Transcript Highlights:

• Kin does not have to have a Level 1 fingerprint clearance card to become licensed.
• And I will break that down to the case level.
• Level.
• , cannot do math past the third grade, have a higher level of dropout, a higher level of incarceration
• Training cannot be optional when trauma at this level is the norm.

Keywords: 1182, all

Summary: The committee met for a presentation-only hearing on the Arizona Department of Child Safety, with no bills on the agenda. Chair Blackman opened by emphasizing that the hearing was intended to be data-focused and respectful, and that personal attacks or false accusations would not be tolerated. Director Catherine Patak then presented DCS data on hotline volume, investigations, reunifications, adoptions, guardianships, foster care entries and exits, kinship placement, congregate care, missing youth, and extended foster care. She said the department investigated more than 43,000 cases in 2025, kept the out-of-home care population relatively steady, and had reunified about 3,000 children with parents, while also noting that older youth and behavioral-health-driven removals are creating a mismatch with available foster homes. She also described kinship supports, foster parent recruitment, and the impact of Family First on funding, saying DCS lost federal drawdown for congregate care while waiting on approval for prevention programs. Members questioned the director about kinship caregivers, behavioral health access, reunification services, parental rights terminations, notice and documentation practices, and the effect of increased reimbursement rates. Patak said unlicensed kin can receive support through the kinship supports contract, that behavioral health assessments are done quickly at the welcome center or within 24 hours for kin placements, and that provider capacity remains a major constraint outside DCS control. She explained reunification conditions and services, said the department is working on documentation and notice issues flagged by the Auditor General, and noted that kinship reimbursement increases have helped some families step forward. She also said DCS procurement for group homes is handled internally through an RFP process and that about 10% of kinship caregivers become licensed. Representative Gillette then delivered a lengthy presentation arguing that the child welfare, Medicaid, and disability systems are structurally intertwined and that procurement and funding rules create incentives for volume and congregate care use. He criticized DCS, DES, and AHCCCS/Access oversight structures, argued that the system diffuses accountability, and said the committee’s work and related materials would be referred to special counsel. He also raised concerns about documentation, placement decisions, and the cost of congregate care, while asserting that the system over-relies on large providers and that reforms should focus on structural and financial incentives. Vice Chair Fink followed with a brief slide noting that congregate care costs far more per child than foster or kinship care, reinforcing the committee’s concern about placement costs and the need to shift children toward family-based care when possible.

Transcript Highlights:

• There is no consequence to fleeing when fleeing a peace officer in a motor vehicle is the lowest-level
• There is no consequence to fleeing when fleeing a peace officer in a motor vehicle is the lowest-level
• <00:11:58.800> sever motor vehicle is the lowest level sever motor vehicle is the lowest level
• felony and what we've seen as a level felony and what we've seen as a result<00:12:21.880> of
• <00:12:51.519> of tools to utilize different levels of tools to utilize different levels of

Keywords: 1183, house

Transcript Highlights:

• . >> [applause] Former Senator Tanaka is among the group who served at the council level for, in his
• school's success is driven by a fully licensed and experienced teaching staff, strong data-driven grade-level
• data-driven<00:31:37.520> and staff, strong data-driven and staff, strong data-driven and grade-level
• <00:31:38.160> collaboration,<00:31:39.360> and<00:31:39.560> deep grade-level collaboration
• , and deep grade-level collaboration, and deep commitment<00:31:40.320> to<00:31:40.400> professional

Bills: HB1576, HB2490, HB1546, HB1588

Keywords: HB1576, Hawaii film industry, DBEDT, BLNR, Department of Business Economic Development and Tourism, Board of Land and Natural Resources, film permits, motion picture production, television production, commercial filming, digital media tax credit, film production tax credit, public notice, transparency, state lands, film studio, land set-aside, revocable permit, memorandum of agreement, memorandum of understanding

Transcript Highlights:

• level.
• And I believe that this is pretty much what's going on at the national level.
• to do a similar thing here on the state level.
• I went to school through, well, I was very lucky in Panama to go through first grade to sixth grade with
• They finished eighth grade with honors.

Summary: The Senate met, opened with prayer and the pledge, and then handled a series of messages and floor actions. The chamber transmitted a large group of Senate bills to the governor and Senate Concurrent Memorial 1004 to the Secretary of State. It also received House requests to return Senate Bills 1175 and 1198 for reconsideration, which were granted without objection. The Senate then moved into Committee of the Whole to consider several House concurrent resolutions. On H.C.R. 2001, a constitutional referral on election requirements, senators debated a Judiciary Committee amendment and a Hoffman floor amendment that would require voter ID, allow election-day tabulation of early ballots at polling places, and require legislative funding for implementation. Supporters said the measure would improve election security, voter confidence, and speed up results; opponents argued it was vague, could undermine mail voting, and lacked clear implementation details. The amendment was adopted, and after further debate the Committee of the Whole gave H.C.R. 2001 a do-pass recommendation by a 15-12 vote. Later, on third reading, the full Senate passed H.C.R. 2001 by a 16-12 vote and transmitted it to the House. The chamber also considered H.C.R. 2003, a referral on student athletics and biological sex. Senator Ortiz offered a floor amendment to replace the blanket ban approach with rules based on athletic ability and inclusion; supporters said it would preserve fairness while avoiding discrimination, while opponents said it would gut the measure and weaken protections for girls’ sports. The Ortiz amendment failed 11-16, and H.C.R. 2003 then received a do-pass recommendation in Committee of the Whole and later passed third reading. H.C.R. 2044, a referral on prohibiting preferential treatment and discrimination, also received a do-pass recommendation without recorded controversy. The Senate then adjourned after completing the remaining procedural motions and votes.

Transcript Highlights:

• modifies requirements for student assessment that lowered the stakes for students on Algebra 1 and grade
• 10 ELA assessments, making them 30% of the final course grade rather than a graduation requirement,
• expands assessment options used for fourth grade promotion, and provides school districts flexibility
• 10 ELA assessments, making them 30% of the final course grade rather than a graduation requirement,
• expands assessment options used for fourth grade promotion, and provides school districts flexibility

Summary: The Committee on Fiscal Policy considered several bills and reported all of them favorably. SB 70-24, on state planning and budgeting, was presented as a modernization of the long-range planning program to simplify reporting, remove outdated measures, and focus on key data points and outcomes; it passed without opposition. CS/SB 166, on administrative efficiency in public schools, made broad changes to school accountability and operations, including lowering the stakes of certain student assessments, giving districts more flexibility on evaluations, contracts, certification, calendars, facilities, and VPK oversight. Two amendments were adopted: one clarifying that Title I funds may be used for STEM services, and another refining how advanced degrees count on salary schedules. The bill passed favorably after testimony both supporting and opposing the changes, with supporters emphasizing flexibility and opponents raising concerns about teacher evaluation and instructional practice. CS/SB 164, on vessel accountability, was described as a measure to address derelict and at-risk vessels by improving owner identification, creating a free long-term anchoring permit program, increasing penalties, and authorizing grants for local governments in the FWC prevention program. It received support from marine industry groups and was reported favorably. CS/SB 472, on education and correctional facilities for licensed professions, would allow inmates to receive credit toward licensure for qualifying coursework; a strike-all amendment added coordination with DBPR and professional boards. The bill drew support from criminal justice, business, and policy groups and passed unanimously. The committee spent the most time on CS/SB 438, on food and hemp products. Senator Burton and co-sponsor Senator Davis argued the bill was needed to regulate intoxicating hemp products, restrict child-appealing packaging and signage, ban synthetic hemp products, cap THC content in edibles and beverages, and require hemp beverages to be sold through alcohol-style distribution channels. Supporters, including alcohol distributors and some public safety advocates, said the bill would improve testing, labeling, and consumer protection. Opponents, including hemp retailers, farmers, and libertarian advocates, argued it would harm small businesses, reduce consumer choice, and push sales to the black market. After extensive debate, the bill was reported favorably. At the end of the meeting, senators requested to be recorded as voting in the affirmative on tab five, and the committee adjourned.

Transcript Highlights:

• District level level data but my District level level data but my understanding<04:41:23.440>
• , not individual outcomes, but understanding in these grade levels how is this changing over time so
• necessarily um at the individual level necessarily um at the individual level but<06:02:48.878><
• levels.
• levels.

Keywords: 928, house, all

Summary: The committee first noted that House Bill 398, concerning Holocaust and genocide studies, and House Bill 131 had already been handled previously and were off the schedule. It then took up House Bill 740, which would require the Department of Education to maintain permanent records for closed charter schools. After brief discussion about overlap with another charter-school bill that already addressed closure and records, Representative Freeman moved to table the bill. The committee voted 16-0 to table/ITL the bill, and it was placed on the consent calendar. The main discussion centered on House Bill 557, which would require additional information on school budget ballots, including average cost per pupil, enrollment history, and teacher-to-administrator ratios. Members raised concerns that the bill was duplicative of existing law, overly detailed, costly to towns, and potentially electioneering or cumbersome on ballots. Supporters argued it would improve transparency and help voters who do not attend deliberative sessions or use online resources. The committee did not vote on the bill during the discussion; instead, members moved into caucus and later indicated they would hold the bill until Monday for further review. Later, the committee turned to House Bill 699 on special education definitions and considered Amendment 0606H. The sponsor explained the amendment was developed with the Department of Education after hearing testimony and was intended to align state definitions with federal law and incorporate recommendations from a prior audit, including changing “functionally blind pupils” to “students with visual impairments.” Some members supported the changes as responsive to the hearing and audit, while others objected that the amendment was still confusing, had not fully addressed stakeholder concerns, and should wait for a more comprehensive special education audit. The discussion also referenced House Bill 754 and another amendment, but the transcript ends before final action on HB 699 is shown.

Transcript Highlights:

• is from people that are right on the is from people that are right on the ground<00:10:56.040> level
• that are recognizing and ground level that are recognizing and seeing<00:10:58.639> uh<00:10:
• <00:15:29.240> not accountable at the individual level not accountable at the individual level
• Does not get very good grades as far as implementing.
• Level recipient is the reinsurance nonprofit. I can't speak to that.

Keywords: 1187, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• So we have a high-level collegiate-approved course that the NCAA out of Indianapolis knows when they
• So I hope that the rest of the committee will indulge the level of detail that you've shared.
• of the committee will indulge the level of the committee will indulge the level of<01:03:11.680>
• It's been a true honor to serve as... who's followed sports at all levels who's followed sports at all
• levels throughout<01:07:23.280> the<01:07:23.520> Commonwealth,<01:07:24.640> I

Keywords: Meeting Start 00:00:00 Call to Order and Roll Call 00:00:19 Signage Value & Tourism Growth Along the Hatfield-McCoy Feud Trail 00:03:12 Building a Stronger Community Through Sports 00:32:03, 958, all

Summary: The committee first approved the minutes from the prior meeting and then heard a presentation from Pike County/Pikeville tourism officials about improving signage for the Hatfield-McCoy historic sites. Bob Scott, Tony Tacket, and Jay Shepard said visitors increasingly come to the area but often cannot find the sites because cell service and GPS are unreliable in the mountains. They argued that clearer signage along routes 119, 319, and 1056 would help visitors navigate the historic loop, strengthen branding, and increase dwell time and local spending. The Pike County presenters emphasized the economic importance of tourism, citing growth in tourist spending from $72.93 million in 2017 to $103.2 million in 2023 and $114.6 million in 2024. They said tourism helps offset the decline of coal, supports local mom-and-pop businesses, and benefits from partnerships with nearby West Virginia sites such as Matewan and other Hatfield-McCoy-related locations. Members asked about cross-state promotion, lodging capacity, and the possibility of a dinner show in Kentucky; the presenters said lodging is up 33% but more is needed, a new Crown Plaza hotel is planned in Pikeville, and a dinner show would require local investment and community buy-in. Committee members from the region spoke in support of the tourism effort and the need to preserve and teach local history. The chair and others said signage would help visitors and noted that a business without signs is no business. The committee then moved on to a separate presentation from the Louisville Sports Commission, introduced by Senator Jason Howell, which began with an overview of the commission’s role in sports tourism and economic development in Louisville.

Transcript Highlights:

• Of their own tax rate at the local level, as we have preached time and time again.
• You're talking about, like, school board or some lower-level ballots.
• My first-grade classmate, we did first grade together.
• Yes, three of us have been here since first grade.
• My first-grade teacher was Ms. Green, right? Ms.

Bills: HB18, SB 54, SB 10, HR 76, HR 77, HR 78, HR 82, HR 83, HR 88, HR 89, HR 93, HR 94, HR 95, HR 98, HR 101, HR 102, HR 104, HR 105, HR 107, HR 108, HR 109, HR 110, HR 111, HR 112, HR 113, HR 123, HR 125, HR 79, HR 80, HR 81, HR 84, HR 85, HR 86, HR 87, HR 90, HR 91, HR 92, HR 96, HR 97, HR 100, HR 103, HR 106, HR 114, HR 115, HR 116, HR 117, HR 118, HR 119, HR 120, HR 121, HR 122, HR 124, HB 18, SB 54, SB 10, HB 8

Keywords: HB 18, Texas Legislature, quorum break, quorum-busting, legislative walkout, absent legislators, political contributions, campaign finance, political expenditures, legislative caucus, specific-purpose committee, Texas Ethics Commission, civil penalty, show cause order, district court, Fifteenth Court of Appeals, session fundraising, travel lodging food expenses, legislative session, compelled attendance

Transcript Highlights:

• level.
• I've worked at the association level as well and doesn't years in state government.
• and at the community level.
• that we should have a lot of people instead going to college and colleges grade.
• They compete at the highest levels.

Keywords: 999, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• That I know that we all on some level appreciate. Let's think about infrastructure.
• A majority of Texas 3rd and 8th graders are not performing on grade level in reading and math across
• income is, get priority over a family that's within 400% of the poverty level?
• level in every single grade.
• To grade 12, wait a minute.

Bills: SB2, SJR36, SB2, SB2, SR29, SB2

Keywords: Maverick County, recognition, economic development, Texas Senate, community celebration, 1185, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• Uh, but all the other local level, county level, they're all using the centralized GIS.
• And so, some of the savings may come at the local level even if they don't come at the state level. >
• the savings may come at the local level the savings may come at the local level even<00:18:15.880
• . level. level.
• highest level of security. highest level of security.

Keywords: Meeting Start 00:00:00 Commonwealth Office of Technology 00:01:00 Department of Education 00:21:00 Transportation Cabinet 00:35:30 Secretary of State 00:45:15 Cabinet for Health and Family Services 00:56:11 Discussion of the Kentucky Communications Network Authority and Related legislation 01:09:11, 958, all

Summary: The meeting began with approval of the prior minutes and then focused first on the Commonwealth Office of Technology’s legacy systems and two specific projects. COT officials said many agencies have made progress moving off legacy applications, with remaining mainframe systems slated to be retired through RFPs or other work orders. They also described a legacy funding pool of $10 million per biennium used to help agencies transition. The two projects discussed were the Kentucky aerial photography and elevation data program, which provides statewide aerial imagery and lidar data for GIS, E911, environmental, transportation, and other uses, and a citizen identity and access management system intended to give residents a single login for state services. Officials said the GIS program costs about $1.2 million annually to host and maintain, with data acquisition costing several million more per year, and that the citizen identity system would cost about $2.5 million per year after an initial three-year COT investment. Members asked about duplication of funding, licensing, local government use, and whether multi-factor authentication would be required; COT said the GIS data is being acquired as statewide unlicensed data and that MFA would be available but not yet mandated statewide. Committee members pressed COT on costs, overlap with cabinet-level IT spending, and the practical benefits of the GIS and identity projects. COT explained that GIS hosting is generally covered through enterprise assessments billed quarterly to agencies, while the new aerial data is intended to benefit the whole state and local partners. On the identity project, officials said it would centralize authentication for citizens who use state systems, improve compliance with zero-trust and NIST-related security expectations, and reduce help desk and maintenance burdens through self-service account tools. Members also discussed whether the system would extend to local governments; COT said it would be a Kentucky.gov-style state login for users inside the state identity infrastructure, not a local-government system. The Department of Education then testified that it does not operate mainframes or major legacy systems, having moved long ago to cloud-based, off-the-shelf products and vendor-supported services. KDE officials described a strong emphasis on staff cybersecurity awareness, standardized statewide systems, vendor risk-sharing, and reducing sensitive data exposure, including efforts to move away from student Social Security numbers. They also highlighted a transition from Microsoft Active Directory to Identity Automation, which they said will improve identity management and make multi-factor authentication universal across K-12. In response to questions about Kentucky Wired and internet service, KDE said all 171 school districts and KDE agencies have been moved to a new next-generation internet service through ENA by Zayo, with strong satisfaction, e-rate savings, and better reliability. Officials warned that any internet disruption would immediately affect attendance, grades, student records, payroll, security systems, and communications across the K-12 system.

Transcript Highlights:

• The unsafe levels of lead have caused the department to increase from an annual to biannual external
• With content and assessments on grade level and fully aligned with Florida state standards.
• It's the same level of teacher. This is the academic day.
• So there may be a classroom that has four different grade levels in the classroom.
• But what's important is each kid is getting one-on-one with a teacher that's appropriate to their grade

Summary: The committee heard budget presentations from the Florida Department of Law Enforcement, the Department of Juvenile Justice, and the clerks of court. FDLE outlined 28 legislative budget requests for fiscal year 2026-27, including funding for a new Fort Myers regional operations center lease, technology and data system upgrades, moving several programs off uncertain federal grants, expanding the wellness office, cryptocurrency seizure efforts, cybersecurity, forensic equipment, digital forensics, criminal history modernization, training, and the SAFE fentanyl enforcement program. Members asked about the reported 79% increase in officer misconduct cases, the role of body cameras and masking, public records request burdens on local agencies, and the status of Fibers and the Uniform Arrest Affidavit systems. FDLE said the misconduct data covers all sworn officers and corrections personnel, that many cases would not be affected by body cameras because they involve off-duty conduct or internal matters, and that it is working with agencies and vendors to improve participation in reporting systems. DJJ Secretary Matt Walsh updated the committee on the Florida Scholars Academy, describing the new unified education system across 39 residential facilities. He reported first-year enrollment, course completions, graduations, and compliance results, and said the program now provides in-person and blended instruction, individualized support, mental health services, and career and technical education. He also discussed staffing shortages in some detention facilities, the need for more residential beds, and the importance of recognizing and supporting staff. In response to questions, he explained how the program addresses students with disabilities and behavioral needs through one-on-one instruction, paraprofessionals, and immediate mental health support. The clerks of court presented a budget request centered on funding shortfalls and rising costs. Clerk and Comptroller Stacey Butterfield said clerks are operating with outdated funding levels despite increased statutory duties, higher postage and staffing costs, and growing workloads in priority case types such as injunctions for protection and other high-risk matters. The clerks requested $22 million in direct appropriations, including support for due process costs, jury management, and staffing for 37 new judges approved last session. Members also asked about Senate Bill 532, which Butterfield described as a CPI-based measure to update court fines and fees that have remained unchanged since 2008. The committee took no votes on the presentations and adjourned after discussion.

Transcript Highlights:

• We went and traded out 4 through 12 for 6, 10, and 12th grade. Thank you.
• Sixth, tenth, and twelfth grade.
• I keep wanting to raise you up to a higher level. No, that's not right.

Keywords: 908, all

Summary: The conference committee on Senate Bill 2330 met to consider a new conference committee amendment, 25.0551.0603. Members reviewed changes that narrowed the grade levels covered from 4-12 to 6th, 10th, and 12th grades, replaced “evidence-based” with “best practices,” and retained language striking the appropriation because funding is already included in the Attorney General’s budget. Representatives also noted that the bill applies to public and tribal schools, with non-public schools removed from the proposal. Testimony from Representative Jonas reported follow-up with the Department of Public Instruction and the Attorney General’s office. DPI said it was prepared to work with the Attorney General’s office and the eventual grant recipient if the bill passes, and the Attorney General’s office indicated it was comfortable with the statutory guidance in the bill. Committee members discussed the importance of maintaining quality standards and the role of stakeholders in implementation. The committee first voted on the amendment and it passed by voice vote, then voted to adopt the conference committee amendment in place of the House amendment 0601. That motion also passed unanimously by voice vote. Senator Bain was designated to carry the bill on the Senate side and Representative Jonas on the House side, and the committee then adjourned.

Transcript Highlights:

• The teachers who come out of this program gain a level of confidence that most teachers don't have.
• One is indexing the stipends that residents receive to minimum Level 1 teacher salaries.
• We don't have that level of power. We're not quite all the way. My bad.
• I forgot we don't have that level of power in this committee.
• At that level, they need to go ahead and continue to participate there.

Bills: HB30, HB120, HJR1, SB210, SB306

Keywords: teacher residency, Teacher Residency Act, public schools, teacher preparation, educator pipeline, teacher recruitment, teacher retention, student teachers, apprenticeship, co-teaching, mentor teachers, residency stipend, teacher salary, level one teacher, charter schools, school districts, New Mexico education, teacher workforce, principal stipend, cohort model

Transcript Highlights:

• This was happening to our 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th on up grade students as young as 6th grade.
• On the national level, we follow it there as well through our federal partners.
• So state jail, I mean, when you go, when you get to state jail level marijuana delivery, you are talking
• I think on the misdemeanor levels, you, you know, You're, you're taking, you're taking things that most
• Right now it's a low level misdemeanor. They're back out on the street. They do it again.

Transcript Highlights:

• I kind of remember a test in ninth grade. I want to say eighth or ninth grade that we took.
• Your sponsorship of bills would secure these necessary levels of regular recurring funding were critical
• and get us an organized approach to capital outlay to ensure that. whenever it gets to the agency level
• and to executive level that we've done our homework to justify why those projects are necessary.
• And so, just to kind of fast track to the next slide, we'll show you this high level here, as you all

Transcript Highlights:

• She is 11 years old, and she attends fifth grade...
• She is 11 years old, and she attends fifth grade at Monzano Day School.
• He has more than 13 years at the federal level.
• There's levels of expansion that could cut it off.
• And the higher level of care that you give, the more money you're paid.

Keywords: 996, all

Transcript Highlights:

• And the mandatory reporters, was that at the hospital level or was that at?
• They're graded, just like eggs.
• . ...because we do not collect that level of detail in Tex-Server.
• So in Texas, we cover women of 185% of poverty level or less in Medicaid.
• Many are graded, discarded, or frozen indefinitely in cryogenic storage.

Keywords: 1185, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• The bill adds cursive writing to the statutorily required instruction for students in grades two through
• We’ve got Jean Rock, 10th grade from American High School, home of the Patriots. We’ve got Ms.
• We have Kayla Prospect, an 11th grade student from Somerset Academy in Central Miramar.
• We've gone Jean Rock, 10th grade from American High School, home of the Patriots. We've got Ms.
• We have Kayla Prospect, an 11th grade student from Somerset Academy in Central Miramar.

Summary: The House convened with prayer, a moment of silence for former Washington County administrator Alan Massey, the Pledge of Allegiance, and several gallery recognitions. The chamber adopted the special order report and then took up a series of bills on the special order calendar. Early measures included CS/HB 967 on electronic payments to local governments, which passed 110-0, and HB 127 requiring cursive writing instruction in grades 2-5, which passed 111-0 after members spoke about literacy, signatures, and heritage. CS/HB 453 on high school diploma requirements passed 111-0 and would allow certain students to use Special Olympics participation for PE credit and marching band for PE and arts credit. The House also passed CS/HB 237 on use of professional nursing titles, which requires APRNs using the title doctor to clarify they are APRNs, by 111-0. The chamber then debated HJR 583, a proposed constitutional amendment on religious expression in public schools. Supporters said it would codify existing statutory protections for student and school personnel religious expression and let voters decide; opponents argued it was unnecessary, could create confusion, and risked constitutional problems involving school-sponsored prayer and the separation of church and state. After structured debate, the resolution passed 93-17. The House next passed CS/HB 363 on dental therapy, which creates a licensed mid-level dental provider and drew sharp debate over access to care versus patient safety; it passed 80-29. HB 375 on autonomous practice by certified registered nurse anesthetists passed 78-28, and HB 301 on psychiatric mental health APRN autonomous practice passed 88-18. Later, the House passed HB 863 on arbitration for Citizens Property Insurance disputes, giving policyholders a choice between arbitration and court, by 105-3, and HB 1399 on property insurance affiliates, which increases oversight of insurer-affiliate transactions, by 160-3. Members also heard and advanced a local claims bill, HB 6517, for relief of Eribeito and Sanchez Mayan against the City of St. Petersburg, describing severe injuries allegedly caused during an arrest and transport; the bill was rolled over for third reading at the end of the transcript. Throughout the day, members also paused for multiple recognitions of visiting students, local officials, professional groups, and community organizations.