Transcript Highlights:

• Department of Water Resources or their appropriate federal agency that determine the ordinary high water mark
• The high water mark determination from the Department of Federal can either be from the Department of
• Department of Water Resources or their appropriate federal agency that determine the ordinary high water mark
• The high water mark determination from the Department of Federal can either be from the Department of
• The high water mark is basically when you have a high-water period; that's where the water level is.

Keywords: 908, all

Summary: The House convened with prayer, the Pledge of Allegiance, and a quorum present, then received a gubernatorial message listing numerous bills signed by the governor. The chamber also handled conference committee business, including appointing conferees for House Bills 1003 and 1169 after refusing to concur with Senate amendments, and adopting a conference committee report on House Bill 1053, which repealed a Century Code section related to the length of the state highway system. A major portion of the meeting focused on Senate Bill 2137, which would allow supplemental feed for hunting and include an expiration date. The House divided the proposed amendments into two parts. Division A, dealing with baiting limits and setbacks near livestock facilities, drew extensive debate over private property rights, enforceability, livestock protection, and hunting access, and failed 14-76. Division B, requiring chronic wasting disease surveillance and a report to Legislative Management, also drew debate over whether the reporting requirement was necessary or too late to be useful; it failed 44-46. With both divisions defeated, the House then passed the underlying bill 56-34. The House also laid over Senate Bills 2340, 2326, and 2289. Later, it defeated Senate Bill 2325, which would have created a process for non-federal easements on wetland areas, by a vote of 4-84. It passed Senate Bill 2210, directing a legislative management study on watershed-based water management, 85-3; Senate Bill 2387, establishing rights for sexual violence survivors, 89-0; and Senate Bill 269, allowing state agencies to satisfy legal notice requirements by posting on their websites if newspaper publication is missed, 72-17. The House then excused absent members and adjourned until Monday, April 14, 2025.

Transcript Highlights:

• The high water mark was in the late 90s. ...which, this is not great, but it was over 40,000.
• The Chair calls Mark Melton, testifying as himself, Dallas Eviction Advocacy Center, for the bill.
• My name is Mark Melton, and as I said, I'm here in support of House Bill 1063.
• Mark, I appreciate what you do as far as pro bono work, your commitment and so forth.
• Due process is a hallmark. ...mark of our country.

Bills: HB303, HB 1107, HB 1063, HB1517, HB1991, HB2464, HB3509, HB3527, HB303

Keywords: municipality, local government, Type A, Type B, Type C, change authority, emergency medical services, civil service status, municipal government, public safety, local government code, school funding, education, state budget, local control, equity, tenant legal services, eviction, low-income tenants, disability rights

Transcript Highlights:

• There's question marks on about CBDC's.
• It's just question marks, and this is all part of the negotiations, right?
• It's just question marks, and this is all part of the negotiations, right?
• It's just question marks, and this is all part of the negotiations, right?
• governor of the state of Wyoming, Mark governor of the state of Wyoming, Mark Gordon.<00:57:20.960

Keywords: 1189, house, all

Summary: The Stable Token Study Commission held its first regular meeting, welcomed all remaining appointed members, and completed brief introductions from legislators and agency designees. The chair outlined the commission’s plan to use the first part of the enabling legislation as a “level-setting” discussion, focusing this meeting on the basics of blockchain, the current landscape for stablecoins and tokenized real-world assets, and leaving blockchain-based trust for a later meeting. No votes were taken. The main presentation came from Deanna Bario Zales of the Global Blockchain Business Council, who described stablecoins as increasingly converging toward fiat-backed or asset-backed models, with algorithmic designs viewed more cautiously. She said stablecoins are being used for payments, remittances, DeFi activity, cross-border transfers, retail use in high-inflation markets, and treasury functions, while noting risks such as peg instability, reserve transparency, counterparty and network risk, and possible capital flight from weaker banking systems. She cited growth in supply, wallet activity, and transfer volume, and said U.S.-pegged stablecoins dominate the market, with USDT and USDC leading. Zales also discussed tokenized real-world assets, describing them as digital representations of physical assets that can enable fractional ownership, liquidity, and faster settlement. She said the market is growing quickly, with institutional participation from firms such as BlackRock and Franklin Templeton, and projected continued expansion. She closed with an overview of regulatory developments, emphasizing the new U.S. stablecoin framework under the Genius Act, the proposed Clarity Act, OCC guidance, and similar regimes in the EU, UK, UAE, Singapore, Japan, and elsewhere, all of which she said are shaping compliance requirements and market development.

Transcript Highlights:

• At this time, we welcome the Honorable Mark Bennett, former Attorney General of the State of Hawaii,
• The Honorable Mark J.
• But when we talked about family, Colleen would always tell me as if I had forgotten, “Mark, in your marriage
• Her life was marked by unwavering dedication to seeing all people with equality and by her courage in

Bills: HB1800, HB1860, HB2250, HB472, HB649, HB1391, HB1481, HB1509, HB1511, HB1515, HB1518, HB1541, HB1548, HB1576, HB1618, HB1642, HB1643, HB1661, HB1667, HB1678, HB1682, HB1688, HB1692, HB1707, HB1710, HB1711, HB1713, HB1718, HB1721, HB1728, HB1737, HB1740, HB1741, HB1785, HB1801, HB1802, HB1804, HB1810, HB1815, HB1824, HB1838, HB1839, HB1853, HB1854, HB1864, HB1870, HB1881, HB1888, HB1890, HB1891, HB1894, HB1920, HB1959, HB1960, HB1969, HB1973, HB1974, HB2023, HB2050, HB2078, HB2094, HB2095, HB2104, HB2137, HB2152, HB2158, HB2171, HB2207, HB2218, HB2246, HB2270, HB2271, HB2272, HB2279, HB2282, HB2289, HB2293, HB2297, HB2300, HB2309, HB2310, HB2314, HB2319, HB2329, HB2338, HB2339, HB2344, HB2361, HB2385, HB2395, HB2417, HB2429, HB2443, HB2452, HB2474, HB2475, HB2498, HB2505, HB2547, HB2576

Keywords: supplemental appropriations, state budget, Hawaii budget, biennial budget, capital improvement projects, CIP, general fund, special fund, green fee, special land and development fund, clean energy revolving loan fund, agricultural development revolving fund, community grants, nonprofit grants, Office of Community Services, housing, affordable housing, homelessness, health care, mental health

Transcript Highlights:

• bill, but they, I think, went through the ordinary procedure and let the members of the committee mark
• ><00:17:46.080> of<00:17:46.160> the<00:17:46.320> committee<00:17:46.720> mark
• <00:17:46.960> up let the members of the committee mark up let the members of the committee
• mark up the<00:17:47.280> bill.

Keywords: 1183, house

Transcript Highlights:

• The chair calls Honorable Mark White. Councilman, welcome. Have a seat there.
• Well, uh, my name is Mark White, and I am the city councilman from San Antonio representing District
• I would like to give you a little bit of history and sort of adding on to what Councilman Mark White
• Save one, Councilman Mark White, has had an agenda. It's been a setup from the beginning.

Bills: SB 31, SB 33, SB 510, SB 871, SB 1868, SB 2024, SB 2166, SB 2309, SB 2880, SJR 27, SJR 39, SJR 40

Keywords: SB 31, Life of the Mother Act, Texas abortion law, medical emergency, reasonable medical judgment, pregnancy complications, maternal health, life-threatening condition, ectopic pregnancy, spontaneous abortion, miscarriage, unborn child, abortion exception, abortion ban, physician liability, health care liability claim, aiding and abetting, Texas Medical Board, State Bar of Texas, continuing medical education

Transcript Highlights:

• school, if you have a graduating class of 30 people and this happens for two people that you have to mark
• That was something that when you have someone marked as a dropout, it doesn’t take many children to cause
• Those transcripts are not released so that your school cannot mark that you've completed these required
• grade curriculum, so you're not able to graduate as a senior through that point because they can't mark

Bills: SB140, HB102, SB133, SB34

Keywords: Coach Safely Act, youth athletics, noncompliance penalties, Department of Public Health, youth athlete, dual enrollment, high school, community college, university, educational access, high school credit, violence prevention, conflict resolution, mediation, public education, high school graduation, 1136, house, all

Transcript Highlights:

• Today we have the pleasure of hearing from ASE Texas President, Doctor Mark Wood, the infrastructure
• Before we release the grades, I invite ASE Texas President Mark Wood to provide an overview of the Texas
• So I'll turn it over to Mark. Well, thanks so much, Julie, Ms. Jones, appreciate it.
• and the infrastructure Report Cardit co-chairs, Griselda and Austin, and Texas ASE president, Doctor Mark

Transcript Highlights:

• You are making a mark today that no one can ever take away from you.
• you<00:01:34.159> are<00:01:34.360> making<00:01:34.720> a<00:01:34.880> Mark
• <00:01:35.200> today part of it you are making a Mark today part of it you are making a Mark

Keywords: 1183, house

Summary: The Minnesota House convened for the opening of the legislative session, with Secretary of State Steve Simon calling the body to order, welcoming returning and newly elected members, and appointing Representative-elect Peggy Scott as clerk pro tem. Pastor Ben M. of Watermark Church in Stillwater, identified as the son-in-law of Speaker-designate Lisa Demuth, delivered the opening prayer, asking for blessing, unity, wisdom, mercy, and truth for members and their families. The members then recited the Pledge of Allegiance. The clerk pro tem conducted a roll call by district and recorded members present. After noting that 133 certificates of election were on file, Chief Judge Jennifer L. Frisch administered the oath of office to the members-elect, who swore to support the U.S. and Minnesota constitutions and faithfully discharge their duties. The House then congratulated the members. A subsequent quorum check found only 67 members present, which was not enough to meet the constitutional quorum requirement. The Secretary of State ruled that the House could not conduct further business because no quorum was present. After that ruling, a motion was made to appeal the no-quorum determination.

Transcript Highlights:

• The Chair would like to take this opportunity to welcome special guests of Representative Mark Sylvia
• The Chair would like to take this opportunity to welcome special guests of Representative Mark Sylvia
• This 2025 season marks the third year in a row that the Blue Devils played in the Division 6 Super Bowl

Keywords: 995, all

Summary: The House convened with the Pledge of Allegiance and immediately took up organizational business, including appointing committees to inform the Senate that the House was ready to proceed and to wait upon the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, and Council. The chamber also welcomed the Fairhaven High School Blue Devil football team, celebrating its 2025 MIAA Division 6 Super Bowl championship and recognizing the coach, school staff, principal, and superintendent. Members adopted routine orders concerning publication and official binding of the House journal, and the House approved several Rules Committee reports. These included adoption of a congratulatory resolution for Joseph Rink’s Eagle Scout achievement, an extension of time for the Committee on Community Development and Small Businesses to report on House Doc. 4904, and suspension of Joint Rule 12 to allow a petition by Alice Hanlon Pais on the Massachusetts Uniform Commercial Code to go to the Committee on Financial Services. On legislation, the House concurred in Senate amendments to House No. 4233, the Malden charter bill, after the Committee on Bills in the Third Reading reported the amendments were correctly drawn. The House also passed to be engrossed Senate No. 2799, establishing a sick leave bank for Jeffrey Yantanthin, an employee of the Department of Elementary and Secondary Education. The session ended with adoption of an order to adjourn until the next day at 11 a.m. in informal session.

Transcript Highlights:

• If you require any accommodation, please speak with the sergeant staff.
• If you require any accommodation, please speak with the sergeant staff.

Bills: HF3373, HF4449, HF3486, HF4180, HF4227, HF2505

Keywords: transportation, interchange, funding, bonds, St. Paul Park, transit, Metropolitan Council, Twin Cities, metro area, high-frequency transit, bus rapid transit, busway, guideway, transportation policy plan, transit performance measures, regional transit benchmarks, transit-oriented development, TOD, zoning, land use

Summary: The committee approved the April 8, 2026 minutes and then heard House File 3373, which was laid over. The bill sought trunk highway bond funding for preliminary and final design work at the 70th Street interchange in St. Paul Park. Representative Hansen, Mayor Keith Frankie, and Washington County Commissioner Karla Bigham described the interchange as undersized and increasingly unsafe because of refinery truck traffic, aggregate hauling, nearby growth, and changing traffic patterns. Members asked about prior study, cost, and greenhouse gas requirements, and the bill author said the request was about $500,000. Chair Cosgrove noted the bill would be laid over and suggested the issue could involve future statutory exemptions. The committee then took up House File 4449, also laid over, after adopting the A4 author’s amendment. Representative Jones presented the bill as a transit planning and accountability measure for the Twin Cities metro. It would set numeric transit goals, require better coordination between road projects and future transit projects, and give the Met Council more tools to support transit-oriented development, including property acquisition and development around transit corridors. Jones argued the bill would help avoid rebuilding roads twice and improve transit ridership, frequency, speed, and reliability. Representative Olson offered an amendment to exempt highway projects primarily addressing documented safety issues, arguing that safety projects should not be burdened by added transit requirements or costs. Jones said she supported the safety concern but opposed the amendment as written because the bill was aimed at major construction projects. After a roll call, the amendment failed on an 8-8 tie. The bill itself remained laid over for further work, with the chair noting there was still time to refine the proposal.

Transcript Highlights:

• If there are any specific accommodations, please communicate with the sergeant staff.
• And we just want to say thank you to the sergeants for always being attentive and keeping us safe.

Keywords: 1187, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• If you require accommodation, please speak to our sergeant staff identified by the gold ties.
• Thank you to the sergeant-at-arms staff who were present to help maintain decorum in the committee room

Bills: HF1567, HF2809, HF3380

Keywords: public safety officer, peace officer, correctional officer, law enforcement, police privacy, officer safety, doxxing, personal information, data privacy, government data practices, private data, internet posting, online disclosure, residential address, phone number, email address, family member protection, child safety, school information, public records

Transcript Highlights:

• If you need any accommodation, please check in with the sergeant staff.
• Thanks also to our sergeants office, who are present for helping maintain decorum in the committee room

Bills: HF1354, HF1901, HF2124, HF2130, HF2260, HF2099, HF104, HF134, HF1769

Keywords: public safety, school safety, active shooter, active shooter drill, violence prevention, threat reporting, anonymous tip line, See It, Say It, Send It, Minnesota Fusion Center, Bureau of Criminal Apprehension, BCA, officer-involved death, missing person, endangered missing person, criminal background check, national background check, FBI fingerprint check, adult entertainment license, massage license, correctional facilities

Transcript Highlights:

• If accommodation is needed, communicate with the sergeant staff.
• Thank you to the sergeant-at-arms staff who are present for helping to maintain decorum in the committee

Keywords: 1183, house

Transcript Highlights:

• Mark Bender: You take that car.
• Mark Bender: Yes, it is.
• Mark Bender: Yes, it is.
• Mark Bender: Yes, it is.
• all just make our mark. all just make our mark. >> Thank<00:52:27.440> you.

Keywords: 928, house, all

Summary: The committee first held a public hearing and then an executive session on Senate Bill 401, which DHHS described as a cleanup bill. Testimony from the department explained that the bill would repeal obsolete reporting requirements tied to a repealed municipal reimbursement program and to the now-repealed commission on demographic trends. No one testified in opposition, and the committee voted 12-0 ought to pass, placing the bill on the consent calendar. The committee then heard Senate Bill 402, which would eliminate certain non-compete agreements for physician associates going forward. Senator Gray introduced the bill, and a representative of the New Hampshire Society of Physician Associates said it would improve workforce recruitment and access to care without changing scope of practice or affecting existing agreements. Committee members asked about the length of current restrictions and whether the change would make New Hampshire more attractive to PAs. The committee voted 12-0 ought to pass and sent the bill to the consent calendar. Next, the committee took up Senate Bill 426, which would repeal the permissible fireworks committee. Senator Uler and the deputy state fire marshal said the committee’s original purpose had been overtaken by later changes adopting federal fireworks standards, and that the fire marshal now has the necessary authority. The committee voted 12-0 ought to pass and placed the bill on the consent calendar. Finally, the committee began hearing Senate Bill 469, a DMV modernization bill allowing electronic signatures in place of wet signatures for certain motor vehicle title and registration processes. Senator Lang, Carvana, the New Hampshire Auto Dealers Association, Copart, and DMV staff all supported the measure, saying it would reduce delays, errors, and paperwork burdens. Members asked about AI, consumer protections, costs, and how electronic signatures would work in practice, including in cases involving deceased owners. The transcript cuts off during that hearing before any committee action on SB 469.

Transcript Highlights:

• The human cost of current restrictions is illustrated through the experience of Mark and Beth, whose
• Mark entered the program when he was diagnosed with stage three brain cancer in 2018, with his partner
• When Mark and Beth married during his illness, ...support and comprehensive case management.
• This occurred precisely when Mark required the highest level of care.
• Beth continued to provide unpaid care until Mark died in October 2019 at age 49.

Keywords: 995, all

Summary: The Joint Committee on Health Care Financing held a public hearing focused on two broad sets of issues: home- and community-based care, and school-based Medicaid reimbursement. In the morning session, legislators and advocates testified on bills affecting children and disabled enrollees, including proposals to clarify rate-setting for home health and home care services (H. 767/S. 870), allow family members and spouses to be paid caregivers under MassHealth (H. 1394/S. 886 and related bills), extend MassHealth coverage for applied behavior analysis and other therapies beyond age 21 for adults with autism and developmental disabilities (H. 1351/S. 871), and protect medically fragile children by improving access to continuous skilled nursing. In the later portion of the hearing, testimony shifted to a bill to improve MassHealth reimbursement for schools (S. 862), with speakers describing the school mental health crisis and the need to reinvest Medicaid funds directly into school health services. Witnesses on the home care rate-setting bill said current reimbursement methods are opaque and outdated, contributing to workforce shortages, unfilled shifts, long waitlists, and patients remaining in hospitals longer than necessary. Home care providers and trade groups argued the bill would not set rates directly but would require more transparent methodology and fuller consideration of real costs such as wages, benefits, taxes, training, and technology. On caregiver bills, many family members and provider organizations described the financial and emotional strain of caring for disabled or medically fragile relatives, especially when parents, spouses, or guardians are barred from being paid caregivers. They argued the bills would recognize existing unpaid care, help families remain at home, and reduce reliance on more expensive institutional care. Advocates for adult ABA coverage said services remain medically necessary after age 21 and that ending coverage at that age creates an inequitable “cliff” for MassHealth members compared with those with private insurance. For the PACE/community care bill, elder law attorneys and PACE advocates said current MassHealth income rules force some older adults with modestly higher incomes to spend down to $542 per month, making community living unrealistic and pushing people toward nursing homes. They supported changing the eligibility structure to a premium-based approach that would allow more people to remain in the community. On the school Medicaid bill, advocates said schools are providing effective, preventive mental health care, but reimbursement currently flows to municipalities rather than directly back to school health budgets, limiting districts’ ability to hire and retain staff. No votes were taken during the hearing; the committee heard testimony and several witnesses requested favorable reports on the bills.

Transcript Highlights:

• legislation below, made the following recommendation: House Bill 2986, do pass as amended, signed Mark
• Signed, Mark Finchem, Chairman, Committee of the Whole.
• Signed, Mark Finchem, Chairman, Committee of the Whole. Senator Finchem. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
• Signed, Wendy Rogers, Mark Finchem, Nick Kupper, Quang Nguyen.
• Signed, Wendy Rogers, Mark Finchem, Nick Kupper, Quang Nguyen.

Summary: The Senate met in floor session, began with prayer and the Pledge, approved the journal, received communications, and handled a return of Senate Bill 1456 from the House for reconsideration. Members then moved through several Committee of the Whole calendars, considering and amending bills on court fees, information technology, environmental quality, agricultural property inspections, property tax notices, veterans services, zoning and electric generation siting, fuel and gas resilience, and disturbing religious services. Several amendments were adopted, including changes to HB 2265 on criminal court fees, HB 2311 on conversational AI disclosures and privacy limits, HB 2986 on environmental quality/fuel resilience, HB 2104 and HB 2105 on agricultural property inspection rules, HB 2406 on veterans services, HB 2494 on electric generation siting and environmental compatibility, HB 2696 on fuel and gas prices, and HB 4117 on interference with religious services. Most of these bills were reported out of committee with do pass recommendations, though members raised concerns on HB 2311 and HB 4117 about privacy, free speech, and prosecutorial discretion. The chamber then took up a long series of third readings and final votes. Bills passed included HB 2015 on single-audit compliance, HB 2041 on child neglect and poverty factors, HB 2048 on AHCCCS prescription drug coverage, HB 2417 on excessive speed, HB 2611 on child welfare, HB 2793 on annexation, HB 2950 on special districts, HB 2995 on family law, HB 4018 on county officers, HB 2404 on mental health services, HB 2279 on limitations of actions, HB 2502 on the state retirement system, HB 2733 and HB 2953 on pharmacy regulation, HB 2979 on credit unions, HB 4042 on parent-child relationship determinations, HB 4010 on health professional regulatory boards, HB 4043 on public schools, HB 4049 on the Attorney General, HB 2265 on court fees, HB 2311 on information technology, and HB 2986 on environmental quality. HB 2601 on state highways and routes failed. Several members explained votes on bills involving fiscal impacts, child welfare, road safety, annexation, and criminal justice concerns. The Senate also adopted a group concurrence motion on several conference committee reports, including HB 2003, HB 2010, HB 2133, and HB 2874, and then voted on those measures. HB 2003 on driver’s license instruction permits, HB 2010 on advertising, HB 2133 on disclosure of sexual material and synthetic depictions, and HB 2874 on campaign committees and termination statements were all advanced after conference committee action, with debate on HB 2133 focusing on First Amendment and content-moderation concerns. The session ended with introduction of a large package of transportation-related appropriations bills and a motion to suspend certain committee notice rules for Appropriations to hear legislation and strike-everything amendments on short notice.

Transcript Highlights:

• It was a committee-endorsed bill out of LASC, and my expert witness with us today, Madam Chair, is Mark
• I'm going to actually turn to my expert witness, Mark. Mark has done the research.
• Madam Chair, Madam Ford, I'll turn to our expert witness, Mark.
• I'm going to turn to my expert, Mark.
• I'm going to turn to my expert, Mark.

Keywords: 996, all

Transcript Highlights:

• Great, welcome, Zach, and Ranking Member Mark Klicker [member_17348], 60th District, Walla Walla County
• I’m going to actually kick it over to Mark to go ahead and get us going.”
• But Mark, do you want to hop in?” “Yeah, I apologize. I apologize for not introducing you, Mark.
• So welcome, Mark, as well.” “Thank you so much, Chair Duerr and the committee.
• Any questions for Dylan or Mark? Okay. Thank you very much.

Summary: The committee heard a series of presentations on comprehensive plan updates, permitting reform, special purpose district coordination, and subdivision reform. Pierce County and the City of Redmond described their recent comprehensive plan updates, emphasizing housing production, transit-oriented development, middle housing, preservation of affordable housing, and the need for technical assistance and clearer state guidance. Both jurisdictions said the planning process took years and was complicated by overlapping state requirements, changing legislative mandates, and multiple review authorities. Redmond in particular said mid-course legislative changes forced supplemental environmental review and added significant cost and delay, and both local governments asked for more stability, clearer statutes, and better-aligned timelines. Presenters from the architecture, building official, and development sectors focused on permitting delays and proposed ways to speed housing delivery. Dave Boucher of AIA Washington argued for a provisional construction permit process for projects stamped by licensed professionals, along with mandatory deadlines and fewer stalled review cycles. Tim Woodard of WABO described existing tools such as pre-application meetings and phased approvals, noting they can improve certainty but also require staff time and careful coordination. Representatives from Master Builders and D.R. Horton said permit and subdivision delays add substantial cost to housing, citing studies showing months of delay and tens of thousands of dollars added per home, and urged administrative approvals, concurrent review, self-certification, and limits on repeated review cycles. The committee also reviewed a Commerce-led task force report on integrating special purpose districts into Growth Management Act planning. The task force recommended early invitation and notice to water, sewer, school, port, and other service providers during countywide planning policy and comprehensive plan updates, better coordination on grants and capital projects, updated water system coordination plans, and improved school siting and funding alignment in fast-growing areas. Speakers stressed that the recommendations were intended to be light-touch and focused on better communication rather than major statutory overhaul, while also noting that rural and slow-growing areas should not be burdened with the same requirements as rapidly growing jurisdictions. On subdivision reform, FutureWise and the City of Spokane discussed making more subdivision decisions administrative, preserving vesting, clarifying exemptions, and reducing unnecessary notice and appeal steps. Spokane described local reforms such as smaller minimum lot sizes, unit lot subdivisions, and reduced-process “minor engineering review” for simple plats, while raising concerns about new notice requirements and appeals to city councils for technical plat decisions. Across the hearing, members repeatedly returned to the theme that local governments, builders, and state agencies need clearer, more coordinated rules to reduce delay and uncertainty while still protecting safety and planning goals.