Transcript Highlights:

• Section 40-7-14, funeral leave and honor guard leave.
• Isn't that under the authority of the legislative branch for next session?
• So I believe we have that authority.
• I had a question on authority. Any other questions or comments on the motion? Okay.
• Representative Fegley, we have no authority over that agency.

Summary: The committee approved the March 12, 2026 minutes and granted the Board of Medicine an extension of time to implement rule changes tied to House Bill 1620/1622, which concern North Dakota’s entry into the physician assistant licensure compact. The Board said it is waiting on compact rules, especially fee structures, before finalizing its own rules. The committee then took up extensive Office of Management and Budget personnel rule revisions, covering salary administration, recruitment, leave policies, funeral leave, service awards, appeals, and shared leave. OMB said the changes modernize HR practices and implement recent legislation, including new hire leave and enhanced annual leave for hard-to-fill positions; the committee raised concerns about the subjectivity and fairness of the hard-to-fill leave provisions, but no action was taken against the rules. The North Dakota Lottery presented emergency and regular rule changes, including updates tied to the Millionaire for Life game and miscellaneous clarifications. The Board of Examiners for Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology described rule updates that add speech-language pathology assistants to the rules, ease continuing education requirements for out-of-state applicants, expand temporary licensure, and clarify supervision standards. The State Electrical Board reviewed numerous code updates, including changes to electrical and fire alarm standards, receptacle labeling, countertop receptacles, and a major new conveyance/elevator inspection program added by the Legislature; the board said it is preparing to begin inspections by August 1. The Industrial Commission’s Geological Survey Division presented new rules implementing House Bill 1459 on critical minerals in coal-bearing formations, including permit, reporting, confidentiality, and royalty-related provisions. The committee asked about confidentiality of exploration data and drilling depth. The Public Employees Retirement System outlined rule changes implementing several bills affecting defined benefit, public safety, defined contribution, insurance, deferred compensation, and retiree health credit programs, and noted possible future proposals to add state EMS or create a LOSAP-style plan. The Department of Health and Human Services presented substance use disorder voucher rules implementing House Bill 1012, including allowing individuals to apply directly and setting reimbursement procedures; the rules were expected to have a $250,000 general fund impact already included in the budget. The longest discussion involved the Gaming Commission rules. Members questioned whether the commission had authority to raise poker tournament buy-ins from $300 to $1,500, viewing it as an expansion of gaming rather than a mere clarification. After debate, the committee voted to void that specific rule section for lack of statutory authority. The rest of the gaming rules covered higher raffle limits from House Bill 1192, the change from “bar” to “alcoholic beverage establishment,” veterans’ organization proceeds, credit ticket voucher kiosks, online raffles, and advertising restrictions; the presenter said several public comments led to revisions or withdrawals of proposed language. The meeting ended with discussion of upcoming Ethics Commission travel-reporting rules and scheduling the next committee meeting in September.

Transcript Highlights:

• Senator John Keenan, who is absent today as he is currently on active duty deployment with the National Guard
• often have no association with the veterinary profession or requirements to prove legitimate or authorized
• ... ...the veterinary profession or requirements to prove legitimate or authorized use or need.
• whether, and sort of, what the effects would be of additional restrictions or oversight on the legal authorized
• whether, and sort of, what the effects would be of additional restrictions or oversight on the legal authorized

Keywords: 1212, all

Summary: The special commission on xylazine met virtually, called to order by House Chair Mindy Domb, with a quorum present. The commission approved the minutes from its December 11 public meeting and then reviewed the first draft of its final report, which is due to the Legislature by March 30, 2026. Staff explained the report structure, including a commission overview, findings and recommendations from each working group, and appendices with meeting materials and public resources. Commissioners discussed the distinction between licit veterinary xylazine and illicit xylazine in the drug supply, noting that the illicit supply is generally not diverted from legal veterinary sources but obtained through online vendors, and they clarified that xylazine is already classified in Massachusetts as a Schedule 6 substance, so the policy question is whether additional scheduling or penalties are warranted. For the best practices and enforcement section, staff recommended stronger guidance on secure storage and recordkeeping for authorized users, better reporting of diversion, theft, and suspicious orders, and focused enforcement on illicit production and fentanyl trafficking rather than individual possession. Commissioners suggested adding coordination among public safety, law enforcement, and the Attorney General’s office, as well as a state-level approach to emerging drug threats. In the outreach and treatment section, the draft emphasized that existing harm reduction, wound care, naloxone, and mobile outreach programs are effective but need broader coordination, more trauma-informed care, and better education for providers and first responders. Commissioners raised concerns about provider familiarity with xylazine, the need for first responders to include fire personnel and EMS, and the importance of not turning away people with xylazine-related wounds from recovery or treatment settings. The education and training section identified four target audiences: first responders, clinicians, non-clinicians in treatment and outreach settings, and people who use drugs and their families. The draft recommended tailored, stigma-free training and educational materials for each group, with consistent updates, continuing education credits where appropriate, and better access to centralized, real-time data on xylazine and other emerging contaminants. Commissioners discussed the need for centralized reporting and public health surveillance, including existing tools like the BSAS dashboard and StreetCheck, and several members urged the commission to recommend a DPH task force or similar body to monitor future drug supply threats. The meeting ended with staff outlining next steps: a revised draft would be circulated by the end of the week, feedback would be incorporated into a second draft by March 2, and the commission planned to vote on the final report at its March 9 meeting, with a backup meeting later in March if needed.

Transcript Highlights:

• hearing aids, vascular stent systems, and lasers, and the number of Innovative medical devices authorized
• Over the past few years, FDA has authorized exciting new medtech, including the first over-the-counter
• of AI, ML-enabled applications have increased 12-fold, and only 1,000 AI, ML devices have been authorized
• the accountants, the safety... salespeople, the depreciation of equipment, buildings, the security guard
• I've been working on legislation to this authority and recently introduced a bill that would require

Transcript Highlights:

• It could be anyone from a security guard, a coach, or a school nurse. Mr.
• we didn't want the money to revert because it took a long time to go through the process to get authorization
• to even acquire and operate the equipment. process to get authorization to even acquire and operate
• To SJR 3 and preserving the independence of our authorizers that was deeply important to our membership
• Chair, the protection of the Public Education Commission as it stands in their job of authorizing and

Transcript Highlights:

• uh will be certificate of authority uh will be issued<01:54:39.960><c> under</c><01:54:40.159><c> the
• I think it's been tied up in court in terms of whether or not they have the authority to do so.
• Thank you, sir. west as Wilton all the way to the Sea west as Wilton all the way to the Sea Coast<03:
• consequently we have multiple Coast consequently we have multiple contracts<03:09:27.279><c> with</c
• </c> whether or not they have the authority whether or not they have the authority to<03:12:06.720><c

Keywords: 1191, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• We have no authors.
• Thankful for the author.
• Thank you so much to the author, and I will say that I appreciate you authoring this because I think,
• And thank you so much to the author.
• I'd be honored to co-author if you're taking co-authors.

Summary: The committee heard several bills, beginning with SB 1312 by Senator Richardson on abandoned endowed-care cemeteries. Richardson described vandalism, theft, and neglect at abandoned cemeteries and said the bill would define abandonment, create a process for local governments to declare a cemetery abandoned, and allow the Bureau to act as conservator of endowment funds. Support came from Marin County, while county and special district groups opposed or had concerns, arguing the bill could shift burdens to local governments or public cemetery districts without enough safeguards. Members expressed general support but noted the need for further work; the bill was discussed but no final vote was taken in the excerpt. The committee then took up SB 758 by Senator Umberg, which would restrict retail sales of nitrous oxide to curb misuse. Supporters, including the League of California Cities, narcotic officers, counties, pediatricians, and other local governments and health groups, said easy access at smoke shops and convenience stores has fueled recreational abuse and health harms. There was no opposition testimony, and members voiced strong support for a statewide approach over city-by-city bans. The bill was well received, with the author closing in support. Dr. Weber-Pierson presented SB 1094, a health care affordability bill on biosimilars and biologic substitution. The bill would allow pharmacists to substitute biosimilars under certain conditions, require advance notice to providers and patients, and add reporting on savings; the author said amendments would strengthen provider notice and preserve the ability to mark prescriptions “do not substitute.” Supporters from health plans, insurers, pharmacies, labor, business, and some provider groups argued the bill would lower costs and expand access. Opponents, including dermatology and rheumatology groups and biotech interests, warned about non-medical switching, prior authorization delays, and patient harm. After extensive discussion, the committee voted 13-0 to pass SB 1094 to the Committee on Health. The committee also passed SB 849 by Dr. Weber-Pierson, which would bar reinstatement of physicians who surrendered their licenses while a sexual misconduct accusation was pending. The Medical Board and California Medical Association were generally supportive or neutral, and members praised the bill’s patient-protection focus. SB 993 by Senator Ochoa Bogh, which limits routine disclosure of identifying information for mental health professionals in correctional and psychiatric settings while preserving complaint processes, also passed unanimously to Appropriations. SB 1002 by Senator Niello, extending the David Hall Act to allow certain patients in remission to continue telehealth care with out-of-state specialists, drew strong patient support but opposition from the Medical Board and CMA over licensure and oversight concerns; the committee voted it out on a split roll with some members not voting. Finally, SB 1263 by Senator McGuire, aimed at protecting wildfire survivors and workers by requiring licensed, trained contractors for post-disaster residential debris removal, received support from labor and the Contractors State License Board, with contractors raising a narrower amendment concern about scope.

Transcript Highlights:

• I recognize the author of the amendment, Representative Baker.
• I recognize the author of the amendment, Representative Hansen.
• I recognize the author of the amendment, I recognize the author of the amendment, Representative<00:57
• I recognize a member from Ramsey, the author, Representative Pinto.
• I recognize a member from Ramsey, the author, Representative Pinto.

Keywords: 1183, house

Transcript Highlights:

• Thankful for the author.
• If you're taking co-authors, I'd be happy to co-author the bill. It's a super important issue.
• Thank you so much to the author, and I will say that I appreciate you authoring this because I think,
• And thank you so much to the author.
• We have been in contact with the authors.

Keywords: 988, house, all

Transcript Highlights:

• could<00:09:08.640><c> be</c><00:09:08.880><c> inside</c><00:09:09.200><c> the</c><00:09:09.440><c> guard
• <00:09:09.760><c> rail</c><00:09:10.560><c> right</c><00:09:10.800><c> now</c> could be inside the guard
• rail right now could be inside the guard rail right now in<00:09:11.440><c> current</c><00:09:11.680
• votes, touching marked ballots, and overall this strikes a good balance between the moderator's authority
• authority and duty to oversee an authority and duty to oversee an election<00:11:32.959><c> and</c><00

Keywords: 1191, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• Madam Chair, I think Senate Bill 30, you were the author of, was a great bill in that it really did make
• If those projects have not been completed, there is UB authority that you have given to that.
• Item 8, the last item there, is legal authority and trust.
• Additionally, recommendations increase the FTE authority by 10 for the upcoming biennium.
• Also included is a new rider to provide unexpended balance authority for this project.”

Summary: The Senate Finance Committee heard budget presentations for the Texas Historical Commission, the Pension Review Board, the Employees Retirement System (ERS), Social Security and benefit replacement pay, the Texas Emergency Services Retirement System (TESSRS), and the Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas (CPRIT). The Legislative Budget Board outlined recommendations and major changes for each agency, including reductions tied to one-time projects at the Historical Commission, continued funding for courthouse grants, heritage trails, and Holocaust/genocide education, as well as new or modified riders and capital items. For the pension-related items, LBB described funding changes for PRB, ERS, Social Security, and TESSRS, including ERS health plan cost growth driven largely by pharmacy costs, the status of pension funding reforms, and TESSRS’s request for additional state support to address its unfunded liability and staffing needs. Members asked extensive questions about the Historical Commission’s one-time funding, unexpended balance authority, courthouse preservation, the Presidio La Bahia and National Museum of the Pacific War projects, and coordination of Texas history messaging across sites such as the Alamo, San Jacinto, Washington on the Brazos, and other heritage locations. The Historical Commission chair emphasized heritage tourism, economic development, and the need for continued investment in historic sites, staffing, IT modernization, and vehicles. On the pension items, senators discussed PRB oversight of local systems, including the Dallas police and fire pension situation, and ERS investment returns, benchmark comparisons, and rising health costs. ERS officials said the plan remains well funded overall, noted a 2021 cash balance reform and a planned supplemental legacy payment, and explained that GLP-1 drugs such as Ozempic and Mounjaro are a major driver of pharmacy spending; they also said the agency is working with the Texas Pharmacy Initiative and that rebates are contractually returned to ERS. For TESSRS, LBB and agency staff said the system serves volunteer and part-paid emergency personnel, is facing an infinite amortization period, and is requesting additional appropriations, staffing, and IT funding, along with a statutory change to allow an actuarially determined state contribution. The agency said it may otherwise need to cut benefits for volunteer firefighters. For CPRIT, LBB reported about $600 million in recommended funding for the biennium and a 10-FTE increase, while the agency described its $6 billion voter-approved program, $3.75 billion in grants awarded to date, and $10.4 million in revenue sharing since 2011. CPRIT’s only exceptional item was a request for a 10% salary increase for two exempt positions. No committee votes or formal actions were taken in the transcript.

Transcript Highlights:

• I want to add that I signed on as a co-author, and I want to highlight one of the key reasons why I did
• So, um, yeah, it is important for us to be, I think, guarded about all the data that we maintain as a
• So, um, yeah, it is important for us to be, I think, guarded about all the data that we maintain as a
• So, um, yeah, it is important for us to be, I think, guarded about all the data that we maintain as a

Bills: HF3455, HF3936, HF3860, HF3656, HF4060

Keywords: public television, funding, Minnesota, operations, appropriation, cybersecurity, state government, legislative commission, extension, technology, civil law enforcement, attorney general, record custody, government transparency, legal services, 1183, house

Transcript Highlights:

• We work with armed guards protecting us.
• Engrossed House Bill 4819, relating to use of criminal records as disqualification from authorization
• Engrossed House Bill 5685, relating to authorizing bonds for improvements to the West Virginia Science
• Center prior to the issuance of bonds authorized by the new provisions.
• center prior to the issuance of bonds authorized by the new provisions.

Keywords: 994, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• as the chief election authority... ...the SOS that we give him or her the authority as the chief election
• We're just giving him the authority to have...
• We give the authority to the SOS, yes, in a temporary manner.
• He said the General Assembly’s authority to write a 50-word summary statement, and its authority to write
• Those are the guard rails for the length of time that could be taken.

Keywords: 959, house, all

Transcript Highlights:

• I will co-author it whenever we do that. Thank you.
• As he's mentioned, this provides the authority for the High-Speed Rail Authority to manage encroachment
• I want to thank the author for bringing the bill.
• I also want to thank the author.
• Assembly Member Pacheco, thank you to the author.

Keywords: 988, house, all

Transcript Highlights:

• Let me get the authors first, and then we can go to you.
• And I want my intent of the authors.
• To say this author talks about this term.
• I want to thank my co-author.
• Seeing none, give the authors a chance to close. Seeing none, if the author has a chance to close.

Summary: The Assembly Education Committee held an informational hearing on AB 715, followed by discussion of SB 48. AB 715 was presented by Assembly Members Zbur and Addis as a response to rising anti-Semitism in California schools. They described incidents involving harassment, swastikas, biased classroom materials, and students feeling unsafe, and said the bill would create an Office of Civil Rights with coordinators to address anti-Semitism and other forms of discrimination, provide prevention resources, and support school districts. Witnesses in support, including a rabbi and a student who described personal experiences with anti-Semitic harassment, urged immediate action to protect Jewish students. Opposition testimony came from the California Teachers Association, county superintendents, school board groups, labor organizations, civil liberties advocates, ethnic studies educators, and many community members. Their main concerns were that the bill was rushed, had not been fully vetted in the Assembly Education Committee, and could chill classroom speech or create constitutional problems, especially around language requiring instruction and materials to be “factually accurate” and not based on advocacy, bias, or partisanship. Several opponents argued that anti-Semitism should be addressed through education, training, and restorative practices rather than new statutory restrictions. Some witnesses also raised concerns about the bill’s impact on ethnic studies and free speech. Committee members then debated the bill’s process and substance at length. The authors said the bill had been narrowed through negotiations with education stakeholders and the Senate, that some disputed provisions would be revisited in cleanup language, and that the urgency of anti-Semitic incidents required action now. Several members expressed support for the bill’s goal but criticized the late release of the final language and the lack of consultation with the Assembly committee. Others emphasized the need to protect Jewish students immediately and argued the bill was a necessary response to a real crisis. The transcript does not show a final vote on AB 715 in the portion provided.

Transcript Highlights:

• like to offer, in full disclosure, that I am also on the board of the New Hampshire Housing Finance Authority
• c><00:24:23.159><c> of</c><00:24:23.320><c> the</c><00:24:23.520><c> National</c><00:24:23.919><c> Guard
• </c><00:24:24.679><c> to</c> and members of the National Guard to and members of the National Guard to
• new positions this a a ton it authorize new positions this a a ton of<00:28:46.080><c> money</c><00:
• be it the Housing Finance Authority, be it the business finance authority, be it the...

Keywords: 1191, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• Ripple is the author of it lot and Mr.
• ><c> Executive</c> Peace Development Authority Executive Peace Development Authority Executive Director
• And very Peace Development Authority.
• Uh the prior adjusted authorized.
• Fiscal year 2025 adjusted authorized is $15,343,677.

Keywords: 1191, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• It authorizes the Department of Transportation to designate airport special district zones or airports
• Coast Guard because we are a maritime vessel. I do want to be clear that we're not an aircraft.
• </c> HP1742 HD1 relates to housing authorizes HP1742 HD1 relates to housing authorizes construction<02
• That measure would authorize manufactured homes by right.
• That measure would authorize manufactured homes by right.

Keywords: 910, house, all

Summary: The committee heard testimony on HB 1588, which would establish a Department of Transportation noise detection program using cameras to enforce noise control laws. DOT supported the measure and said it is already piloting the technology at eight locations, with about 10 sites costing roughly $2 million to $2.5 million to install and operate. The Department of Health said it was willing to work with DOT but noted its current regulations are not designed for vehicular noise sources and that the bill may need clearer standards to be enforceable. Members raised concerns about the lack of a specific decibel threshold and whether the system could accurately identify the source of noise; DOT said the pilot can pinpoint vehicles and that the program would align with existing health standards, but no final number was identified during the hearing. The committee then heard HB 1696, which lowers the minimum age for a commercial driver’s license from 19 to 18 and removes a restriction tied to vehicle category, while requiring DOT rule changes. DOT, the City and County of Honolulu, the Hawaii Transportation Association, Teamsters Local 996, and other stakeholders testified in support. The Hawaii Transportation Association suggested adding a training requirement for drivers ages 18 to 20, proposing at least 320 hours of employer training and recordkeeping. Members sought clarification that the bill would apply to intrastate, not interstate, licensing. For HB 233, the committee considered a measure authorizing DOT to designate airport special district zones statewide to prevent unauthorized access and improve security. DOT and the City and County of Honolulu supported the bill, explaining that defined boundaries would help law enforcement address trespassing, disruptions, fires, theft, harassment, and other incidents around airports and terminals; DOT said commercial airports are ready to implement the proposal, while some general aviation sites would need further work. Members asked about the scope of the boundaries, existing enforcement, and whether the measure would cover state-owned or non-state parcels near airports. The committee also heard HB 2332, which renames the Harbors Division as the Commercial Ports Division and distinguishes “harbor” from “port” in statute. DOT, the Maritime Group, and harbor users supported the bill, saying the change would reduce confusion between commercial cargo/cruise facilities and recreational small boat harbors, and could help with clarity and possibly federal grant competitiveness. Members asked about impacts on small boat harbors and cruise activity, and DOT explained that the bill is aimed at purpose-built commercial ports, not recreational facilities. The committee also took testimony on HB 2283, which clarifies DOT’s consultative role with the Department of Commerce and Consumer Affairs in setting port pilotage standards and requirements. DOT, DCCA, Matson, the Hawaii Pilots Association, and others supported the measure, saying it would improve coordination and ensure pilot licensing standards reflect operational realities in the harbors. Finally, after a recess, the committee heard HB 2217, which would allow driver’s permits, licenses, and ID cards to include a notation for a non-apparent disability. The Hawaii State Council on Developmental Disabilities opposed the bill as drafted, saying voluntary alternatives such as Smart 911 may be better and that the category is too broad. The Attorney General’s office supported the intent but recommended limiting the notation to medically recognized, specifically defined conditions so agencies can train personnel and avoid confusion or escalation.

Bills: HB2241, HB1163, HB1514, HB1696, HB2021, SB2135, SB2466, SB2727, SB3082, SB3097, SB2861, SCR100, SB3096, SB99, SB2138, HB2289, HB2319, HB1711, HB2270, SB3138, SB3076, HB1642, HB2338, HB2171, HB1785, SB2881, HB2505, SB2552, HB1518, HB1815, SB3125, SB3234, SCR162, SB2614, SB3118, SB2053, SB2494, SB2851, SB3073, HB1678, HB1721, HB2475, HB2246, HB1667, HB1516, SB2532, SB3131, SB3154, HB2297, HB1737, SB2143, SB2398, SB2623, HB1740, HB1920, HB1682, SB2153, SB3140, HB2158, HB1718, HB2207, HB1801, SB3229, SB2338, SB3069, SB2600, HB2300, HB1800, HB1960, SB2999, SB2060, SB2866, SB2239, HB1741, HB1713, HB2023, HB2417, SB2877, SB2598, SB2921, SB2645, HB2547, HB2275, HB2452, HB2329, HB2339, HB1838, HB1509, HB1661, HB2271, HB2272, HB2344, HB1888, HB1707, SB2340, HB2474, HB1576, HB1853, HB1804, HB1854, HB2095, HB2050, HB472, SB3215, SB2247, SB2400, HB1618, HB1802, HB1969, HB1541, HB2310, HB2498, HB2443, HB2218, HB649, HB2104, HB1710, SB2802, HB1973, HB1974, HB1894, HB1891, HB1890, SB177, SB2101, SB3320, SB2487, HB2429, HB1870, HB1839, HB2583, HB1391, HB2094, SB2671, SB2673, SB2892, SB2057, SB3245, HB306, HB2592, SB3157, SB3204, SB3324, SB2580, SB2074, SB411, SB3025, SB2934, SB2567, SB2125, SB3238, SB2367, SB2599, SB3007, SB2001, SB2756, SB3029

Keywords: renewable energy, income tax credit, solar energy, wind energy, low-income households, energy policy, commercial drivers license, non-domiciled, federal regulations, commercial learner's permit, citizenship, lawful residency, Department of Transportation, workers' compensation, vocational rehabilitation, injury recovery, employment services, return to work, commercial driving, driver's license

Bills: SB2053, SB2494, SB2851, SB3073, HB1678, HB1721, HB2475, HB2246, HB1667, HB1516, SB2532, SB3131, SB3154, HB2297, HB1737, SB2143, SB2398, SB2623, HB1740, HB1920, HB1682, SB2153, SB3140, HB1515, SB2835, HB2282, SB3083, SB2031, SB2519, SB2667, SB3096, SB99, SB2138, HB2289, HB2319, HB1711, HB2270, SB3138, SB3076, HB1642, HB2338, HB2171, HB1785, SB2881, HB2505, SB2552, HB1518, HB1815, SB3125, SB3234, HB2158, HB1718, HB2207, HB1801, SB3229, SB2338, SB3069, SB2600, HB2300, HB1800, HB1960, SB2999, SB2060, SB2866, SB2239, HB1741, HB1713, HB2023, HB2417, SB2877, SB2598, SB2921, SB2645, HB2547, HB2275, HB2452, HB2329, HB2339, HB1838, HB1509, HB1661, HB2271, HB2272, HB2344, HB1888, HB1707, SB2340, HB2474, HB1576, HB1853, HB1804, HB1854, HB2095, HB2050, HB472, SB3215, SB2247, SB2400, HB1618, HB1802, HB1969, HB1541, HB2310, HB2498, HB2443, HB2218, HB649, HB2104, HB1710, SB2802, HB1973, HB1974, HB1894, HB1891, HB1890, SB177, SB2101, SB3320, SB2487, HB2429, HB1870, HB1839, HB2583, HB1391, HB2094, SB2671, SB2673, SB2892, SB2057, SB3245, HB306, HB2592, SB3157, SB2861, SB3204, SB3324, SB2580, SB2074, SB411, SB3025, SB2934, SB2567, SB2125, SB3238, SB2367, SB2599, SB3007, SB2001, SB2756, SB3029

Keywords: salvage vehicles, vehicle title transfer, electronic signatures, insurance, administrative efficiency, bribery, corruption, statute of limitations, public servant, criminal justice, deafness, traffic safety, law enforcement, vehicle registration, communication, biological evidence, DNA analysis, post-conviction, evidence retention, court approval