Transcript Highlights:

• longest rent strike here in Anne Arundel County, and it was a pivotal moment for housing and for tenants
• ><00:22:17.919><c> housing</c><00:22:18.559><c> and</c><00:22:18.799><c> for</c><00:22:19.039><c> tenants
• </c> moment for housing and for tenants moment for housing and for tenants rights.<00:22:20.159><c> She

Transcript Highlights:

• This bill also clearly states that all short-term rental properties, their tenants, and their tenants
• Does that section, where it says all short-term rental properties, along with their owners and tenants
• Does that section, where it says all short-term rental properties, along with their owners and tenants

Committee: House Business

Transcript Highlights:

• Does this include conversations with the tenant who may be reporting a landlord for code violations?
• Does this include conversations with the tenant who may be reporting a landlord for code violations?
• Will this bill impact the code inspector's ability to gather evidence from a tenant that's a whistleblower
• Can the landlord then access that footage, per se, to retaliate against that tenant?

Bills: S0014 , S0016 , S0024 , S0052 , S0308 , S0504 , S0506 , S0564 , S0572 , S0590 , S0594 , S0806 , S1396 , S7020 , S7024 , S7026

Committee: Senate Rules

Keywords: negligence, settlement, police conduct, municipal liability, personal injury, compensation, injuries, Miami-Dade County, places of worship, house of worship, church, mosque, synagogue, religious security, armed security, volunteer security, private security, security guard licensing, licensure exemption, Florida Statutes chapter 493

Transcript Highlights:

• here in strong support of maintaining full funding for Washington's appointed counsel for indigent tenant
• here in strong support of maintaining full funding for Washington's appointed counsel for indigent tenant
• It gives low-income tenants real due process and a fair chance in court, and prevents displacement, keeps
• million in the supplemental funding for FY27, we will lose 17 full-time attorneys, and 2,000 low-income tenants

Bills: HB2289

Committee: House Appropriations

Keywords: appropriations, budget, fiscal matters, state spending, general fund, supplemental budget, biennial budget, substitute bill, public defense, civil legal aid, courts, judicial branch, homelessness, supportive housing, affordable housing, behavioral health, juvenile rehabilitation, youth services, child welfare, foster care

Transcript Highlights:

• Relating to disclosure by landlord of residential multi-unit complex to a tenant of the percentage of
• by Bernal relating to disposition of rental payments received by public housing authorities from tenants
• relating to the possession, carrying, transporting, or storing of a firearm or firearm ammunition by a tenant
• relating to the repairs made pursuant to attendance notice of intent to repair the refund of the tenant

Transcript Highlights:

• The third bucket is the recreational piece: fishing and hunting.
• Then the fishing and hunting analysis found a 2019 study by Earth Economics that did a full indirect,
• direct impacts analysis of fishing and hunting as an outdoor recreation activity.
• direct impacts of fishing and hunting as an outdoor recreation activity.
• And, you know, you've got hunting and fishing guides out there who wouldn't have jobs anymore.

Summary: The Financial Estimate Committee met on July 6, 2026, to begin work on the financial estimate for IP 28, after reviewing the statutory process and confirming that only IP 28 had cleared the signature threshold for consideration. Staff explained the committee’s duties under ORS 250.125 and the timeline for draft statements, public hearing, and final adoption. The committee also designated Carol Moreno C. Fuentes to file the committee’s eventual statements. Staff from the Department of Administrative Services and the Legislative Revenue Office presented preliminary analysis of IP 28, describing major uncertainties in estimating impacts because the measure is not a tax law change and would affect multiple industries and government functions. Preliminary figures discussed included an estimated $56.5 million loss in the current biennium and $6.7 million in reduced expenditures, with larger projected revenue losses of roughly $244.1 million to $258 million and reduced expenditures of $30.7 million to $34.9 million in 2027–29, plus $87.8 million to $88.3 million in increased expenditures. Analysts said the biggest effects would likely involve agriculture, fish and wildlife, hunting and fishing, local government enforcement, and possible shifts in state funding, but many impacts remained difficult to quantify. Committee members raised concerns about local government costs, law enforcement and prosecution burdens, impacts on the hospitality and recreation sectors, possible effects on tribal governments and treaty rights, and whether the measure would affect shellfish and crabbing. They also discussed the Humane Transition Fund, subsidies, possible litigation costs, and whether the statement should include broader uncertainty language and multiple scenarios. Members generally agreed the draft should be revised to better reflect uncertainty, clarify assumptions, and possibly use bullets or other formatting to improve readability. No vote was taken. The committee agreed to treat the current draft as a working version, with staff to revise it based on the discussion and return an updated draft before the next meeting scheduled for July 17 at 2 p.m., with both in-person and virtual participation available.

Transcript Highlights:

• Conway, Cortez, Dhingra, Dozier, Fortunato, Frame, Gildon, Gaynor, Hansen, Harris, Hasegawa, Holy, Hunt
• Hunt: aye. Kauffman. King: aye. Krishnadasan. Leas. Thank you. Aye. Krishnadasan: aye. Leas.
• Asagawa, Holy, Hunt, Kauffman, King, Krishnadasan, Leas, Leis, Lovelett, Lovick, McEwen, Drew, McEwen
• Hunt. Kauffman. King. Krishnadasan. Leavitt. Lovick.
• Hunt. Kauffman. King. Good evening.

Bills: SB5223 , SB6071 , SB5966 , SB6061 , SB5520 , SB6016 , SB5890 , SB5973 , SB5053 , SB5249 , SB5536 , SB5879 , SB5899 , SB6190 , SB6086 , SB5574 , SB5873 , SB5924 , SB6134 , SB6263 , SB6282 , SB6302 , SB5950 , SB6074 , SB6096 , SB5970 , SB5609 , SB5827 , SB5862 , SB5880 , SB5901 , SB5943 , SB5971 , SB5975 , SB5981 , SB5988 , SB6097 , SJM8016 , SB5496 , SB5907 , SB6031 , SB6155 , SB6158 , SB6227 , SB5947 , SB6085 , SB6234 , SB6274 , SB6194 , SB5909 , SB5868 , SB6026 , SB6044 , SB6239 , SB5923 , SB6045 , SB6106 , SB6089 , SB6170 , SB5954 , SB5968 , SB5489 , SB5762 , SB5832 , SB5847 , SB5963 , SB5969 , SB6027 , SB6032 , SB6049 , SB6066 , SB6079 , SB6082 , SB6113 , SB6114 , SB6160 , SB6162 , SB6164 , SB6176 , SB6289 , SB6309 , SB6319 , SB6347 , SB6308 , SB6200 , SB6080 , SB5911 , SJM8014 , SB6177 , SB6052 , SB6182 , SB5828 , SB6335 , SB6017 , SB6346 , SB6262 , SB5470 , SB5990 , SB6244 , SB5961

Summary: The Senate opened with the usual ceremonial items, approved the previous day’s journal, received House messages, and introduced several bills. It also adopted Senate Resolution 868 honoring April as National Donate Life Month. Senators Gaynor and Dozier spoke in support, sharing personal stories about organ donation and transplant recipients, and the resolution was adopted by voice vote. The chamber also recognized guests in the gallery connected to those stories. The Senate then confirmed several gubernatorial appointments, including Colin L. Bannister to the Workforce Education, Investment, Accountability, and Oversight Board, Amina Hussein to the Washington State University Board of Regents, and Ramatou-Libah to the Eastern Washington University Board of Trustees. Each confirmation passed with broad support after brief remarks from Senator Schoesler, and several senators were excused from voting. The Senate also acknowledged MLA Jody Tour of British Columbia and a personal privilege recognition for Senator Leis receiving Finland’s Order of the Lion. On legislation, the Senate passed Engrossed Second Substitute Senate Bill 6026, dealing with residential development in commercial and mixed-use zones, after adopting and rejecting several amendments that narrowed or clarified exemptions and local-control provisions. Senators argued both for housing supply and for preserving local planning flexibility. The Senate also passed Senate Bill 6106 on layoff notifications and worker information protections, Senate Bill 5890 on speeding and reckless driving standards, Senate Bill 5536 on equitable distribution of real property in divorce, and Substitute Senate Bill 6097 allowing federally recognized tribes to participate in the Conservation Futures Program. Senate Bill 5988, authorizing fee authority for Department of Health accreditation services for opioid treatment programs, passed after a close vote with one nay. The meeting ended with the Senate standing at ease for caucus and lunch.

Transcript Highlights:

• Fortunato, Fray, Gildon, Hans, Hanson, Hansen, Paris, Paris, Paris, Hansen, Harris, Asagawa, Holy, Hunt
• Hunt. Kaufman. King. Krishnadasan. Leas. Lovelett. Lovick. McEwen and Drew. McEwen and Jim.
• , Kaufman, Hunt, Kaufman, King, Krishna Dossom, Leas, Lovelett, Lovick, MacEwen and Drew, MacEwen and
• Hunt. Kaufman. King. Krishna Dawson. Leas. Lovelet. Lovick. McEw and Drew. McEw and Jim. Thank you.
• Dozier, Fortunato, Frame, Gildon, Gildon, Gainer, Hunt, Kauffman, Kauffman, Kauffman, Kauffman.

Summary: The Senate considered and passed several bills, many of them after moving substitutes and suspending the rules to advance them directly to final passage. Second Substitute Senate Bill 6035, dealing with access to voting services for military, overseas, Native American, and disabled voters, was described as a civic engagement measure that would require county auditors and the Secretary of State to work with federally recognized tribes and explore a secure voting portal. Supporters emphasized outreach, access, and helping overseas and disabled voters; opponents raised concerns about online voting security, paper ballot integrity, and emerging technologies. The bill passed 38-19. Substitute Senate Bill 6034, which statutorily establishes the Governor’s Office on Indian Affairs, passed unanimously 49-0 after supporters said it would formally anchor an office that has existed for decades and better reflect the state’s government-to-government relationship with tribes. Engrossed Substitute Senate Bill 6247, on school district financial management and training, also passed 49-0 after an amendment was adopted to delay implementation and clarify funding for training. Supporters said the bill would help school boards, superintendents, and ESDs identify districts sliding toward financial distress and improve fiscal oversight. The Senate also passed Senate Bill 5922, giving school districts more flexibility to transfer unused school bus depreciation funds when declining enrollment means replacement buses may not be needed, and Senate Bill 6278, requiring ongoing review of teacher and principal preparation programs so training better matches classroom needs; both passed with broad support. Engrossed Substitute Senate Bill 6246, concerning emissions-intensive, trade-exposed facilities under the Climate Commitment Act, drew the most extended debate and passed 27-22 after a striking amendment was adopted and a proposed reporting amendment was rejected. Supporters said it creates a framework for future emissions allowance reductions while protecting jobs and competitiveness; opponents warned it would drive mills and other industrial employers out of Washington. The Senate also passed Engrossed Substitute Senate Bill 5906, the SAFE Act limiting ICE access to non-public areas of schools, colleges, health care facilities, daycares, and similar sites without a warrant, after adopting amendments related to model policies and union notification; supporters framed it as a safety and due process measure, while opponents called it an attempt to obstruct federal law enforcement. Finally, Substitute Senate Bill 5905, addressing PERS membership for certain port workers in federal railroad retirement plans, passed 49-0 as a technical pension fix.

Transcript Highlights:

• I was living in a hunting blind.
• I purchased this hunting blind with the intention of outdoor activities with my son.
• I was living in a hunting blind.
• I was living in a hunting blind. yourself for the record and proceed yes yourself for the record and
• </c> I was homeless I was living in a hunting I was homeless I was living in a hunting blind blind blind

Transcript Highlights:

• </c> lawmakers pivot to squirrel hunting lawmakers pivot to squirrel hunting references.<00:21:51.280
• </c> gun ownership and the deep hunting gun ownership and the deep hunting traditions<00:25:18.640><c
• c> heritage</c><00:25:24.960><c> runs</c> and Minnesota's hunting heritage runs and Minnesota's hunting
• </c> resembles hunting. resembles hunting.
• These were all hunting<00:59:38.799><c> rounds.</c> hunting rounds. hunting rounds.

Committee: Senate Judiciary and Public Safety

Transcript Highlights:

• And people that think hunting is bad, it's not.
• And so then, is it private individuals who would initiate the hunt or the culling?
• I mean, that's they run hunting in the state.
• Just considering some hunting rights It a lot.
• So this brings in the hunting out-of-state hunters, which has been a problem.

Bills: SB65 , SB248 , SB330 , SB378 , SB844 , SB1330 , SB1410 , SB1475 , SB1476 , SB1565 , SB1618 , SB1623 , SJR39 , SJR47 , SB2084 , SB1655 , SB1679 , SB2174 , SB1775 , SB1873 , SB1204 , SB1884 , SB1916 , SB1937 , SB1447 , SB1500 , SB2007 , SB2074 , SB1944 , SB2018 , SB1984 , SB2026 , SB2045 , SB2049 , SB2062 , SB2112 , SB2118 , SB2127 , SB2134 , SB2135 , SB2139 , SB2154 , SB1195

Keywords: SB65, naloxone, Narcan, opioid overdose, overdose reversal, opioid antagonist, emergency opioid antagonist, substance abuse services, harm reduction, public health, overdose prevention, good samaritan, civil immunity, criminal immunity, controlled substances, addiction treatment, fentanyl, opioid crisis, school overdose response, first aid

Transcript Highlights:

• Okay, uh, Chairman Hunt.
• okay uh chairman hunt okay uh chairman hunt yep<00:35:13.880><c> I</c><00:35:13.960><c> just</c><00:
• Walsh post hunt burough Sullivan and Walsh post hunt burough Sullivan and spear spear spear okay<01:11
• </c> burough second by representative hunt burough second by representative hunt all<01:12:35.239><c>
• Sorry about that, Chairman Hunt. Yes, yes, Representative Hunt.

Summary: The subcommittee first took up House Bill 507, which concerns the timeline for credentialing mental health care providers. Members discussed and approved an amendment that removed section 2 and changed the bill’s effective date to January 1. A motion for ought to pass as amended was made, seconded, and approved by a 6-0 vote, with Representative Miles assigned to write the committee report. The bulk of the meeting focused on House Bill 705, a price-transparency measure requiring insurance-related data reporting and uniform formatting. Committee members and a representative from Anthem discussed how the bill would interact with federal requirements, including a recent presidential executive order and anticipated CMS guidance on uniformity standards. Anthem testified that the federal timeline was uncertain, that final rules could take months, and that the machine-readable files involved are complex and costly to produce. Some members argued the state should mirror federal standards but wait for final federal guidance; others said the bill should create a firm state requirement and not leave everything to rulemaking. The main unresolved issue was timing. Members debated whether the bill should be effective upon passage, apply to plan years beginning January 1, 2026, or be delayed until after federal guidance is finalized, with several references to a possible six-month implementation window after final federal rules. No final vote was taken on HB 705 in the portion provided; instead, the committee planned to revisit the bill the next morning after language was rewritten and circulated, with a straw vote anticipated before the executive session.

Transcript Highlights:

• , goose hunting.
• , goose hunting.
• So there is hunting.
• for hunting elk, you know, limited by the size of the herds.
• is hunting so uh obviously<01:18:37.080><c> deer</c><01:18:37.320><c> hunting</c><01:18:37.719><c> is

Bills: HF601 , HF271 , HF1101 , HF979

Committee: House Agriculture Finance and Policy

Transcript Highlights:

• Hunt. Kauffman. King.
• Hunt. Kaufman. King.
• Dozier, Fortunato, Frame, Gildon, Gaynor, Graham, Gildon, Gaynor, Hansen, Harris, Hasegawa, Holy, Hunt
• Hansen, Harris, Hasegawa, Holy, Hunt, Kaufman, King, Krishnadasan, Liias, Lovelett, Lovick, McEwen, Jim
• Hunt. Osagawa. Holy. Hunt. Kaufman. Aye. King. Krishna Dawson. Leas. Lovelet. Lovick.

Bills: SCR8410 , SCR8410

Keywords: returning bills to house of origin, sine die, end of session, legislative procedure, Rules Committee, third reading, unfinished business, pending bills, joint resolutions, concurrent resolutions, joint memorials, special session, bill numbering, legislative records, House of Representatives, Washington Legislature, session adjournment, procedural resolution

Transcript Highlights:

• Conway, Cortez, Dinger, Dozier, Fortunato, Frame, Gildon, Gaynor, Hansen, Harris, Hasegawa, Holy, Hunt
• Hunt, Kaufman, King, Krishna Dawson, Leas, Lovelet, Lovick, McEwen, McEwen, Jim, Mazzall, Nobles, Orwell
• Hunt. Kaufman. King. Krishnadasan. Krishnadasan. Leas. Leis. Lovelett. Lovick. Lovelett. Lovick.
• , Hunt, Kaufman, King, Krishnadasan, Leas, Lovelett, Lovick, McEwen and Drew, McEwen and Jim, Muzzall
• Hunt. Kaufman. King. Krista Dawson. Leas. Lovelet. Lovick. McEw and Drew. McEw and Jim.

Bills: SB5223 , SB5993 , SB5831 , SB5928 , SB6183 , SB6071 , SB5995 , SB5966 , SB5841 , SB5840 , SB6061 , SB6058 , SB5931 , SB5944 , SB5520 , SB6011 , SB6087 , SB6076 , SB5916 , SB6016 , SB5936 , SB6137 , SB5185 , SB5956 , SB6025 , SB6009 , SB5833 , SB6161 , SB6188 , SB5890 , SB5917 , SB5820 , SB5973 , SJM8015 , SB5816 , SB6136 , SB6091 , SB6024 , SB5223 , SB6178 , SB5892 , SB5177 , SB6039 , SB5941 , SB5993 , SB5831 , SB5928 , SB5912 , SB6183 , SB6071 , SB5995 , SB5966 , SB5841 , SB5840 , SB6061 , SB6058 , SB5931 , SB5944 , SB5520 , SB6011 , SB6087 , SB6076 , SB5916 , SB6016 , SB5936 , SB6137 , SB5185 , SB5956 , SB6025 , SB6009 , SB5833 , SB6161 , SB6188 , SB5890 , SB5917 , SB5820 , SB5973 , SJM8015 , SB5816 , SB6136 , SB6091 , SB6024

Keywords: criminal offense, fingerprinting, law enforcement, state regulations, public safety, medical debt, interest charges, consumer protection, healthcare, financial burden, mortgage modification, uniform regulations, homeowners, financial stability, foreclosure prevention, wildfire risk, disclosure, safety, environmental policy, risk assessment

Transcript Highlights:

• Conway, Cortez, Dhingra, Dozier, Fortunato, Frame, Gildon, Gaynor, Hansen, Harris, Hasegawa, Holy, Hunt
• Hunt, Kaufman, King, Krishna Dawson, Leas, Lovelet, Lovick, McEwen, McEwen, Jim, Mazzall, Nobles, Orwell
• Hunt. Kauffman. King. Krishnadasan. Krishnadasan. Leas. Leis. Lovelett. Lovick. Lovelett. Lovick.
• Hunt. Hunt. Kauffman. King. Kristine Reeves. Leas. Lovelett. Lovick. McEwen and Drew.
• Hunt. Kaufman. King. Krista Dawson. Leas. Lovelet. Lovick. McEw and Drew. McEw and Jim.

Bills: SB5223 , SB5993 , SB5831 , SB5928 , SB6183 , SB6071 , SB5995 , SB5966 , SB5841 , SB5840 , SB6061 , SB6058 , SB5931 , SB5944 , SB5520 , SB6011 , SB6087 , SB6076 , SB5916 , SB6016 , SB5936 , SB6137 , SB5185 , SB5956 , SB6025 , SB6009 , SB5833 , SB6161 , SB6188 , SB5890 , SB5917 , SB5820 , SB5973 , SJM8015 , SB5816 , SB6136 , SB6091 , SB6024

Summary: The Senate opened with routine proceedings, including the roll call, approval of the previous day’s journal, referral of committee reports and gubernatorial appointments, and the removal of Senate Joint Memorial 8003 from the consent calendar to the regular calendar. The chamber also received and referred Engrossed Substitute House Bill 1604 to the Committee on Human Services, and later took up several gubernatorial confirmations. The Senate adopted Senate Resolution 8682 recognizing the YMCA’s 150th anniversary in Washington. Senators spoke in support, describing the YMCA’s role in child care, swim lessons, youth programs, civic engagement, camps, and community health, and guests from YMCA organizations were recognized on the floor. The Senate then confirmed Jeffrey P. Fairchild to the Whatcom Community College Board of Trustees, Randall V. Scott to the Lake Washington Institute of Technology Board of Trustees, and Anna M. Franklin to the Community Colleges of Spokane Board of Trustees, each by unanimous or near-unanimous roll call votes. The chamber also observed a moment of silence for the family of Representative Tom Dent after his wife suffered a stroke. After caucuses, the Senate returned to floor action on two major bills. Substitute Senate Bill 5185, creating a pilot pathway to physician licensure for international medical graduates, was advanced to final passage and approved 39-1. Engrossed Substitute Senate Bill 5993, lowering the interest rate on medical debt, drew extensive debate about affordability, charity care, and the impact on rural hospitals; amendments were considered, including one to make the bill prospective rather than retroactive, which was adopted, while a rural-hospital differential-rate amendment failed. The bill ultimately passed 29-19. The Senate then adjourned until Monday, February 9, 2026.

Transcript Highlights:

• I have fished all over the United States and hunted all over the United States.
• I've also visited and fished and hunted in now going on 40-something countries worldwide.
• They want somebody that is a hunting outfitter and is familiar with hunting. Mr.
• It's a long mathematical formula depending on the type of hunt as to how the tags get designated.
• Do they have jurisdiction over hunting and fishing like we do at the state level?

Committee: Senate Resources and Environment

Transcript Highlights:

• , no 21 miles of the state-owned Conway Branch are the state-owned privately for which we have no tenant
• So we have no tenant railroads who we will be severing any agreements with, okay?
• </c> privately for which we have no tenant privately for which we have no tenant railroads<01:32:11.719
• </c> the main line so we have no tenant the main line so we have no tenant railroads<01:32:23.000><c>
• railroads that use our those tenant railroads that use our railroad<02:23:48.520><c> lines</c><02:23

Summary: The Public Works and Highways Committee heard testimony on House Bill 375, which would allow municipalities to designate certain road segments for ATV travel, create maps and signage for those routes, set seasonal limits, and require certain equipment on ATVs such as lights, a horn, flashers, and directional signals. The sponsor, Rep. Dan Maguire, said the bill is intended to support tourism and give towns a structured, optional way to permit ATV use on roads, not to override existing uses. Members asked about possible overlap with agricultural vehicle rules, golf carts, speed limits, and whether the bill could allow ATV use on busier roads or expressways; the sponsor said he did not intend to interfere with existing lawful uses and believed golf carts would only be included if they met the relevant statutory requirements. NHDOT State Maintenance Engineer Alan Hennessy said the department had concerns with language exempting municipalities and the Bureau of Trails from the permitting process, arguing that the existing permit system provides needed review, public notice, and signage requirements. He also raised questions about road funding and maintenance if ATVs were allowed on state highways. Fish and Game Captain Michael Eastman testified that his commission opposed the bill as written, citing concerns about the ATV definition, the distinction between ATVs, UTVs, and other OHRVs, and the potential impact on state highways and road maintenance. He said towns can already open roads to OHRV use under existing law, and he noted that accident data for road use would generally be handled by local police or State Police rather than Fish and Game. Craig Reny, chief of the Bureau of Trails, said the current Bureau of Trails/DOT permit process for highway crossings and connectors works well and is used to ensure safety through engineering review. He said his bureau was not taking a position on the bill but wanted to clarify that existing procedures already address many of the issues the bill appears to cover. No vote or final action was taken during the portion of the meeting provided.

Transcript Highlights:

• Our residents, our tenants should not have the access to tell a contractor to work on our electrical
• Our residents, our tenants should not have the access to tell a contractor to work on our electrical
• :52.200><c> should</c><00:42:52.480><c> not</c> our residents, our tenants should not our residents,
• our tenants should not have<00:42:52.960><c> the</c><00:42:53.120><c> access</c><00:42:53.600><c> to<
• tenants tenants so<01:35:53.680><c> that</c><01:35:53.920><c> they</c><01:35:54.120><c> can</c><01:35

Committee: Senate Commerce and Consumer Protection

Transcript Highlights:

• of the state, the very most central part of the state, the Brainerd Lakes area, as I mentioned, to hunt
• of the state, the very most central part of the state, the Brainerd Lakes area, as I mentioned, to hunt
• 04.720><c> and</c><00:05:05.400><c> even</c><00:05:05.639><c> have</c><00:05:05.880><c> kayuna</c> hunt
• and fish and even have kayuna hunt and fish and even have kayuna nearby<00:05:07.039><c> so</c><00:05
• or fishing license the Fe the hunting or fishing license the Fe the funds<00:26:42.840><c> go</c><00

Committee: House Environment and Natural Resources Finance and Policy