Video & Transcript Research : 'Establishment Clause'
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OK
Oklahoma 2026 Regular Session
House of Representatives Second Regular Session of the 60th Legislature Day 53 Afternoon Session May 6th, 2026 at 01:00 pm
Oklahoma House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- Representative Boles now moves for the vote on the emergency clause without objection, which will be
- A federal court already said that this violated the supremacy clause.
- It has been declared by a court that they violate the supremacy clause.
- There's a supremacy clause in The US Constitution that addresses that issue.
- So like this just establishes the training and it requires the training just like anything else.
Bills:
SB1687, HB1687, HB4431, HB2894, HB2979, HB3262, HB3298, HB3369, HB3431, HB3462, SB1226, SB1876, SB1916, SB1920, HB3467, HB3498, HB3500, HB3521, HB3581, HB3650, HB3673, HB3764, HB3767, HB3781, HB3800, HB3831, HB3834, HB3941, HB2749, HB3970, HB3972, HB3979, HB3980, HB3981, HB3996, HB4095, HB4104, HB4191, HB4248, HB4298, HB4338, HB4427, HB4428, HJR1023, HB3660, HB3718, HB4326, HB3443, HB3880, HB3649, HB3000, SB1651, SB504, SB372, SB1326, SB1633, SB248, SB1242, SB1238, SB423, SB1989, SB1286, SB904, SB1213, SB1216, SB1827, SB65, SB1390, SB259, SB1944, SB540, SB2139, SB346, SB1595, SB1400, SB1555, SB1209, SB2110, SB1670, SB1061, SB2104, HR1057, SB1946, SB1734, SB1316, SB1360, SB1557, SB1684, SB2049, SB1410, SB2011, SB1437, SB1204, SB1732, SB1775, SB2084, SB1380, SB1572, SB1772, SB1224, SB710, SB1338, SB1266, SB1303, SB1307, SB1562, SB1794, SB1191, SB1983, SB1832, SB1448, SB1534, SB1593, SB1597, SB1630, SB1489, SB1726, SB1796, SB1806, SB1877, SB1451, SB1553, SB1632, SB1423, SB1425, SB1502, SB2180, SB1725, SB2182, HB3003, HB3004, HB4434, HB4324, HB4342, HB2137, HB4432, SJR50, SJR52, SJR53
Keywords:
driver licenses, exam proctor, Service Oklahoma, commercial training, background checks, advance directive, advance health care directive, health care proxy, medical power of attorney, durable power of attorney for health care, living will, surrogate decision-maker, default surrogate, health care agent, capacity determination, supported decision making, mental health directive, psychiatric advance directive, end-of-life care, life-sustaining treatment
OK
Oklahoma 2026 Regular Session
House of Representatives Second Regular Session of the 60th Legislature Day 53 Morning Session May 6th, 2026 at 10:30 am
Oklahoma House Floor Meeting
Bills:
SB1687, HB1687, HB4431, HB2894, HB2979, HB3262, HB3298, HB3369, HB3431, HB3462, SB1226, SB1876, SB1916, SB1920, HB3467, HB3498, HB3500, HB3521, HB3581, HB3650, HB3673, HB3764, HB3767, HB3781, HB3800, HB3831, HB3834, HB3941, HB2749, HB3970, HB3972, HB3979, HB3980, HB3981, HB3996, HB4095, HB4104, HB4191, HB4248, HB4298, HB4338, HB4427, HB4428, HJR1023, HB3660, HB3718, HB4326, HB3443, HB3880, HB3649, HB3000, SB1651, SB504, SB372, SB1326, SB1633, SB248, SB1242, SB1238, SB423, SB1989, SB1286, SB904, SB1213, SB1216, SB1827, SB65, SB1390, SB259, SB1944, SB540, SB2139, SB346, SB1595, SB1400, SB1555, SB1209, SB2110, SB1670, SB1061, SB2104, HR1057, SB1946, SB1734, SB1316, SB1360, SB1557, SB1684, SB2049, SB1410, SB2011, SB1437, SB1204, SB1732, SB1775, SB2084, SB1380, SB1572, SB1772, SB1224, SB710, SB1338, SB1266, SB1303, SB1307, SB1562, SB1794, SB1191, SB1983, SB1832, SB1448, SB1534, SB1593, SB1597, SB1630, SB1489, SB1726, SB1796, SB1806, SB1877, SB1451, SB1553, SB1632, SB1423, SB1425, SB1502, SB2180, SB1725, SB2182, HB3003, HB3004, HB4434, HB4324, HB4342, HB2137, HB4432, SJR50, SJR52, SJR53
Keywords:
driver licenses, exam proctor, Service Oklahoma, commercial training, background checks, advance directive, advance health care directive, health care proxy, medical power of attorney, durable power of attorney for health care, living will, surrogate decision-maker, default surrogate, health care agent, capacity determination, supported decision making, mental health directive, psychiatric advance directive, end-of-life care, life-sustaining treatment
MN
Transcript Highlights:
- these transactions without a clear and workable sourcing framework exposes Minnesota to Commerce Clause
- 10:06.320>
Minnesota <00:10:06.880>to <00:10:07.279>commerce <00:10:07.760>clause - exposes Minnesota to commerce clause exposes Minnesota to commerce clause challenges<00:10:08.800
- <00:13:12.959>
and <00:13:13.200>the <00:13:13.360>Commerce <00:13:13.680>Clause - Freedom Act and the Commerce Clause. Freedom Act and the Commerce Clause.
US
US Federal 2025-2026 Regular Session
US House Floor Proceedings (Wednesday, September 17, 2025)
US Federal House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- nation's founders in the establishment nation's founders in the establishment of<02:05:05.840>
pursuant to clause eight of rule 20. pursuant to clause eight of rule 20.- Pursuant to clause one of rule one, the journal stands approved.
- The establishment of the commission.
- vote pursuant to clause 9 of rule<07:34:19.680>
20.
NM
Transcript Highlights:
- It’s likely a violation of the Second Amendment, the Commerce Clause, and the Supremacy Clause of the
- Um, I'm happy to provide a copy of that to you as just a uniform severability clause. Yeah...
- It would be probably page 26 to have a severability clause just at the end.
- Um, asked to sort of look at on severability, it would just be a severability clause.
- What the Senator's bill does is that because he establishes an approach to establish jurisdiction over
MN
Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session
House Transportation Finance and Policy Committee 2/25/26
Transportation Finance and Policy
Transcript Highlights:
- And it is that last clause that I will spend some time on, uh, discussing where we ended up.
- Under the updated policy, uh, we are establishing what we're calling an individual project maximum.
- , and interchanges, a dimminimous clause, and interchanges, a dimminimous clause, drainage<00:04:
- Under the updated policy, uh, we clause.
- Under the updated policy, uh, we are<00:05:06.000>
establishing <00:05:06.560>what <00:05
Keywords:
cancer, disability, parking certificates, transportation, state law, school bus, schoolchildren, student safety, traffic safety, stop arm, flashing red lights, amber lights, passing a school bus, 20 feet, vehicle stopping distance, driver duties, school transportation, Minnesota traffic law, school bus law, bus stop signal
US
US Federal 2025-2026 Regular Session
US House Floor Proceedings (Tuesday, June 24, 2025)
US Federal House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- Pursuant to clause 1 of Rule 1, the journal stands approved.
- President Trump acted in direct violation of the war powers clause of the Constitution.
- Pursuant to clause 8 of rule 20, the Pursuant to clause 8 of rule 20, the chair<05:03:11.920>
will - <05:03:22.400>
The <05:03:22.638>house under clause six of rule 20. - The house under clause six of rule 20.
ND
North Dakota 2025-2026 Regular Session
House Appropriations - Education and Environment Division Apr 15th, 2025 at 10:15 am
Appropriations - Education and Environment Division
Transcript Highlights:
- We have a motion by Representative Louser to strike the section saying establish a grant program...
- Representative Louser to strike the section saying establish a grant program to support students who
- And then lastly, there is an emergency clause in this proposal for the $16 million for the uncrewed aerial
- So Operation Intern, and throughout this, we've missed this, would need an emergency clause because we
- The emergency clause on Operation Intern. Okay. Thank you. All right, thank you, Commissioner.
Bills:
SB2003
Keywords:
higher education, student loans, scholarships, capital projects, workforce development, funding, North Dakota university system, 908, all
Summary:
The committee first reconsidered Senate Bill 2003 in the higher education budget and adopted several changes. It removed $3 million for enterprise resource planning, struck $2 million for a grant program for students who are pregnant or recently gave birth, and then added $3 million back into workforce education and innovative grants, restoring that line to $12 million. Members also discussed a possible purchase of the 19th Avenue building in Fargo for the State School of Science, but the motion was withdrawn for later consideration. Other higher ed items were briefly noted, including tribally controlled community colleges and a state magazine funding line, but no final action was taken on the building proposal during this segment.
The committee then moved to Senate Bill 2018, the Commerce budget, and reviewed a long list of funding items. It restored a vacant workforce FTE, increased tourism marketing to $10 million and Find the Good Life to $5 million, raised Operation Intern by $1 million, removed a $100,000 infrastructure study, increased autonomous agriculture grants to $15 million, and set the Regional Workforce Impact Program at $10 million. It also kept or adjusted several other items, including the uncrewed aerial vehicle replacement program, the global talent office, tribally controlled community colleges, Native American small business grants, and technical skills training grants.
A major new provision would transfer $50 million total, split between SIF and Bank of North Dakota profits, to the Theodore Roosevelt Library Museum Endowment Fund, matching a private fundraising challenge; members expressed both support and concern, and said they would revisit it later. The committee also discussed language to allow commercialization of Vantis and to permit the Turtle Mountain gaming compact proposal to move forward with required federal approvals, while clarifying that a previously discussed $100,000 study had been removed. Commerce officials said the workforce language was intended to centralize data and strategy, and they noted Operation Intern would need an emergency clause because applications begin in May. No final vote on the Commerce budget was taken in this segment, and the chair said the committee would return later to finish both budgets.
MA
Massachusetts 2025-2026 Regular Session
Senate Session Jun 21st, 2026 at 11:00 am
Massachusetts Senate Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- An act authorizing the city of Westfield to establish an age limit for original appointment to the position
- Third reading of a bill: An act authorizing the city of Westfield to establish an age limit for the original
- Lewis moves to amend the bill by striking out all after the enacting clause and inserting in place thereof
- Comerford moves to amend the bill by striking out all after the enacting clause and inserting in place
Summary:
The Senate took up several local and committee matters on third reading and passed them to be engrossed, including House 3916 authorizing Westfield to set an age limit for original appointment as a police officer, House 4233 amending the Malden charter, and House 4401 concerning special revolving funds in Athol. The Malden and Athol bills were amended on the floor before passage, with substitute text inserted from Senate documents. The chamber also suspended rules and Joint Rule 12 as needed to handle committee reports and referred a House petition on condominium owners’ rights to the Judiciary Committee.
A substantial portion of the session focused on extension orders for committee reporting deadlines. The Senate adopted extension orders for the committees on election laws, cannabis, and revenue, after brief procedural discussion about suspending the rules to consider them forthwith. The Revenue Committee order was amended to remove two bills, leaving four bills in the extension order and setting the new deadline at March 6; the other extension orders set deadlines of January 30 for election laws and January 27 for cannabis. Senators discussed the importance of moving these matters forward efficiently, particularly those involving tax relief and cannabis policy.
The Senate also adopted an order for adjournment, setting the next meeting for Thursday at 11 a.m., and then adjourned.
HI
Hawaii 2025 Regular Session
EEP/WAL Joint Public Hearing - Tue Mar 18, 2025 @ 9:00 AM HST
Transcript Highlights:
- We realize that this measure is just to establish a task force.
- >
greenhouse <01:44:51.679>gas state establish a greenhouse gas state establish a greenhouse - We're going to move the previously the 10th whereas clause so that is now the eighth whereas clause.
- so that is now the eighth whereas clause so that is now the eighth whereas<02:24:59.920>
clause. - So just moving things whereas clause.
Summary:
The joint hearing covered three measures. SB 1602 would appropriate funds to DLNR for monitoring wells for the Koho aquifer system; DLNR and HHFDC supported it, and written testimony from several organizations and individuals was also in support. Members asked whether monitoring wells are a statewide function rather than a county function, and staff confirmed they are done statewide. The second bill was an administration measure clarifying that criminal water pollution enforcement remains with the Department of Health rather than DLNR. The Attorney General’s office said it was a cleanup clarification and that DOH has stronger enforcement powers and better testing capability; DOH and DLNR supported it, and there was no opposition noted.
The final and most heavily debated measure was SB 1074 on environmental impact statements. The bill would let previously authorized or permitted commercial activities continue for up to one year while an agency determines whether environmental review applies after a challenge, and would allow permit renewals during that review. DLNR said it stood on written comments and suggested aligning the bill with similar House language. Supporters, including several ocean tourism and Maui business representatives, argued the bill would provide certainty and keep families and small operators working while environmental review is completed, especially in the wake of the Lahaina fires and ongoing business losses. Some supporters said the measure should be narrowed with a sunset or limited to recently renewed permits.
Opponents, including the Office of Planning and Sustainable Development, Earthjustice, the Sierra Club, and other environmental advocates, argued the bill was overly broad and could weaken HEPA/NEPA-style environmental review, especially for fisheries and other commercial activities. They said the bill could be used as a “Trojan horse” to avoid review and that DLNR could resolve the underlying disputes more quickly through settlement or existing exemption processes. No votes were taken during the hearing.
NM
New Mexico 2025 Regular Session
House - Chamber Meeting Mar 22nd, 2025
Transcript Highlights:
- Economic Development Committee substitute for House Bill 346 as amended by the Senate with emergency clause
- inform the House that the Senate has passed House Bill 252 as amended by the Senate with emergency clause
- move that the House concur with Senate amendments to House Bill 252 as amended with an emergency clause
- on a motion to concur with Senate amendments to House Bill 252 as twice amended with an emergency clause
- The House has concurred with Senate amendments to House Bill 252S amended with an emergency clause.
TX
Texas 89th Regular
Trade, Workforce & Economic Development Apr 15th, 2025
Trade, Workforce & Economic Development
Transcript Highlights:
- It includes strong measures for local control and establishes a petition process that requires a public
- I make a lot of efforts to strike what I consider unfair clauses and negotiate for the best, most fair
- HB4196 establishes the Task Force on Modernizing Manufacturing.
- It establishes a baseline standard, one that helps protect consumers without compromising quality. ..
- An established part of Texas law has long been the rights of offset or set-off.
Bills:
HB2963, HB3005, HB3287, HB3288, HB3289, HB3290, HB3344, HB3712, HB3862, HB3874, HB4196, HB4308, HB4901, HB4984
Keywords:
digital equipment, repair rights, manufacturers, maintenance, consumer rights, construction contracts, payment regulations, public works, dispute resolution, audit procedures, construction, trust funds, mechanic's lien, contractor, subcontractor, residential properties, disputes, payment obligations, accountability, payment disputes
US
US Federal 2025-2026 Regular Session
US House Floor Proceedings (Monday, May 5, 2025)
US Federal House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- Further Pursuant to clause 8 of rule 20.
- It also establishes US poly policies.
- of established and well-accepted norms. of established and well-accepted norms.
- <06:34:53.920>
Remaining clause nine of rule 20. Remaining clause nine of rule 20. - Pursuant to clause 8 of rule 20, votes.
FL
Florida 2026 Regular Session
Governmental Oversight and Accountability Feb 2nd, 2026
Governmental Oversight and Accountability
Transcript Highlights:
- There has been a trend of including clauses within public construction contracts that expressly prohibit
- The strike-all states that any contract that includes this type of clause will be void and unenforceable
- The clause will be void and unenforceable.
- I also think that it raises serious concerns under the Establishment Clause.
- I also think that it raises serious concerns under the Establishment Clause.
Keywords:
firefighter disability, law enforcement disability, correctional officer disability, correctional probation officer, presumptive disability, workers' compensation, line of duty presumption, heart disease presumption, hypertension presumption, tuberculosis presumption, public safety employees, first responders, physical examination, preemployment exam, medical specialist, Medicare reimbursement, employing agency, Florida Statutes 112.18, Florida Statutes 943.13, occupational disease
Summary:
The committee heard several bills and confirmations, with most measures reported favorably. Senate Bill 330 clarified the heart disease presumption for firefighters, law enforcement, and correctional officers, codifying the medical definition of heart disease and allowing transferring law enforcement officers to rely on a prior physical if a new agency does not provide one. Support was waived in by the Florida Smart Justice Alliance and the Fraternal Order of Police, and the bill passed unanimously. Senate Bill 526, as amended by a delete-all amendment, addressed commercial construction contracts, permit standards, fee reductions when private providers are used, floodproofing, product approval categories, and adoption of certain electrical code standards; it drew support from several construction and business groups and one opposing appearance, then was reported favorably. Senate Bill 1192 created a pilot program for callback queues at the Department of Commerce and Department of Children and Families to reduce hold times for callers seeking re-employment assistance and public benefits, and it also passed favorably. Senate Bill 1078 established transition procedures for a governor-elect, including agency liaisons, briefing materials, office space, and access to records; an amendment shifted IT support to the Department of Management Services, narrowed access to confidential records, and increased penalties for unauthorized disclosure, after which the bill was approved. Senate Bill 7022 extended a public records exemption for classroom examinations and assessment instruments through 2031 and expanded coverage to school district boards and public schools; it was also reported favorably. Senate Bill 862, as amended, set a $60,000 salary goal by 2030 for state correctional officers, probation officers, and institutional security specialists, with annual raises subject to appropriations; members and witnesses emphasized recruitment, retention, and safety, and the bill passed. Senate Bill 1250 removed the requirement that the Commission on Human Relations use registered mail for certain notices under the Florida Civil Rights Act, allowing less expensive notice methods, and it was reported favorably. Senate Bill 1698 allowed certain employers to post required workplace notices electronically instead of physically, and it passed without opposition. The committee also recommended confirmation of 10 appointees to the Florida Commission on Human Relations and the State Retirement Commission.
The most extensive debate centered on Senate Bill 1072, which created an anti-Semitism task force within the Department of Legal Affairs to review anti-Semitism in Florida, improve community relations, advise on law enforcement training, assess digital media literacy efforts, evaluate hate crime statutes, and recommend policy changes. The sponsor said the bill was intended to address a growing problem and noted that Florida already uses the Holocaust Remembrance definition of anti-Semitism in statute. Numerous speakers opposed the bill, arguing it could chill protected speech, especially criticism of Israel, and could be used selectively against students, activists, Muslims, Arabs, and Jewish anti-Zionists; several also said existing hate-crime and civil-rights laws were sufficient and that the task force should include protections against Islamophobia and anti-Arab hate. One member raised concerns about the constitutionality of creating such task forces in light of prior actions by the Attorney General. Despite the opposition, the bill was reported favorably on a party-line style vote with Senator Bracey Davis voting yes along with the majority. Senate Bill 1642, the Freedom in the Workplace Act, was also heard and drew significant questioning. The bill would bar public employers and contractors from requiring pronoun use, certain gender-identity-related training, or non-binary sex options on forms, and would protect employees and contractors from adverse action based on religious, moral, conscience-based, or biology-based beliefs. Senator Polsky questioned whether the bill could interfere with anti-harassment training and workplace discipline, while the sponsor said the measure was meant to prevent government coercion and extend protections similar to those in school settings. The transcript cuts off before the final disposition of this bill.
FL
Florida 2026 Regular Session
FL House Floor Session - 2026-02-20 (9:00AM Session)
Florida House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- Delete everything after the... ...the enacting clause and insert amendment.
- Delete everything after the enacting clause and insert amendment.
- Delete everything after the enacting clause and insert amendment.
- Delete everything after the enacting clause and insert amendment. Senator Mayfield.
- Specifically, the bill re-establishes the declining enrollment supplement we discussed earlier, as well
VA
Transcript Highlights:
- The bill requires the SCC to establish guidelines that ensure that utilities develop comprehensive IRPs
- There was a substitute, Madam Chair, which added two enactment clauses that require a stakeholder work
- It directs the SCC to establish the remediated mine gas grant program, which will assist taxpayers in
- It also removes the second and third enactment clauses about report due dates.
- bill directs each co-op that serves one or more high-demand and high-energy-demand customers to establish
NM
Transcript Highlights:
- That has established a municipal penalty assessment program for using a private entity to collect unpaid
- An act relating to education, establishing the Center of Excellence at the New Mexico State University
- lab pilot project, providing for awards to participating school districts and public schools to establish
- development of the Bioscience Development Act, authorizing investment in bioscience companies, establishing
- Quarantine or purchasing clause. Senator Wirth: Thank you, Mr. President. And is that we go.
NH
New Hampshire 2025 Regular Session
House Science, Technology and Energy (10/14/2025)
Science, Technology and Energy
Transcript Highlights:
- grandfathering clause.
- . grandfathering clause.
- Chairman, what is the grandfathering clause in here?"
- The response was that there is a net metering tariff established by the Public Utilities Commission.
- by the public that's been established by the public utilities<00:39:28.160>
commission.
WV
West Virginia 2026 Regular Session
Senate in Session Mar 11th, 2026 at 11:25 am
West Virginia Senate Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- This bill authorizes the federal government to establish concurrent jurisdiction with state government
- This bill authorizes the federal government to establish concurrent jurisdiction with state government
- The bill specifies the details that must be included in requests to establish concurrent jurisdiction
- Engrossed Committee Substitute for House Bill 2002, establishing the West Virginia Collaboratory.
- The bill modifies the requirements for the licensee in charge of a funeral establishment.
Summary:
The Senate convened with prayer and the Pledge of Allegiance, approved the journal, and spent much of the day recognizing pages, guests, school groups, and civic organizations visiting the chamber. Several communications from the House and committee reports were received, and a petition on support for new electric transmission lines was referred to the Committee on Energy, Industry, and Mining. Senate Resolution 61, urging the U.S. Supreme Court to reverse Obergefell, was referred to the Committee on Rules, while other resolutions and bills were held over or referred as required.
The chamber then acted on a large number of measures, including concurrence in House amendments to Senate Bill 137 on parole eligibility for second-degree murder and voluntary manslaughter, and a conference committee was appointed on House Bill 4026 regarding integrated resource plans. Numerous House bills were advanced or passed after committee reports, covering topics such as industrial access roads, local airport hangar financing, college campus safety, youth and handicapped hunting, missing persons records, driver’s licenses, adjudicatory alternative dispositions, chronic absenteeism, party-switching deadlines for candidates, teacher/school personnel/state police pay raises, election official trainees, political committee filing notices, security personnel for the State Treasurer, post-secondary financial aid, legal practice rules, overseas voting, public officials’ residential information, homestead exemption, military juvenile jurisdiction, military interpersonal violence, kinship care subsidies, statewide prevention planning, contraband smuggling into federal prisons, forestry equipment taxation, microgrid and data center certification, transcript acceptance for students, emeritus medical licenses, higher education rule authorizations, board and commission reforms, managed care organization taxes, and deputy sheriff vacation carryover. Most of these measures passed with little or no opposition, and several received title amendments.
The Senate also passed a series of supplemental appropriations, many with immediate-effect motions adopted by the required two-thirds vote. These included funding for the Department of Commerce, Workforce West Virginia, Homeland Security divisions, Health Facilities, Administration, Human Services, the Governor’s Civil Contingent Fund, the Department of Agriculture, and the Bureau of Senior Services. Votes were overwhelmingly in favor, with only a few measures drawing one or more dissenting votes. One bill on tourism appropriations was referred to the Committee on Rules, and several second-reading bills were advanced, including measures on the West Virginia Collaboratory, business-ready sites, volunteer fire companies, religious organization eminent domain restrictions, electric load forecasting, and funeral service licensure.
MA
Massachusetts 2025-2026 Regular Session
Special Joint Committee on Initiative Petitions Jun 21st, 2026 at 02:00 pm
Transcript Highlights:
- And it comes from the speech and debate clause of the U.S.
- That's very similar to the speech and debate clause that Congress has in the U.S. Constitution.
- That's very similar to the speech and debate clause that Congress has in the U.S. Constitution.
- Constitution, the Speech and Debate Clause.
- That's been fairly well established. We've got corollary rules with the Senate.
Summary:
The hearing opened with committee chairs explaining the Special Joint Committee on Initiative Petitions’ role under Article 48 and outlining the process for initiative petition 25-14, H5-004, an act to improve access to public records. The first panel consisted of subject-matter experts. William Clark of the National Conference of State Legislatures gave an overview of public records laws across states, noting that all states have some form of open-records law but that exemptions for legislatures vary widely. He discussed common legislative exemptions, legislative privilege, and court cases showing that outcomes often turn on specific constitutional and statutory language. Rebecca Murray, General Counsel for the Secretary of the Commonwealth, described Massachusetts public records trends, saying state agency requests and appeals have risen sharply since the 2017 law update, with 2025 setting a record for appeals. She said the initiative would extend the public records law to the General Court and the Governor’s Office and add exemptions specific to those offices, while also noting resource concerns from the growing volume of requests and appeals.