-day deadline for action in Senate Bill 740.
• filing or in the alternative, a firm deadline for the Commission's initial completeness review.
• And would you be opposed to a deadline for determining administrative completeness?
• systems to electronic filing systems, the clerk suddenly had a new electronic filing system and declare

Bills: SB 384, SB 503, SB 565, SB 616, SB 740

Keywords: hunting license, fishing license, donation, operation game thief fund, wildlife conservation, livestock, electronic registry, marks and brands, Texas Animal Health Commission, animal identification, SB 565, Texas Water Code, TCEQ, Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, compliance agreement, enforcement suspension, utility consolidation, regionalization, water supply, sewer

Summary: The Senate Committee on Water and Agriculture and Rural Affairs convened under the leadership of Chairman Kelly Hancock, who opened the meeting with a prayer in remembrance of Chairman Perry, who was absent due to a personal loss. The session focused on the discussions surrounding SB384, which aims to support the longstanding initiative known as Operation Game Thief. Senator Flores presented the bill, emphasizing its essential role in the fight against poaching through public support. The operation has a successful track record of convictions but is currently dependent on donations and merchandise sales for funding. The committee aimed to vote on multiple bills during this session, contingent on achieving a quorum. Notably, discussions also revolved around fiscal notes on two bills that were set aside for later consideration, indicating the committee's intention to carefully manage their legislative decisions. The meeting showcased a productive atmosphere, with committee members actively engaged in the review and potential advancement of key legislative measures.

Transcript Highlights:

• The bill was filed to address a pattern of problems that I've personally experienced in the three decades
• [music] which may allow you... ...uh hold caucuses to identify, select, and nominate candidates.
• <00:22:46.880> So,<00:22:47.760> uh, uh candidate in the ballot.
• So, uh, uh candidate in the ballot. So, uh, that's<00:22:48.480> it.
• clearer view as to who that candidate clearer view as to who that candidate may<00:29:48.559>

Keywords: 1191, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• Yes, so this is your proposal for fall deadlines, the filing period for deadlines, setting that at a
• the fall, then sometime later this fall the Rules Committee would reconvene to talk about spring deadlines
• The Rules Committee would reconvene to talk about spring deadlines, but we're not — we usually do that
• I move we adopt the deadlines as listed on our agenda. Second. Okay, any discussion? No discussion.
• <00:06:30.440> as a I move we adopt the deadlines as a I move we adopt the deadlines as listed

Keywords: 1189, house, all

Summary: The committee met to consider proposed House Rules deadlines for the fall session. The proposal set a one-week filing period in September to allow about two months for LSR sign-off and drafting, and established Thursday, January 8 as the last date for retained bills, with the understanding that the Rules Committee would later reconvene to discuss spring deadlines in coordination with the Senate. After brief discussion, a member moved to adopt the deadlines as listed on the agenda, the motion was seconded, and the committee approved the amendment to the House Rules by voice vote with no opposition. Members also asked about whether the Office of Legislative Services would remain in the State House building after the move, and were told it would, with online intake and committee assistant support continuing as before. The committee further confirmed that House Committee Services would remain on site and that the handling, printing, and distribution of committee amendments would not change. With no further business, a motion to adjourn was made, seconded, and approved.

Transcript Highlights:

• And with me in the gallery, I'd like to introduce some constituents, candidate for Legislative District
• Placed on file.
• We should move to a national popular vote system where the candidate who gets the most votes becomes
• That is a very bad incentive for candidates.
• But you will never see, in a general election, candidates crisscrossing every state of this country.

Keywords: 1182, all

Transcript Highlights:

• 1636 just requires law enforcement to review cases, filing cold cases in a timely manner, and if the
• All all president candidate for you have se zena report your bill out as a do pass. Thank you, Mr.
• Candidate for you have ive ye one nayorship bill has a do pass. Thank you so much, Mr.

Bills: SB1213, SB1221, SB1636, SB1687, SB1772, SB1932, SB2062

Keywords: SB1213, earned credits, inmate credits, good time, sentence reduction, Department of Corrections, DOC, prison reform, corrections policy, inmate classification, class levels, rehabilitation credits, achievement credits, vocational training, educational credits, prison programs, public safety, violent offenders, violent crime exclusions, sex offense exclusions

Transcript Highlights:

• The bill also provides an enforcement mechanism to ensure prospective candidates have actually been a
• A person may not qualify as a candidate if he or she has changed his or her name through the statutory
• Let's, without objection, go ahead and take up the two laid-filed amendments.
• They're going to say there isn't enough evidence of citizenship on file for you, you're going to get
• I considered filing an amendment so that I could formally lift up two Floridians who embody the very

Summary: The committee first took up CS for SB 1342, a transit-oriented development bill intended to expand housing near fixed transit corridors. The sponsor said the measure builds on the Live Local Act by reducing regulatory barriers and encouraging private investment around transit investments. An amendment was adopted that narrowed definitions, limited the bill to land use and development regulations, removed a private cause of action, and exempted certain sensitive areas including military installations and environmentally sensitive lands. Supporters argued the bill would increase housing supply and maximize the return on state transit spending, while local government groups and other opponents warned it would preempt local zoning, impose uniform density rules, and create infrastructure, evacuation, and public input concerns. The bill was then reported favorably. The committee then considered CS for SB 1334, an elections bill that would require documentary proof of citizenship in certain voter registration and verification processes, update candidate qualification rules, require U.S. citizen markers on driver licenses and ID cards, and clarify that paper ballots are the primary voting method. Two technical amendments were adopted. The sponsor said the bill would streamline verification by allowing agencies to rely on Real ID and DHSMV records, reduce duplicate documentation, and improve communication between state systems. Senators questioned the fiscal impact, data-sharing procedures, storage of sensitive documents, effects on students, disabled voters, and people without driver licenses or Real IDs. A large number of public speakers opposed the bill, arguing it would burden eligible voters, especially students, seniors, disabled people, low-income residents, naturalized citizens, and people with name changes, while a smaller number supported it as an election integrity measure. The bill was ultimately not finished in the portion of the transcript provided, but the committee continued taking testimony and questions. Later, the committee took up CS for SB 1362 on advanced air mobility. A strike-all amendment was adopted to align the bill with the House version and authorize FDOT to fund vertiports and charging systems as part of public-private partnerships, including up to 80% of the non-federal share when federal funds are available and up to 100% if FDOT elects to do so. The sponsor framed the bill as helping Florida lead in advanced air mobility, and the measure was reported favorably with support from industry and local government representatives. Finally, the committee heard SB 174, which would designate a portion of State Road 985 in Miami-Dade County as Charlie Kirk Memorial Avenue and direct FDOT to install markers at an estimated cost of $2,400. The sponsor said the designation was tied to Turning Point USA activity at FIU and civic engagement. Several senators objected in debate, arguing Kirk was divisive and that the state should reserve road memorials for figures more broadly deserving of honor; others defended the designation as symbolic and non-regulatory. The transcript ends during the sponsor’s closing remarks, before a final vote is shown.

Transcript Highlights:

• The deference from the bill is filed, and it would remove the requirement that only physicians specialized
• I know another bill has also been filed asking for the same thing, but thank you for your bill.
• Senator Perry's point, and Senator Middleton, myself, and others have filed similar legislation over
• The committee substitute replaces the filed version with a legislative... Council draft.
• What made you file this bill?

Bills: SB128, SB640, SB672, SB904, SB1141, SB1263, SB1525, SB1528, SB2041, SB2306, SB2308, SB2357, SB2446, SB2695, SB2857, SB2891, SB2583

Keywords: hospital reporting, child abuse, neglect, administrative penalty, medical ethics, child protection, SB 640, Texas Family Code, Department of Family and Protective Services, DFPS, child welfare, foster care, managing conservatorship, suicide attempt, youth suicide, mental health, child protective services, state custody, annual report, reporting requirements

Transcript Highlights:

• bipartisan in the House, House file bipartisan in the House, House file 1434, House File 1434, and
• The deadline, you know, the deadline only stops a bill if people don't agree with it.
• The deadline, you know, the deadline only stops a bill if people don't agree with it.
• The deadline, you know, the deadline only stops a bill if people don't agree with it.
• The deadline, you know, the deadline only stops a bill if people don't agree with it.

Keywords: 1183, house

Transcript Highlights:

• There was no agreement among the candidates as to how to decide which of the two candidates would serve
• So when we initially filed these, these bills in the past, we had a very prescriptive bill.
• Yes, uh, we, we visited at length, I think back in February after the bill was filed.
• This time the chair lays out House Bill 3355, uh, the bill, uh, filed by Chair, Vice Chair Cole, but
• We really appreciate her and Cheryl Cole or Representative Cole, for filing this.