Transcript Highlights:

• </c><00:48:34.880><c> true</c><00:48:35.559><c> we</c> Motor Vehicle area if that's true we Motor Vehicle
• vehicle including a operate a motor vehicle including a riding<01:14:29.719><c> lawn</c><01:14:30.000
• </c><01:44:00.080><c> shall</c><01:44:00.400><c> be</c> of Motor Vehicles on on what shall be of Motor
• </c> to operate a motor vehicle um is there to operate a motor vehicle um is there any<01:53:24.560><
• </c><01:56:29.119><c> vehicles</c> from our department of motor vehicles from our department of motor

Summary: The committee first heard House Bill 758, which would establish a study committee on airport operation hours and possible noise abatement measures, including whether New Hampshire should prohibit departures between midnight and 6 a.m. The sponsor said the committee would examine the pros and cons and consult stakeholders. The Bureau of Aeronautics testified neutrally, noting that New Hampshire has 25 public airports, 12 with federal funding and grant assurances that may require them to remain open during those hours, and that cargo operations, including at Manchester, commonly occur overnight. Members also discussed existing noise abatement programs and how mitigation is determined by noise contours and FAA funding decisions. No vote was taken; the chair closed the hearing after testimony. The committee then heard House Bill 489, allowing voluntary emergency workers to use rear-facing blue lights on private vehicles when responding to emergencies. The sponsor said the bill corrects an oversight in existing law, would not cost the state or towns money, and would improve visibility and safety, especially in rural areas. Supportive testimony from a volunteer responder emphasized that blue lights help cut through fog, snow, and nighttime conditions, and that the bill would only add a single rear-facing blue light to existing red, amber, and white emergency lighting. The New Hampshire State Police opposed the bill, arguing that expanding blue lights to private vehicles would confuse the public and desensitize drivers to blue lights, which are associated with law enforcement. The hearing closed without action. Finally, the committee took up House Bill 533, which the sponsor and State Police clarified is actually two separate changes: one authorizing civilian automotive equipment inspectors to assist with vehicle inspection work, and another expanding language in motor carrier enforcement to include new entrant safety audits and compliance reviews. The State Police explained that civilian inspectors are hired and trained through the department and that any findings of state-law violations would be referred to troopers; they also said the new motor carrier language was requested to satisfy federal audit concerns about right of entry. The New Hampshire Motor Transport Association said it had no position if the civilian inspectors were not doing commercial truck inspections, but would oppose the bill if they were. Members asked about the difference between audits and compliance reviews, and the State Police said audits are for newer carriers and are non-enforcement, while compliance reviews look for violations. The chair then closed the hearing on HB 533. After a brief reset, the committee opened House Bill 594, which would repeal an alternate definition of “way” for the driving-after-suspension statute. The sponsor said the change was requested by the Department of Justice. Representative Erica Leon opposed the repeal, explaining that the prior language was intended to avoid criminalizing people who mow lawns or perform similar work near property edges while suspended, but she worried the repeal could create a loophole allowing driving on places like highway medians. Members questioned whether the issue was limited to mowing or broader vehicle use on property edges, and Leon said she would work with agencies to clarify the language so it protects lawful mowing without allowing misuse. No vote was taken in the portion provided.

Transcript Highlights:

• House Bill No. 628, by the Transportation and Defense Committee, an act relating to motor vehicles, amending
• House bill number 628 by Transportation Defense Committee and act relating to motor vehicles amending
• Amending Chapter 1, Title 74, Idaho Code, by the addition of a new section 74-127, Idaho Code, to provide
• Amending Chapter 36, Title 63, Idaho Code, by the addition of a new section 63-3622H, Idaho Code, to
• Amending Section 32-706, Idaho Code, to remove a code reference and declaring an emergency and providing

Transcript Highlights:

• AG 4649 by Baumgartner, reeling in the investigation and reporting. certain motor vehicle collisions
• HB 4916 by Canales relating to the assignment of a motor vehicle titled by a dealer referred to the committee
• A certain electronic documentation for the transfer of a motor vehicle title referred to the Committee
• Equipment requirements for motor vehicles, referred to the Committee on Transportation.
• If you 5038 by Lauterbach relating the motor. vehicle windshield sunscreening devices and for the committee

Bills: HB9 , HB22 , HB908 , HB1392

Keywords: property tax, ad valorem tax, tangible personal property, income-producing property, business personal property, tax exemption, local government finance, appraisal district, chief appraiser, rendition statement, property tax relief, small business, commercial property, leased property, related business entity, unified business enterprise, tax situs, Texas Tax Code, local taxing unit, constitutional amendment

Transcript Highlights:

• The fee for a nonresident motor vehicle permit would be two times the resident fee.
• The fee for a temporary resident motor vehicle permit would not be more than $10.
• The fee for a temporary nonresident motor vehicle permit would be two times the fee for a resident motor
• Section 37-443 is a lawful requirement for motor vehicle entry.
• motor vehicle in violation of this section commits a classified misdemeanor.

Bills: LB737 , LB753 , LB788 , LB913 , LB1055 , LB1195 , LB1216 , LB1256 , LB429 , LB721 , LB722 , LB727 , LB743 , LB745 , LB749 , LB778 , LB787 , LB365A , LB823 , LB900 , LB903 , LB940 , LB954 , LB1127 , LB1127A , LB1205 , LB1240 , LR293 , LR296 , LR422 , LR505 , LR507

Transcript Highlights:

• House Bill No. 552, by the Transportation and Defense Committee, is an act relating to motor vehicles
• House Bill No. 552, by the Transportation and Defense Committee, is an act relating to motor vehicles
• House Bill No. 553, by the Transportation and Defense Committee, relates to motor vehicles, amending
• Code, to revise provisions.
• , to correct a code reference; amending Section 39-704, Idaho Code, to correct a code reference; and

Transcript Highlights:

• Engrossed House Bill 4841, relating to obtaining title to abandoned or junk motor vehicles abandoned
• dealer, a licensed automobile auction, a motor vehicle repair facility, or a towing company registered
• and registration for an abandoned motor vehicle or junked vehicle left at the dealer, auction, repair
• and registration for an abandoned motor vehicle or junked vehicle left at the dealer, auction, repair
• This bill modifies a section in the motor vehicle code concerning the approval, design, production, and

Transcript Highlights:

• Steve Gordon, California Department of Motor Vehicles.
• The other third goes to the Motor Vehicle Account, which is us and CHP.
• And so the users of the product basically are everybody dealing with motor vehicles.
• We value the Motor Vehicle Account, you know, the account, and we value X.
• I thought it was something specific with the motor vehicle or whatever, right? Okay.

Transcript Highlights:

• As far as under the insurance code, Article 10C requires motor vehicles, and then Article 10G requires
• As far as under the insurance code, Article 10C requires motor vehicles, and then Article 10G requires
• vehicle by a lesser of rental motor vehicles for use of a rental motor vehicle.
• vehicle to a lesser rental motor vehicle for use a rental motor vehicle sale set a sale at wholesale
• vehicle by a lesser of rental motor vehicles for use of a rental motor vehicle.

Summary: The committee first heard HB 2021, a transportation measure creating a framework for electric bicycle and micromobility regulation. The bill would define electric bicycle and electric micromobility device, set age and helmet rules, restrict class 3 e-bikes from sidewalks, allow limited sidewalk use for class 1 and 2 bikes, prohibit high-speed electric devices and certain nonconforming devices in specified locations, update county tax definitions, and change related terminology. Testimony was largely supportive from DOT, police, Honolulu officials, Hawaii Bicycling League, AAA Hawaii, the Hawaii State Teachers Association, and several individuals, while DCCA’s Insurance Division asked for clarity on whether insurance would be required. Committee discussion focused on safety, enforcement, and the fact that no insurance market currently exists for these e-bike classes; members also discussed the need to target bad actors rather than ordinary riders. The chair then proposed and the committee adopted amendments to HB 2021, including clarifying that road-legal, permitted, classified electric bicycles are not subject to insurance requirements at this time; allowing properly classified electric bicycles on sidewalks at 10 mph or less subject to county restrictions; barring high-speed electric devices and other nonconforming devices from public roadways; authorizing impoundment of non-road-legal or improperly registered devices; and requiring direct parental supervision for riders under 16 on class 2 or 3 e-bikes. The committee also made technical and effective-date changes. The recommendation to pass HB 2021 with amendments was adopted unanimously by the members present. The committee next took up HB 1641, a related transportation bill addressing high-speed electric devices. The chair explained that the measure would prohibit the sale, lease, rental, distribution, possession, or operation of high-speed electric devices and establish penalties, but the committee’s version would narrow the focus to devices covered by HB 2021. The amended bill would prohibit offering high-speed electric devices for lease or rent, require sellers to comply with the new regulatory framework, ban operation on bicycle lanes, highways, roadways, and streets, and set a civil penalty of $250 to $1,000 per violation. After no further questions, the committee voted to pass HB 1641 with amendments, and the recommendation was adopted. The meeting then moved to HB 1709, which would transfer regulation of the Hawaii Water Carrier Act from the Public Utilities Commission to the Department of Transportation and make conforming changes with an appropriation. DOT testified in support, while the PUC and DCCA’s Consumer Advocacy Division raised concerns about preserving consumer protections and the complexity of moving the regulatory framework. Young Brothers supported the bill and said the current system is outdated, but the discussion remained ongoing; the transcript cuts off before any final action on HB 1709 is shown.

Transcript Highlights:

• House Bill 2305 is about travel vans and the motor vehicle excise tax.
• For background, Sound Transit currently imposes a 1.1% motor vehicle excise tax on the value of some
• For background, Sound Transit currently imposes a 1.1% motor vehicle excise tax on the value of some
• House Bill 2305 differentiates travel vans from motor homes, which are subject to the motor vehicle excise
• An RTA tax is applied to vehicle licenses in motor homes and vans in Pierce County, King County, and

Summary: The committee held public hearings on three transportation-related bills on February 2nd. House Bill 2305 would exempt travel vans from the motor vehicle excise tax by distinguishing them from motor homes; staff said the Department of Revenue saw no fiscal impact, while the Department of Licensing estimated a $129,000 one-time system update cost and an indeterminate revenue impact. Representative Keaton sponsored the bill, and the lone testifier, Dennis Rhodes, argued that travel vans should not be taxed like motor homes and said the current tax unfairly applies to accessories and interior build-outs. House Bill 2601 would create a new motorcycle weight-fee category with a $15 fee instead of the current $35 fee. Staff estimated about 190,000 annual transactions and roughly $3.8 million per year in lost revenue to multimodal transportation accounts, plus about $20,000 in Department of Licensing programming costs. Representative Richards described the bill as a fairness issue for riders, and the only testifier, Larry Walker of ABATE of Washington, supported the measure as more equitable because motorcycles do not weigh anywhere near 4,000 pounds and the implementation date would give the state time to adjust. House Bill 2604 would remove notarization requirements for certain vehicle title-transfer documents used when an insurer totals a vehicle, allowing electronic or printed signatures for those limited transactions. Staff reported no fiscal impact from the Office of the Insurance Commissioner or the Department of Licensing. Representative Richards said the bill would reduce burdens on people in rural areas and others without easy access to notaries or transit, and testimony from Copart representatives and Robert Foley supported the bill as a consumer-friendly way to speed title processing and payment after total-loss claims. After closing public testimony on the last bill, the committee adjourned and moved to caucuses.

Transcript Highlights:

• And imposing motor-vehicle-style registration requirements really undermines these goals.
• Further, treating e-bikes like motor vehicles contradicts adopted state policy.
• Unlike motor vehicles, e-bikes do not have a standardized vehicle identification number, or VIN, which
• Moreover, the Motor Vehicle Account, which funds the DMV and CHP, is facing insolvency.
• An 11-year-old should not be riding a motorized vehicle that can go up to 20 miles an hour.

Summary: The committee heard several transportation and public safety bills, largely focused on traffic violence, e-bike regulation, and DUI enforcement. AB 1588 on sideshows and street takeovers drew support from the author, San Francisco officials, law enforcement, and the League of California Cities, who said the bill would close loopholes, add motorcycles and dirt bikes to the sideshow framework, and align penalties with speed contests. ACLU California Action opposed it, but members generally supported the bill, noting the need for stronger tools against dangerous takeovers. The committee also heard AB 1654 on commercial driver’s licenses and federal verification rules, with the author arguing California must comply with federal law to avoid losing CDL authority; the chair and others objected that the bill could wrongly affect U.S. citizens and codify changing federal rules. The bill was discussed but not advanced in the portion provided. AB 1976 sought to speed delivery of bicycle and pedestrian safety projects by limiting some public meetings, restricting cancellation of contracts without findings, lowering petition thresholds for traffic calming, and updating the Pedestrian Mall Act. Supporters said current procedures delay life-saving projects and give too much power to opponents, while counties and cities opposed the limits on local public input and budget authority. After discussion, the committee voted to send AB 1976 to Local Government, with several members expressing support but also concerns about preserving community participation. The committee also heard AB 2015, which would direct Caltrans to study the effects of navigation apps on local roads and safety. Supporters said apps can divert traffic onto residential streets and undermine local traffic calming, while members suggested the bill should also consider built-in vehicle navigation systems. AB 2168, on the Active Transportation Program, would update the definition of safe routes to transit, prioritize transit-rich and underserved areas, and add stronger spending accountability; it drew support from bicycle and transit advocates and some local agencies, with a few technical concerns left to resolve. Finally, AB 1942 on e-bike registration and license plates for Class 2 and 3 e-bikes drew strong support from law enforcement and medical witnesses citing rising injuries, but broad opposition from bicycle groups, micromobility advocates, and some local governments who said it would burden lawful riders, create DMV problems, and not address illegal e-motos. The committee also heard AB 1685 and AB 1687, both DUI-related bills from the same author: AB 1685 would increase DMV points for gross vehicular manslaughter while intoxicated, and AB 1687 would extend license revocation for a third DUI conviction to eight years with an interlock option after four years. Both bills received strong support from law enforcement and victims’ advocates, with ACLU California Action opposing them as duplicative or overly punitive; both bills were advanced by committee vote.

Transcript Highlights:

• Hill, an act relating to motor vehicles, enacting the Autonomous Vehicle Act, providing safety requirements
• requirements for a human operator of an autonomous motor vehicle, requiring testing and safety plans
• , providing autonomous motor vehicle requirements, limiting the operation of autonomous commercial motor
• vehicles on public roadways, providing for autonomous motor vehicle incident reporting, providing a
• requirements for autonomous motor vehicles.

Transcript Highlights:

• I'm chief of autonomous vehicles here at the California Department of Motor Vehicles.
• And we do so through promulgating rules in the California Vehicle Code or vehicle code traffic laws.
• So in the state of California, we have codified in the California Vehicle Code the levels of driving
• The California legislature passed Senate Bill 1298, which authorized the Department of Motor Vehicles
• So when the citation is going to be issued to, let's say, a manufacturer that violates the vehicle code

Committee: House Transportation

Bills: HB1325 , HB1655 , HB3312 , HB5526 , SB13 , SB57 , SB207 , HB441 , HB591 , HB5019 , SB27 , SB843 , SB 13 , SB 27 , SB 57

Committee: House Public Education

Keywords: student transfer, public servants, education code, peace officer, servicemember, judicial officer, school security, volunteer program, retired law enforcement, veterans, public safety, school safety, criminal background check, school libraries, library advisory councils, parental rights, library materials, educational content, challenging materials, emergency operations plan

Transcript Highlights:

• that would require parental notification. rather than referencing Article 42.0, Article 42.018 of the Code
• So I would have just asked Arthur to either cross-reference the Government Code Chapter 552 or specify
• Currently, Section 25.08, Section 8.7 of the Education Code states that temporary student absences due
• The QR code will take you to that 2017 document. It's a 53-page document.
• The mention includes the penal code requirement that you consider the work as a whole.

Bills: SB 13 , SB 27 , SB 57 , HB1325 , HB1655 , HB3312 , HB5526 , SB13 , SB57 , SB207 , HB441 , HB591 , HB5019 , SB27 , SB843

Committee: House Public Education

Keywords: lobbying, public funds, political subdivision, local government, county association, municipal lobbying, registered lobbyist, Texas Legislature, taxpayer lawsuit, injunctive relief, attorney's fees, government finance, county dues, state association of counties, sheriffs association, law enforcement officers, legislative advocacy, bill tracking, legislative alerts, Government Code Chapter 556

Transcript Highlights:

• House Bill 2097 provides deputy sheriffs and jurisdictions under Chapter 158 of the Local Government Code
• An off-duty corrections officer was fatally shot in a targeted attack as he got out of his vehicle at
• An off-duty corrections officer was fatally shot in a targeted attack as he got out of his vehicle at
• Our deputies located the vehicle and conducted a high-risk traffic stop.
• Administrative and criminal codes as they exist today.

Bills: HB240 , HB2097 , HB2731 , HB3087 , HB3234 , HB3319 , HB3394 , HB3687 , HB4105 , HB4205 , HB4350 , HB4462 , HB4642 , HB4801 , HB5403 , HB240

Committee: House S/C on County & Regional Government

Keywords: quorum, tax levy, county governance, local government, population regulations, quorum requirement, Texas counties, population threshold, deputy sheriff, civil service, law enforcement, appeals process, sheriff's department, HB 2731, roadside vendors, solicitors, county regulation, border counties, Mexico border, Transportation Code

Summary: The subcommittee on county and regional government heard a long agenda of county-related bills, with most measures left pending after testimony. HB 2097, by Rep. Martinez, would let counties that opt in use an independent hearing examiner instead of a civil service commission for certain deputy sheriff discipline appeals; the bill drew support from CLEET’s Robert Leonard, who said it would be fairer and faster, and it was left pending. HB 4642, by Rep. Gonzalez, would require counties that contract with out-of-state jail facilities to include Texas jail-standard protections and oversight; Gonzalez, detainee Jess Hampton, his wife, Texas Jail Project’s Krish Kundu, and TCJS director Brandon Wood all discussed deaths and poor conditions in Louisiana facilities, staffing shortages, and the need for guardrails and data collection. The bill was left pending. The committee also heard HB 4350, by Rep. Capriglione, allowing peace officers to request redaction of personal information from online real property records. Supporters said officers face targeted threats and should have protections similar to judges; a title industry witness warned about preserving the integrity of land records. The bill was left pending. HB 3687, by Rep. Harless, would require county fire marshals in counties over 100,000 to meet training and certification standards within set timeframes; Harris County Fire Marshal Laurie Christensen supported professionalization, and the bill was left pending. HB 4105 would let very large counties give a local-bid preference for construction and infrastructure contracts, and HB 4205 would require pay parity for similar law enforcement ranks within large counties; both were supported by Harris County officials and constables and left pending. Later, the committee heard HB 5403, which would repeal a special rule limiting Dallas and Tarrant county sheriffs’ control over commissary funds; the author said it would remove an outdated population bracket, and the bill was left pending. HB 4462 would require large counties to allow elected officials named in civil suits to seek outside counsel and have a role in settlement decisions; supporters argued county attorneys and commissioners court can have conflicts of interest, while questions focused on who qualifies and whether the bill could complicate settlements. The bill was left pending. Finally, HB 240, by Rep. Swanson, would restore a five-member quorum requirement for Harris County tax levies, effectively preventing tax action without all commissioners present and defaulting to the no-new-revenue rate if quorum is not met; urban counties opposed it as a potential budget obstruction, while supporters said it protects taxpayers and representation. That bill was also left pending. The transcript ends as the committee begins HB 3319, which would create a civil service system for constable department employees in large counties, but the discussion is cut off before testimony or action.

Transcript Highlights:

• While current law under Chapter 211 of the Local Government Code and the Texas Constitution provides
• million rehabilitation of a building with no economic value and subjected us to dozens of spurious code

Bills: SB2215 , SB2639

Committee: House Land & Resource Management

Keywords: zoning, municipality, municipal immunity, governmental immunity, local government, Chapter 211, Texas Local Government Code, land use, declaratory relief, injunctive relief, mandamus, attorney's fees, court costs, property rights, home rule city, code enforcement, planning and zoning, land development, municipal ordinance, historic landmark

Summary: The committee first heard Senate Bill 2215, which would clarify that property owners may challenge municipal zoning ordinances that are adopted without following Chapter 211 procedures, and would expressly waive municipal sovereign immunity for declaratory, injunctive, and mandamus actions in those cases. The bill sponsor and witnesses argued it would simply enforce existing notice, hearing, and due process requirements and give landowners a practical remedy when cities fail to comply. Testimony in support came from attorneys and a landowner describing alleged zoning actions in Selma that they said occurred without proper notice or hearings and caused significant financial harm. After questions, the committee substitute was withdrawn and the bill was left pending. The committee then took up Senate Bill 2639, which would add disclosure and compensation requirements for local historic designations, including compensation based on the greater of repair/restoration costs or the difference in appraised value with and without the designation. The bill author said it was intended to address situations where historic designation delays or blocks redevelopment and to ensure property owners are fairly compensated. A property owner testified in support, describing an Austin case in which a demolition permit led to historic designation and what he said was a costly forced rehabilitation. Opponents, including a preservation advocate and an East Austin resident, argued the current process is already rigorous, rare, and balanced, and that the bill would undermine cities’ ability to preserve historic places and community heritage. During closing on SB 2639, the chair raised a concern that Section 3B appeared to apply retroactively to pending cases, which he said could be unconstitutional under the Texas Constitution’s prohibition on retroactive laws. The committee did not resolve that issue during the hearing, and the bill was left pending. The committee then adjourned.

Transcript Highlights:

• They both recommend 210,000 from the Motor Vehicle Suspense Fund.
• And that is the Motor Vehicle Suspense Fund, where we already get distribution.
• Or three years ago, a list of what the balance was on the Motor Vehicle Sustenance Fund.
• The Motor Vehicle Sustenance Fund. How, I'm new, this is my first series.
• They already receive revenue for holding hearings from the Motor Vehicle Suspense Fund.

Committee: House House Appropriations & Finance

Transcript Highlights:

• But what it does, it has to do with motor vehicle assessments.
• that vehicle.
• vehicle values.
• I know there are some counties where personal property taxes as a whole, not just motor vehicles, comprise
• It has a lot of old vehicles that have been... ...and it has a lot of exotic vehicles.

Committee: House Special Committee on Tax Reform

Summary: The Special Committee on Tax Reform heard House Bill 2945, sponsored by Rep. Hardwick, which would make technical cleanup changes to Missouri’s capital gains tax repeal so that family trusts are treated the same as individuals for capital gains purposes. Hardwick said the bill is intended to avoid disadvantaging families that place assets in trust and to keep the tax treatment consistent with federal capital gains concepts. Committee members asked about Internal Revenue Code sections 1245 and 1250 and the bill’s fiscal note, which was described as potentially significant, but no opposition or formal action was taken at the hearing. The committee then heard House Bill 3035, sponsored by Rep. Reedy, which would change how motor vehicles are assessed for personal property tax purposes by using MSRP as the starting point and applying a statutory 12-year depreciation schedule. Reedy and supporting witnesses, including the Boone County Assessor and the Missouri Association of Counties, argued the bill would create more consistency and predictability for taxpayers and assessors, especially after COVID-era vehicle price spikes made assessments difficult. They noted the bill could reduce the need for annual market-guide adjustments, though assessors said they would prefer a longer depreciation period and acknowledged software and revenue impacts. Opposition came from the Missouri Council of School Administrators, which argued the bill would reduce local tax revenue and could affect future school funding discussions, especially as the state prepares to revisit the school finance formula. Committee members questioned whether using MSRP rather than actual sale price was fair to consumers and whether the Tax Commission could standardize valuations statewide. The hearing ended after testimony from supporters and opponents, with no vote or final action reported on either bill.

Bills: SB63 , HB156 , HB289 , SB80 , SB84 , SB63 , HB156 , HB289 , SB80 , SB84

Committee: Senate Healthcare

Keywords: immigration, law enforcement, fingerprints, DNA collection, illegal aliens, Alabama state law, out-of-state warrants, criminal procedure, extradition, Alabama Code, arrest authority, interstate cooperation, Marshall County, TVA, Tennessee Valley Authority, in-lieu-of-taxes, payments distribution, local legislation, school funding, education finance

Transcript Highlights:

• As mentioned, the current insurance code is silent on whether we could do this.
• This is already federal law, so this is just making the state also align with federal law. error code
• safeguards that require federally recognized agencies to be on this list. remains verbatim in the education code
• So how the education code is currently written ensures that we have that safeguard and that among the
• Well, as the code is written right now, there is already the option of SACs. Or if they're not.

Bills: HB173 , HB184 , HB484 , HB678 , HB 1211 , HB1507 , HB1705 , HB1868 , HB2290 , HB2851 , HB2856 , HB3041 , HB3204 , HB173 , HB184

Committee: House Higher Education

Keywords: foreign donations, higher education, public institutions, national security, funding, prohibition, Texas law, healthcare, insurance, affordability, access, public health, foreign influence, education policy, student loan repayment, prosecuting attorneys, border prosecution unit, financial assistance, tobacco, cigarettes