Video & Transcript Research : 'illegal hunting'
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MN
Transcript Highlights:
- context for my remarks, well, first of all, I'm reminded of the famous line in the movie Good Will Hunting
- :09.600>
gun, <00:24:09.840>they <00:24:10.080>stole <00:24:10.320>my Hunting - Son of a gun, they stole my Hunting.
- <00:36:28.640>
It's <00:36:28.880>illegal. >> Represent Robbins. - It's illegal. >> Represent Robbins. It's illegal.
Summary:
The committee took up House File 3524 and House File 3525 and laid both over for possible inclusion in the omnibus tax bill, with no amendments adopted and no vote taken at this stage. HF 3524 would conform Minnesota law to the federal overtime tax deduction, and HF 3525 would conform to the federal tip-income deduction. The author argued both bills would help workers keep more of their earnings, simplify tax filing, support labor-force participation, and provide relief to workers in hospitality, trades, health care, and other industries.
The committee heard testimony in support from a restaurant owner, Sandra Weiss of the Finnish Beastro in St. Paul, who said the bills would help tipped workers keep more of their income and would support hospitality businesses. She described her staff as roughly half men and half women, including students and long-term employees, and said front-of-house tipped workers and back-of-house workers face different pay levels. She also said Minnesota’s tip rules and lack of a tip credit create challenges for the industry. During questioning, members discussed wage disparities, the makeup of her workforce, and the practical effects of the proposals.
Opposition testimony came from Nan Madden of the Minnesota Budget Project and Eric Bernstein of We Make Minnesota, both of whom argued the bills are regressive, poorly targeted, and costly. They said the deductions would mainly benefit higher earners, violate horizontal equity by treating similar incomes differently, and could encourage compensation restructuring. They also warned the combined cost would exceed $500 million over the 2028-29 biennium and could pressure funding for health care, education, and other public services. Mark Havenman of the Minnesota Center for Fiscal Excellence similarly criticized the bills on tax fairness and administrative grounds, noting the federal tip deduction framework is still under development and could create enforcement issues. Nonpartisan staff provided revenue estimates showing HF 3524 would reduce general fund revenue by about $365.9 million in fiscal 2027 and HF 3525 by about $126 million in fiscal 2027, with smaller ongoing impacts in later years. Members also raised questions about how the bills would be paid for and what income would qualify under the overtime deduction.
US
US Federal 2025-2026 Regular Session
Hearings to examine the nominations of Aaron Lukas, of Arkansas, to be Principal Deputy Director of National Intelligence, Joseph Kent, of Washington, to be Director of the National Counterterrorism Center, Office of the Director of National Intellig Apr 9th, 2025 at 01:30 pm
Intelligence (Select) Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- Kent has dedicated his entire career to courageously hunting down terrorists.
- working in the Bush Administration's Department of Justice, you contributed to memos that authorized illegal
- I asked you whether bulk collection is, as Congress clearly intended, currently illegal.
- Is bulk collection of phone and email records currently illegal?
Keywords:
national security, intelligence community, Aaron Lucas, Joe Kent, John Eisenberg, China threat, terrorism, collaboration, oversight, intelligence capabilities
Summary:
The committee meeting centered around significant discussions regarding national security and intelligence community leadership. Notably, nominees Aaron Lucas for Principal Deputy Director of National Intelligence, Joe Kent for Director of the National Counterterrorism Center, and John Eisenberg for Assistant Attorney General for National Security were introduced. Concerns were raised about the current state of U.S. intelligence capabilities, particularly in relation to threats posed by foreign adversaries such as China and ongoing risks from terrorism. The dialogue emphasized the necessity for robust oversight and the importance of collaboration within the intelligence community, as well as with international allies, to ensure effective security measures are in place.
FL
Florida 2026 Regular Session
Appropriations Committee on Agriculture, Environment, and General Government Jan 15th, 2025
Appropriations Committee on Agriculture, Environment, and General Government
Transcript Highlights:
- Fish and Wildlife Service and NOAA, monitor ports of entry to identify when species are illegally imported
- Our FWC law enforcement has unique teams that are undercover and investigate the illegal wildlife trade
- Unfortunately, this illegal trade and their organizations still use our state for business, but our law
- The easiest way to hunt them is with dogs. But you're not allowed to do that in federal parks.
Summary:
The committee meeting began with quorum, member introductions, and an overview of the Agriculture, Environment, and General Government budget process. The chair emphasized using the committee resource book and performance metrics to review the base budget and invited members to identify areas of interest for later discussion. Members were also reminded about appearance forms and speaking procedures.
Wes Gregory of the Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services presented on agricultural best management practices and water policy. He said the office had updated all nine commodity BMP manuals and added a manual for small farms and livestock, expanded enrollment by 742 producers covering 677,000 acres, and used GIS and data analysis to target areas such as the Indian River Lagoon. He also described cost-share projects, a new field application for enrollment and inspections, cross-training staff, and a request for $20 million for regional water quality projects. Members asked about BMP enrollment, compliance, and enforcement; Gregory said noncompliance is uncommon and cases can be referred to DEP.
Adam Blaylock of DEP reviewed environmental grant programs, saying the state has appropriated $2.9 billion since 2018 for water quality projects, with about 1,100 projects reducing nitrogen and phosphorus statewide. He described the Water Quality Improvement Grant, Indian River Lagoon, Biscayne Bay, Springs, Alternative Water Supply, and Resilient Florida programs, including a planned public dashboard and a water-quality monitoring portal. Senators asked about the application window, award timing, and the high cost of septic-to-sewer conversions, with Blaylock estimating a blended average of about $35,000 per home.
Chief Conservation Officer George Worthing of the Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission then presented on invasive animal control. He discussed prevention, risk screening, law enforcement at ports, public outreach programs such as the Python Challenge, Lionfish Challenge, and Exotic Pet Amnesty Program, and early detection tools like the Ive Got One reporting system. He also described control efforts for Burmese pythons, tegus, and lionfish, along with research and partner coordination. Members asked about the most harmful invasive species and whether iguanas may be taken; Worthing said iguanas are open for take, subject to other laws. The meeting ended after members briefly identified priorities such as water quality, recreation water quality, sustainability, sea level rise, and septic-to-sewer infrastructure, and the committee adjourned without any formal votes.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- the beneficiary of the estate, and yet I cannot be heard because They want their crony that they illegally
- I represent 4 counties in northeast Texas and Collin County, Rockwall County, um, uh, Hunt County, and
US
US Federal 2025-2026 Regular Session
Hearings to examine S.124, to amend title 38, United States Code, to provide for disciplinary procedures for supervisors and managers at the Department of Veterans Affairs and to modify the procedures of personnel actions against employees of the Dep Mar 11th, 2025 at 09:30 am
Senate Veterans' Affairs
Transcript Highlights:
- You are aware that the secretary has said that the VA is not making decisions to illegally fire and I
- emphasize... illegally fired thousands of staff and implement an ongoing hiring freeze without proper
- It's by the seat of your pants, and it's illegal.
- Canceling them illegally and I find that response unacceptable. Senator Tubbs is back.
- passage of Section 303 in the Dole Act means that nobody's going to be living through these weird witch hunts
Keywords:
Department of Veterans Affairs, disciplinary procedures, accountability, personnel actions, whistleblower protection, cancer, military, aircrew, veterans, health study, toxins, morbidity, mortality, service members, mental health, community care, accessibility, treatment programs, substance abuse, appointments
Summary:
During the meeting, various members engaged in extensive discussions surrounding 15 proposed bills related to veterans' affairs. Notably, concerns regarding recent VA workforce changes sparked debates, particularly about potential cuts and their implications for veterans' care and benefits. Chairman Moran emphasized the need for thoughtful reforms and coordination with stakeholders, urging responsible measures to prevent negatively impacting service delivery. The meeting highlighted a significant bipartisan effort to enhance veterans' access to essential health services, particularly in light of recent challenges faced by the VA workforce. Senator Blumenthal's assertions about the urgent plight of veterans due to cuts in personnel drew strong reactions, showcasing the deep concern among committee members regarding the current state of veteran services.
NH
New Hampshire 2026 Regular Session
House Commerce and Consumer Affairs (02/11/2026)
Commerce and Consumer Affairs
Transcript Highlights:
- . >> Good morning, Chairman Hunt.
- >> Hunt. >> Hunt. >> Hunt. >> Hunt. >> Hunt. >> Hunt.
- ,<04:35:34.879>
but them to youth, which is illegal, but them to youth, which is illegal, - Good afternoon, Chairman Hunt and honorable members of the committee.
- It's illegal for them to sell that. Yes.
Summary:
The hearing focused on House Bill 1281, which would establish standards and voluntary certification for agency-owned “facility comfort dogs” used by police and other public safety agencies. Representative Morton, the prime sponsor, said the bill is intended to create a consistent statewide framework because different departments currently use different policies. He emphasized that the bill is meant to distinguish comfort dogs from service animals, emotional support animals, and therapy dogs, and noted that a small amendment may be needed to make that distinction clearer. He also said the bill is timely under the ADA because comfort dogs fall outside service-animal protections, but still need training standards for public safety and consistency.
Committee members questioned whether the bill was too detailed and whether the legislature should be setting rules on matters like training methods, diet, and breeding. Laura Barker of Hero Pups, who helped train New Hampshire’s first police comfort dog, supported the idea of a minimum standard but said the bill should be less prescriptive and should not interfere with therapy dogs or private handlers. She explained that comfort dogs vary in temperament and deployment needs, that raw diets raise zoonotic disease concerns, and that the program should remain voluntary and not cost the state money. Detective Michelle Jones of Portsmouth Police opposed the bill as written, saying the term “facility comfort dog” is confusing, the bill is overly restrictive, and some provisions go beyond what should be mandated by statute; she suggested a more flexible, guideline-based approach and noted that departments already have their own SOPs and can enforce them internally.
Justin Brassen of the Manchester Police Department also testified, describing the history of comfort dog programs in New Hampshire and the work of a prior subcommittee formed through the governor’s commission on PTSD among first responders. He said there are currently no statewide standards and that the earlier study involved police, fire, EMS, dispatch, corrections, and NAMI New Hampshire, with the goal of creating a thoughtful work product. He agreed the bill needs work and answered questions about how departments handle training and public access. By the end of the hearing, members and witnesses discussed possible amendments, and one committee member suggested the bill may be better handled through interim study because of the amount of work still needed.
FL
Florida 2026 Regular Session
Children, Families, and Elder Affairs Jan 20th, 2026
Children, Families, and Elder Affairs
Transcript Highlights:
- permission that would be required if it were to happen, notwithstanding the fact that that would be illegal
- I'm tired of this government hunting down marginalized communities. That's all this bill does.
- If it's already illegal for minors, what are we even doing here?
Keywords:
child welfare, psychotropic medication, Department of Children and Families, community-based care, liability insurance, forensic services, defendants, mental health, judicial system, defense, legal definitions, minors, healthcare, parental rights, criminal penalties, civil action, sex-reassignment, investigations, economic damages
Summary:
The Committee on Children, Families, and Elder Affairs considered four bills. SB 590, by Sen. Bradley, would toll the statute of limitations for failure to report suspected child abuse by mandatory reporters until the offense is known to law enforcement; an amendment clarified retroactive application for offenses not already time-barred by the bill’s effective date. Sen. Bradley said the bill is intended to ensure accountability in institutional abuse cases and not to change the reasonable-suspicion reporting standard. The committee adopted the amendment and reported the bill favorably.
The committee also heard SB 778, by Sen. Simon, which would update the definition of forensic client so certain individuals with intellectual disabilities or autism whose charges were dismissed for incompetency can be housed with other Chapter 916 residents, reducing duplicative staffing and space needs at the Agency for Persons with Disabilities. Barney Bishop appeared in support, and the bill was reported favorably without amendment.
SB 560, by Sen. Garcia, would streamline procedures for psychotropic medication prescriptions for children in DCF custody, reduce duplicative background checks and reporting, and simplify consent documentation. Amendments removed language allowing licensed clinical social workers and marriage and family therapists to serve as evaluators and narrowed changes to the Road to Independence Program’s postsecondary education services and supports, extending eligibility ages from 18 to 26 while keeping the five-year cap. Senators discussed the fiscal impact and funding blend for the education stipend. The committee adopted the amendments and reported the bill favorably.
The committee then took up SB 1010, by Sen. Yarbrough, which adds criminal and civil enforcement for violations involving sex-reassignment prescriptions or procedures for minors and related parental-rights provisions. An amendment clarified that the civil action authority applies to minors and that damages benefit the affected minor. Public testimony was heavily divided, with supporters saying the bill enforces existing protections and opponents warning it would chill care, counseling, and school-based support for transgender youth. Senators Harrell, Sharief, and Rouson raised concerns about vagueness, standing, and impacts on teachers and health professionals; Sharief voted no, while the bill was still reported favorably.
MN
Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session
House Floor Session - part 4 May 19th, 2025
Minnesota House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- Illegally, as a matter of fact, because they are put in those positions from being fired illegally.
- and stop trying to claim the mantle of fraud fighter as a political issue because that dog doesn't hunt
US
Transcript Highlights:
- running the Federal Programs Branch, I worked for two outstanding leaders in Chad Radler and Jody Hunt
- It also does important work protecting consumers from elder abuse, illegal drugs, and fraud schemes.
- judges, both Republican and Democratic appointees, have enjoined some of these actions holding them illegal
Keywords:
John Eisenberg, assistant attorney general, national security, China Initiative, Department of Justice, judicial authority, executive actions, nomination hearing
Summary:
The committee meeting primarily involved discussions around key nominations and pressing legal issues pertaining to the Department of Justice. Notable discussions included the nomination of John Eisenberg for assistant attorney general for national security, where concerns over the revival of the China Initiative were raised. Senators expressed significant apprehensions regarding previous actions taken under this initiative and its implications for national security. Additionally, there were critiques of the broader implications of executive actions that challenge judicial authority, aligning with ongoing dialogues about the integrity of the judiciary and executive oversight.
NH
Transcript Highlights:
- Baldwin; Claire Fidal, wife of Representative Fedolfi; Susan Aon, wife of Representative Aon; Linda Hunt
- , wife of Representative Hunt; Kate Day; and the Honorable Jane Johnson, former member from Swansea.
- Look at the out-of-control spending, tax hikes, illegal immigrant crisis, people and businesses leaving
- We've got Massachusetts' illegal immigrant crisis right down the road, and if you want to see what these
US
US Federal 2025-2026 Regular Session
US House Floor Proceedings (Monday, July 14, 2025)
US Federal House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- <00:28:54.399>
I'm themed meals and scavenger hunts. - I'm themed meals and scavenger hunts.
- To her siblings, Henry and Julia, grandparents Janet and Mike McCulla and Doug and Margaret Hunt, and
- <00:31:14.240>
Doug <00:31:14.480>and <00:31:14.640>Margaret <00:31:15.039>Hunt - ,<00:31:16.080>
and McCulla and Doug and Margaret Hunt, and McCulla and Doug and Margaret
NH
Transcript Highlights:
- And with no no clear standard, illegal.
- John Hunt gets nothing for Christmas from any of us. Um, sorry, John, but it's true.
- John Hunt gets nothing for Christmas from any of us. Um, sorry, John, but it's true.
- John Hunt gets nothing for Christmas from any of us. Um, sorry, John, but it's true.
- John Hunt gets nothing for year.
VT
Vermont 2025-2026 Regular Session
Senate Session - 2026-05-22 - 10:00AM
Vermont Senate Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- First, it updates portions of Vermont's uniform point systems related to hunting and fishing and wildlife
- 00:26:47.840>
systems <00:26:48.800>related <00:26:49.160>to <00:26:49.280>hunting - uniform point systems related to hunting uniform point systems related to hunting and<00:26:49.680
- Second, the bill authorizes the Commissioner of Fish and Wildlife to allow certain hunting licenses
- because those are very helpful illegal because those are very helpful to<01:23:45.520>
mental
HI
Hawaii 2026 Regular Session
AGR Public Hearing - Wed Feb 11, 2026 @ 9:30 AM HST
Agriculture & Food Systems
Transcript Highlights:
- Um, are these would this kind of a blanket law allow for that proliferation of illegal throw net, or
- least in most of the cases of these kinds of attacks prosecuted on Oahu, it has turned out to be hunting
- dogs who were involved and specifically hunting dogs who've been trained to attack prey.
- dogs who were involved and specifically hunting dogs who've been trained to attack prey.
- dogs who were involved and specifically hunting dogs who've been trained to attack prey.
Bills:
HB1602, HB2246, HB1707, HB2216, HB2594, HB2595, HB2155, HB2113, HB2207, HB1832, HB2015, HB2152, HB2548
Keywords:
agriculture, grant specialist, financial support, farmers, Hawaii, federal grants, grant administration, revolving fund, department of agriculture and biosecurity, grant compliance, transportation, reimbursement, food security, local production, sustainability, agricultural loans, financing, Department of Agriculture and Biosecurity, Hawaii agriculture, loan portfolio
NH
New Hampshire 2025 Regular Session
House Commerce and Consumer Affairs (01/23/2025)
Transcript Highlights:
- legally they were doing it illegally legally they were doing it illegally prior<01:32:25.119>
- filing is legal or or illegal or whether filing is legal or or illegal or whether it's<02:19:19.240><
- Thank you, Chairman Hunt. My name is Sabrina Dunlap.
- As Representative Hunt said, we don't take a position on this bill.
- <05:24:29.958>
members Anthem thank you chairman hunt members Anthem thank you chairman hunt
Summary:
The committee first heard testimony on House Bill 167, which would add ski, snowboard, and boat wax containing PFAS to the state’s consumer-product restrictions. The sponsor argued the product is already banned in many places, has PFAS-free alternatives, and is used in ways that can directly contaminate water rather than landfills. She cited high PFAS levels in several New Hampshire lakes and said the bill was a simple extension of prior PFAS legislation. A witness also described a personal experience where a liquid ski wax disappeared from the market and later returned, likely because of PFAS concerns. The chair then closed the hearing on HB 167 without a vote.
The committee then opened a hearing on House Bill 312, dealing with college athletes’ name, image, and likeness (NIL) rights. Representative Moffett said the bill was modeled on New Jersey law and intended to let student-athletes earn compensation from NIL without losing institutional scholarships, while also requiring licensed representation and setting limits on certain endorsements. He described the measure as proactive because NIL rules are evolving and could create conflicts among schools and future lawsuits. Members questioned whether the bill should apply to two-year institutions, whether it should exclude firearms and weapons, and whether the scholarship protections would cover need-based or academic aid as well as athletic scholarships. Moffett said the scholarship language was intended to protect scholarships generally, but not need-based aid specifically, and he acknowledged discomfort with some of the endorsement restrictions.
Public testimony on HB 312 was mixed. One supporter, a former Division III athlete and coach, backed the bill but urged removal of a section allowing institutions or athletic bodies to use an athlete’s NIL without compensation, arguing most New Hampshire athletes do not receive NIL money and should not have to work extra jobs to cover basic expenses. The chair also raised concerns about the bill’s contractual and identity-rights implications, referencing prior committee work on a J.D. Salinger-related identity case and noting the committee had previously declined to get involved in similar contractual disputes. No vote was taken during the hearing.
TX
Texas 89th Regular
89th Legislative Session - Second Called Session Aug 28th, 2025
Texas House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- That's totally unconstitutional and very illegal.
- And under current Texas law, these pills are illegal.
- Or any other controlled substance or illegal drug?
- It is illegal what these actors are doing. And, yes, intent is a fact question.
- Bill, remember Chairman Dutton, this is currently illegal in the state of Texas.
Keywords:
sex designation, restroom access, civil penalties, private civil right of action, women's privacy, abortion, healthcare, jurisdiction, civil action, qui tam, prohibition, state law, youth camp, safety regulations, advisory committee, child welfare, health standards, summer camp, camp safety, child abuse reporting
AZ
Transcript Highlights:
- to a child made without a weapon in hand, or a newborn exposed to alcohol or controlled legal or illegal
- and missing infant care plans for newborns alleged to be prenatally exposed to controlled legal or illegal
- and missing infant care plans for newborns alleged to be prenatally exposed to controlled legal or illegal
- This is not a witch hunt.
Summary:
The House Committee on Government was called to order with member and staff introductions, followed by a reminder of committee rules and amendment deadlines. Chair Blackman also gave an opening statement framing the committee’s work as legislative oversight focused on child safety, transparency, and systemic issues at the Department of Child Safety (DCS), noting the committee may hold additional hearings and use subpoenas if needed.
The committee then heard a presentation from the Arizona Auditor General on a special audit of DCS investigations of non-criminal child abuse and neglect reports. The audit found that while DCS generally met initial contact timeframes, 123 of 125 sampled cases had at least one policy violation. Problems included failures to provide or document required notices to alleged perpetrators, incomplete or missing documentation of key investigative steps and safety plans, and investigations that exceeded statutory or policy timeframes. The Auditor General said DCS agreed with the findings and all 15 recommendations, and members asked questions about sample size, staffing, and whether the issues reflected broader systemic problems.
After the audit, the committee considered House Bill 262, which authorizes a Buffalo Soldiers memorial in Wesley Boland Plaza. Supporters testified about the historical significance of the Buffalo Soldiers and the importance of recognizing their contributions in Arizona. The bill passed unanimously, 7-0, with members explaining their votes in support.
The committee also heard House Bill 2018, which would prohibit DCS from entering into agreements with health care institutions that allow payment in exchange for reports of child abuse or neglect. The sponsor and supporters argued the bill would prevent financial incentives from influencing reporting and protect the integrity of mandatory reporting. Some members and public commenters raised concerns about DCS contracts, hospital reporting practices, and the need for documentation or a paper trail. After a recess and further discussion, HB 2018 was returned with a do pass recommendation by a 4-3 vote.
NH
New Hampshire 2026 Regular Session
House Commerce and Consumer Affairs (01/15/2026)
Commerce and Consumer Affairs
Transcript Highlights:
- [laughter] Thank you, Chairman Hunt. And um, I am Jackie Groa.
- <03:20:37.439>
is and you can see that uh, Chair Hunt is and you can see that uh, Chair Hunt - That's what we're doing here. >> That would be entirely illegal.
- >> I that would be entirely illegal. >> I that would be entirely illegal.
- . illegal. illegal.
NE
Nebraska 2025-2026 Regular Session
Legislative Morning Session Apr 17th, 2026
Nebraska Unicameral Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- Anytime we deal with quotas, we're going out hunting with a jungle net.
- Senator Hunt, you’re recognized to speak. Thank you, Mr. President.
- Senator Hunt, you're recognized to speak. We have the legislative stepstool. Ready? Wow.
- Next to Senator Hunt. So even with jumping, still not quite up to where we needed to be.
- Senator Hunt, you're recognized for a motion. Mr.
NH
New Hampshire 2025 Regular Session
House Commerce and Consumer Affairs (01/07/2025)
Transcript Highlights:
- I am John Hunt.”
- John Hunt says they will start by going around.
- Unlike Chairman Hunt, I have not been here since 1890.
- Unlike Chairman Hunt, I have not been here since 1890.
- Thank you, Chairman Hunt.
Summary:
The meeting began with introductory remarks for new and returning members of the House Commerce Committee, led by Chairman John Hunt. Members briefly introduced themselves and their backgrounds, and several noted the committee’s bipartisan, collegial tone. Hunt explained the committee’s structure and traditions, including the division into three subcommittees: banking and business, consumer protection, and liquor commission matters, with insurance now handled as a single area. He also reviewed basic hearing procedures, including decorum, questions for information only, and the committee’s practice of moving bills through subcommittees before full committee executive sessions.
The committee then heard an overview from the New Hampshire Insurance Department, led by Commissioner DJ Bettencourt and staff. The department described its mission as promoting a safe and competitive insurance marketplace and emphasized consumer protection, market competition, and affordability. Officials outlined the department’s responsibilities, including licensing insurers, producers, adjusters, and TPAs; reviewing insurance forms; regulating companies and market conduct; overseeing financial solvency; and investigating insurance fraud. They also noted that the department is self-funded through assessments on insurers, collects premium taxes and fees for the state, and returned more than $2.7 million to companies in fiscal year 2024 due to underspending.
The presentation also covered the broader regulatory framework for insurance, including the role of the National Association of Insurance Commissioners in promoting uniform standards across states and territories. Officials said New Hampshire licenses about 1,200 insurance companies and roughly 245,000 producers and adjusters, and that the department’s financial examinations are part of an accreditation system used nationwide. No votes or formal committee actions were taken in the portion provided; the session was primarily organizational and informational, with the insurance department presentation beginning the committee’s substantive work for the term.