Video & Transcript Research : 'judicial rules'

Page 144 of 500
FL

Florida 2025 Regular Session

March 11, 2025 - 10:30 AM

Transcript Highlights:
  • I was just curious on line 154 for the two judicial circuits for the pilot program.
  • much, Chair, and great Bill, Representative Weinberger, I was just curious on line 154 for the two judicial
Summary: The Human Services Subcommittee considered three bills and reported all of them favorably by unanimous votes. HB 355, by Rep. Jay Alvarez, would allow public K-12 schools and postsecondary institutions to purchase, use, and maintain FDA-approved emergency opioid antagonists rather than being limited to naloxone. The bill was described as giving schools more flexibility and a lower-cost option for overdose response; it received supportive public testimony and passed 18-0. HB 531, by Rep. Hanchowski, expands background screening requirements for child care facilities and programs to include certain recreational enrichment programs, and creates a statewide public awareness campaign about screening requirements. An amendment narrowed the definition of recreational enrichment programs to in-person dance, gymnastics, and martial arts lessons and conformed a statutory cross-reference; the amendment was adopted without objection. The bill then passed 18-0, with support from Florida Smart Justice Alliance and some discussion about strengthening enforcement against bad actors. HB 1127, by Rep. Weinberger, addresses child welfare by creating a treatment foster care pilot program for high-acuity children, directing DCF to study residential treatment capacity, and improving data collection on commercially sexually exploited children. The bill also includes recruitment and funding proposals for foster parents and workforce strategies for DCF. Members praised the bill’s focus on difficult cases and system gaps, public testimony was supportive, and the bill passed 18-0. The meeting then adjourned.
KY

Kentucky 2026 Regular Session

Senate Standing Committee on Judiciary (3-19-26)

Judiciary

Transcript Highlights:
  • I'm the Commonwealth's Attorney for Kentucky's 54th Judicial Circuit comprised of Boone and Gallatin
  • Circuit<00:20:36.880> comprised<00:20:37.320> of<00:20:37.400> Boone 54th Judicial
  • Circuit comprised of Boone 54th Judicial Circuit comprised of Boone and<00:20:37.840> Gallatin
  • I would say we probably review between three and five per week in the 54th Judicial Circuit, perhaps
  • Louis Kelly, Commonwealth's Attorney for Kentucky's 54th Judicial Circuit, comprised of Boone and Gallatin
Keywords: 958, all
KY

Kentucky 2026 Regular Session

Senate Standing Committee on Judiciary (1-29-26)

Judiciary

Transcript Highlights:
  • there, it does the end of the day there, it does nothing<00:17:29.919> with<00:17:30.240> judicial
  • <00:17:31.840> If<00:17:32.000> the nothing with judicial discretion.
  • If the nothing with judicial discretion.
  • I don't think the intention is not to place any additional burden on the judicial system. society, the
  • ><00:48:38.720> the place any additional burden on the place any additional burden on the judicial
Keywords: 958, all
Summary: The Senate Judiciary Committee heard Senate Bill 122, which would allow certain defendants who are caretakers of dependent children to ask a sentencing court to consider parenting classes and family counseling as part of an alternative sentence, alongside existing options like probation and treatment programs. Representative Nick Wilson, the House sponsor, said the bill was aimed at helping families affected by the opioid crisis, especially in Appalachia, and described it as a way to support parents who want to get clean and rebuild family stability. He emphasized that the bill would apply only on a defendant’s motion, would not be automatic, and would exclude violent offenders, domestic violence-related cases, child-victim cases, and cases where probation or similar relief is otherwise prohibited. Committee members raised concerns that the bill could create a two-tiered system of justice or add unnecessary procedure because judges already consider family circumstances through presentence investigations and sentencing discretion. One senator said he would support the bill but worried it privileged defendants with children over those without. Another member argued the bill was unnecessary because judges and prosecutors already have these options available and because it could add another hearing to an already overloaded court system. Supporters responded that the family unit should be given greater weight and that the bill would simply make that consideration more explicit. Judge Julie Ward, joined by Judge Jeremy Maddox, testified against the bill as written. She said judges already receive presentence reports, hear offender statements, and consider caregiving responsibilities, and that family court already addresses children’s needs when custody issues arise. Her main objections were that parenting services are not available in all communities, may cost money, and that the bill would require evidentiary hearings and potentially create equal protection problems by giving preferential treatment to caretakers. She urged the sponsors to work on revised language instead of passing the bill in its current form. Senator Wheeler said he would vote for the bill and noted that a floor amendment would be offered to address access to confidential juvenile “J cases” in presentence reports, since probation and parole do not have that access. He said the amendment was intended to make sure sentencing judges have the information they need. The discussion ended without a final committee vote in the transcript, but the bill remained under consideration with possible amendment and further revision.
WY

Wyoming 2026 Regular Session

Senate Judiciary Committee, March 2, 2026 AM

Judiciary

Transcript Highlights:
  • Um office of the AG promagating rules.
  • I mean, evidence is already going to be limited by our rules of procedure and rules of evidence, but
  • > evidence,<01:52:22.719> but and rules of evidence, but and rules of evidence, but um<
  • Uh the court in its been ruled.
  • . rules. rules.
AL

Alabama 2026 Regular Session

Alabama Senate Mar 31st, 2026

Alabama Senate Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • Secretary Reed has received the report from the Committee on Rules. >> From the Committee on Rules, Senate
  • We, the undersigned members of the Senate Rules Committee, petition the Senate pursuant to Senate Rule
  • We have a U petition from rules rules rules >> from<01:40:03.679> the<01:40:03.840> committee
  • We have a report from committee on rules. From the committee on rules, petition to close debate.
  • We the undersigned members of the Senate Rules Committee petition the Senate pursuant to Senate Rule
Keywords: 920, all
Summary: The meeting included a Senate recognition ceremony honoring the Winona High School boys basketball team for winning the 2026 Alabama High School Athletic Association 5A state championship. A resolution was read commending the team for its 101-40 victory over Silicag, noting the team’s record-setting performance, Brendan Davis’s MVP honor, the contributions of other players, and Coach Cedric Lane’s leadership. Senators and the lieutenant governor praised the players’ sportsmanship, the school community, and the team’s historic season, and copies of the resolution were presented to the team, coaches, and administrators. Several guests and school representatives also spoke briefly, including the coach and principal, who thanked the Senate and noted the team’s success and the principal’s retirement after 35 years. After the recognition, the Senate returned to session and adopted the Committee on Rules report setting the special order calendar. The calendar included Senate Bill 99 on the Ten Commandments, Senate Bill 298 on Class 3 municipalities, House Bill 381 on camp safety, Senate Bill 370 on tax increment districts, Senate Bill 363 on the Department of Economic and Community Affairs, House Bill 466 on firefighters, House Bill 95 on elections, House Bill 259 on stablecoin, and Senate Bill 342 on education. The chamber then took up SB 99, sponsored by Senators Kelly and Sessions. Senator Kelly described the bill as requiring local school boards to display the Ten Commandments, together with founding documents such as the Declaration of Independence, Constitution, Bill of Rights, and Alabama Constitution preamble, in certain history classrooms and common areas for grades five through 12, using donated displays and funds when available. He said the bill was intended as a historical and educational measure, not religious instruction, and emphasized the inclusion of a disclaimer stating Alabama is not establishing a religion. After extended debate and a petition to close debate from the Rules Committee, the Senate voted on the bill by long roll and passed SB 99, with the recorded vote announced as 30 yeas and 4 nays.
HI

Hawaii 2025 Regular Session

PSM-JDC, JDC Public Hearings 03-13-2025

Public Safety and Military Affairs

Transcript Highlights:
  • Probable cause is always subject to judicial scrutiny.
  • That's the rule nationally.
  • That's the rule nationally.
  • That's the rule nationally.
  • That's the rule nationally.
Keywords: 912, senate, all
Summary: The joint committees heard testimony on several fireworks-related bills. On HB 550, which would allow law enforcement to use drone recordings to establish probable cause for fireworks arrests in public areas and appropriate funds for drones, the Department of Law Enforcement and Honolulu Police Department supported the measure. The Public Defender and some public testifiers opposed it, arguing that a statute cannot mandate probable cause and that the bill raises constitutional concerns. A prosecutor later explained that the bill is intended to address Hawaiʻi case law, especially State v. Kit, which limits aerial surveillance over homes under the state constitution, and suggested that changing “shall” to “may” could reduce constitutional problems. Members also questioned whether current law already allows video evidence of fireworks violations and whether the bill was necessary. Testimony included both support and opposition from individuals and organizations, and no vote was taken during the hearing. The committees then heard HB 806, which would appropriate funds for the Department of Law Enforcement to conduct sting operations on Oʻahu to enforce fireworks laws. The department and police supported the bill, while the Libertarian Party of Hawaiʻi opposed it, arguing that fireworks are already illegal and that the measure adds unnecessary enforcement powers and constitutional risk. Committee members asked what “sting operation” means and whether the term should be defined more clearly; the department said it refers to police or criminal investigations involving deception and agreed a definition would help guide use of the funds. The department also said the funding would support training, storage, and other operational costs for undercover investigations. Finally, the committees heard HB 1483, a broader fireworks enforcement bill that would create an adjudication system for fireworks infractions, revise definitions and penalties, establish new offenses, and increase penalties when fireworks offenses cause injury or death. The Attorney General’s office strongly supported the bill, saying it would improve enforcement by clarifying definitions and allowing cases to be proven without particle testing or expert witnesses when fireworks leave no physical evidence. The Department of Law Enforcement also supported it. The Public Defender opposed the bill, focusing on the bill’s penalty enhancements for offenses that are rarely enforced and its concurrent trial provision, which it said raises problems because of the differences between civil and criminal proceedings. No final committee action or vote was reported in the transcript.
NH

New Hampshire 2025 Regular Session

Senate Session (01/30/2025)

New Hampshire Senate Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • The motion is adopted by the necessary 2/3. to amend the Senate rules with the to amend the Senate rules
  • <00:30:49.720> and that may exist in current rules and that may exist in current rules and
  • certain exclusion exclusionary rules certain exclusion exclusionary rules that<01:39:05.719>
  • :07.440> we that apply evidentiary rules that we that apply evidentiary rules that we don't<01
  • Rule 2-16 and Rule 2-17. Is there any further business?
Keywords: 1191, senate, all
NM

New Mexico 2025 Regular Session

Senate Chamber Mar 20th, 2025

New Mexico Senate Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • House Joint Memorial 2, having been read twice by title, is referred to the Senate Rules Committee.
  • House Joint Memorial 4, having been read twice by title, is referred to the Senate Rules Committee.
  • President, I ask for unanimous consent that the rules be suspended.
  • President, I ask for unanimous consent that the rules be suspended.
  • President, I ask unanimous consent that the rules be suspended.
FL

Florida 2026 Regular Session

Banking and Insurance Feb 4th, 2026

Banking and Insurance

Transcript Highlights:
  • concerns and make sure that we get those cleared up before we head to, I believe, Senator Passidomo's rules
  • effective advocate, so I'm sure we can work through those and, with Chair Pasidomo's help, as it gets to rules
  • features, including coverage limits, deductibles, waiting periods, exclusions, pre-existing condition rules
  • features, including coverage limits, deductibles, waiting periods, exclusions, pre-existing condition rules
  • Chief Judge Frank Allman of the Second Judicial Circuit, Martha Edenfield of the Real Property, Probate
Summary: The Banking and Insurance Committee heard and advanced a wide range of insurance, financial services, and probate bills. Early in the meeting, SB 1000 on trust fund interest for attorney trust accounts was explained as setting a floor and ceiling tied to the Wall Street Journal prime rate and was reported favorably. The committee then took up CS/SB 1082 on a statewide provider and health plan claim dispute resolution program for emergency out-of-network claims. After extensive discussion about the relationship between the state and federal No Surprises Act processes, an amendment was withdrawn due to concerns about clarity and scope, but the bill itself was supported by providers and insurers and was reported favorably. The committee also approved SB 684 on electronic signatures for total loss vehicles and vessels, CS/SB 158 on pet insurance consumer disclosures and agent education, SB 1494 expanding breast cancer screening coverage, CS/SB 314 on digital assets and stablecoin issuers, and CS/SB 1500 on uncontested probate procedures and small-estate administration. SB 618 on workers’ compensation insurance was amended to raise the consent-to-rate cap for workers’ compensation policies from 10% to 20% and then reported favorably, with supporters saying it would help keep higher-risk employers in the voluntary market. CS/SB 1568 creating a Florida Stablecoin Pilot Program was amended to remove authority for a Florida coin and limit the program to existing stablecoins, then passed. Later, the committee approved CS/SB 838 on electronic payment convenience fees for retail installment contracts, with the sponsor emphasizing that a fee-free payment option must still be offered. SB 1452, the Department of Financial Services agency bill, was amended and reported favorably; it covered My Safe Florida Home administration, insurance and licensing changes, unclaimed property updates, and other DFS-related provisions. The committee also passed SB 1706 on the My Safe Florida Condominium Pilot Program, targeting owner-occupied condominiums at or below 80% of area median income, and SB 990 on protected cell captive insurance companies, which supporters said would modernize Florida’s captive insurance laws and encourage more competition. The meeting ended with all listed bills reported favorably and the committee adjourned.
AZ

Arizona 2026 Regular Session

06/10/2026 - Joint Appropriations

Transcript Highlights:
  • So I'm setting those ground rules, as far as the House is concerned.
  • You saw the rules that set up.
  • Same rules? Absolutely. Thank you so much, Mr. Chair. It's great to be here.
  • Leanna Garcia said she was there on behalf of the Arizona Judicial Council.
  • It's the same rules, just to clarify that. I think I had the leader wanted to go ahead.
Summary: The joint House and Senate Appropriations committees met to hear the FY 2027 budget package, beginning with the General Appropriations Act (HB 4154/SB 1847). Staff outlined the overall budget, including one-time fund transfers, lump-sum reductions, funding for state employee health insurance, school facilities, corrections, flood and wildfire relief, education and child care, and other ongoing and supplemental items. Members briefly discussed the absence of a requested $1.5 million for the oversight office, but the chair said no amendments would be taken in committee and that only limited technical changes were likely later in the process. Public testimony on the feed bill was largely supportive but focused on specific funding concerns. Testimony highlighted school safety funding, Alzheimer’s services, small business tax expensing provisions, disability oversight for group homes, county use of opioid settlement dollars, adult education/community college funding, victim notification funding, and ESA oversight. Several speakers praised the budget for funding DDD and other services, while others opposed or sought changes to items such as the COMIT group home monitoring program, Maricopa Community Colleges’ lack of operating aid, and a possible cut to the victim notification program. The chair repeatedly emphasized that changes to the negotiated budget would be difficult and should be routed through leadership. The committee then moved quickly through the remaining budget reconciliation bills. Staff summarized bills covering amusement and wagering, capital outlay, commerce, criminal justice, environment, health care, higher education, human services, and K-12 education. Notable provisions included continued wagering assessments, highway and building renewal funding, defense innovation and economic development changes, corrections and wrongful conviction provisions, groundwater and water banking measures, health insurance oversight and opioid settlement provisions, higher education funding and ABOR operating caps, SNAP and housing trust fund changes, and a 2% inflation increase for K-12 formula components. The K-12 bill also included a biometric school safety pilot and a child sexual abuse prevention pilot. No votes were taken in the portion provided, and the chair indicated the committee would continue through the remaining bills.
HI
Transcript Highlights:
  • Weakening these rules creates unnecessary danger. Rules exist for order, not oppression.
  • protect lives you know<00:26:34.200> weakening<00:26:34.760> these<00:26:34.960> rules
  • <00:26:35.520> create know weakening these rules create know weakening these rules create
  • The pedestrian was cited without documented proof of immediate danger, and for enforcement and judicial
  • The pedestrian was cited without documented proof of immediate danger, and for enforcement and judicial
Keywords: 910, house, all
Summary: The House Committee on Transportation met on March 18, 2025, to hear several measures and later take up amendments and votes. Early items included a budget measure to increase the mass transit special fund expenditure ceiling, a bill extending lapse dates for drug and alcohol toxicology testing laboratory funds, and a measure creating buffer zones for parking near crosswalks and intersections. Testimony on the crosswalk-parking bill was broadly supportive from transportation, law enforcement, planning, bicycling, public health, and advocacy groups, with the Department of Health emphasizing visibility and roadway safety. The committee also heard a bill establishing the Mokai air carrier subsidy program for Molokaʻi, which drew support from the Chamber of Commerce Hawaii and comments from the Department of Transportation. The committee then heard SB 106 on pedestrian rules, which generated mixed testimony: the Office of the Public Defender, Hawaii Appleseed, Hawaii Public Health Institute, Hawaii Workers Center, and the Department of Health supported it, while the Honolulu Police Department and Kīpuka Injury Prevention Coalition opposed it. Supporters argued the bill would reduce inequitable jaywalking enforcement and reflect a broader safety culture; opponents warned it could create confusion and risk. Members also discussed whether the bill would affect other traffic-code provisions and asked about crash data in other jurisdictions; the Department of Health said crashes had not increased in other places and cited California data showing decreased crashes and fatalities. In decision-making, the committee voted to pass SB 934 SD2 with amendments, with Representative Miyake reserving and Representative Cochran excused. It then passed SB 1526 SD2 with amendments. SB 1195 SD1 was also passed with amendments after the chair proposed adding language tying fines for illegal parking near crosswalks and intersections to the Safe Routes to School special fund and establishing a fine range of $100 to $500 per violation, with collected fines dedicated to pedestrian safety improvements. Members voiced support for the dedicated revenue source and community safety rationale. The committee next passed SB 1638 SD2 with amendments to strengthen the constitutional/public-purpose findings for subsidizing air carriers serving Molokaʻi and to add annual audit requirements and penalties for misuse of funds. The amended findings emphasized that affordable air service is essential for health care, employment, education, and overall well-being in remote island communities, and that the subsidy program is intended to improve access and competition while lowering costs for residents. The chair then recessed the meeting after the final vote.
NM

New Mexico 2026 Regular Session

House - Appropriations and Finance Jan 30th, 2026 at 09:51 am

House Appropriations & Finance

Transcript Highlights:
  • Item number 37 was something you all flagged just yesterday for the Second Judicial District Attorney
  • Just let me know if I'm missing the right time to ask, but I don't—I mean, the Judicial District, we've
  • Just let me know if I'm missing the right time to ask, but I don't—I mean, the Judicial District, we've
  • the district attorney, I mean, the public defenders and all of the other ancillary parts of the judicial
Keywords: 996, all
KY
Transcript Highlights:
  • I am the Commonwealth attorney for the 54th Judicial Circuit, which is Boone and Gallatin counties, and
  • attorney<00:02:09.520> for<00:02:09.679> the<00:02:09.840> 54th<00:02:10.319> Judicial
  • <00:02:10.720> Circuit, attorney for the 54th Judicial Circuit, attorney for the 54th Judicial
Keywords: 958, all
Summary: The House Judiciary Committee met with a quorum and considered four bills. House Bill 4, relating to grooming a minor, was presented as a response to child sexual abuse concerns and would create criminal penalties for adults who groom or solicit minors for sexual conduct. Members raised questions about possible impacts on teachers, youth ministers, nonprofits, and other good-faith communications, as well as concerns about vagueness and age thresholds. The sponsor and supporters said the bill was intended to target predatory conduct while exempting job-related, age-appropriate, and other non-predatory discussions. The committee approved HB 4 favorably by a vote of 14 yes, 0 no, and 5 pass. House Bill 84, dealing with local government liability for riot-related property damage, was described as a clarification of longstanding Kentucky law so it would apply to consolidated and unified local governments such as Louisville. The sponsor said the bill preserves accountability when governments have notice of a riot and fail to act, while opponents questioned whether language about citizens’ aid could encourage vigilante behavior. The sponsor and another member said the bill was not about vigilanteism but about preserving existing rights and ensuring equal protection for property owners across the state. HB 84 passed favorably by a vote of 15 yes, 1 no, and 1 pass. House Bill 188, relating to public safety in jails, would extend peer-support confidentiality protections from police officers to jail employees and add jail and medical staff to third-degree assault protections. The sponsor said the measure was prompted by concerns from Warren County jail leadership and was intended to improve mental and physical safety at no cost to taxpayers. Members voiced support for extending protections to jail and penitentiary staff, and the committee passed HB 188 favorably with 18 yes votes and no opposition. House Bill 143, relating to fiduciary bonds, would allow fiduciary bonds to be notarized instead of attested by the circuit court clerk, a change described as a practical request from clerks and attorneys. It passed unanimously, 18 yes, 0 no, 0 pass, and the committee then adjourned.
MN

Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session

Committee on Judiciary and Public Safety - 02/23/26

Judiciary and Public Safety

Transcript Highlights:
  • Courts have ruled that the 14th Amendment does not explicitly prohibit sex-based discrimination.
  • Courts have ruled that the 14th Amendment does not explicitly prohibit sex-based discrimination.
  • I'm not sure I'm not used to how these rules... That's quite all right.
  • Senate File 473 is passed and re-referred to the Senate Committee on Rules.
  • Senate Committee on Rules. Senate Committee on Rules.
Keywords: 1187, senate, all
NH

New Hampshire 2025 Regular Session

House Committee on Housing (01/21/2025)

Housing

Transcript Highlights:
  • Without the part of it at the end of the expiration, there's no judicial involvement at that point.
  • But that's again an exception to the rule. Not all shelters are able to do that.
  • eviction diversion at the judicial eviction diversion at the judicial system<02:10:43.880> so
  • However, this doesn't change the judicial process in New Hampshire.
  • However, this doesn't change the judicial process in New Hampshire.
Keywords: 1189, house, all
AZ

Arizona 2026 Regular Session

06/12/2026 - Senate Appropriations, Transportation and Technology

Appropriations, Transportation and Technology

Transcript Highlights:
  • It established the principle of judicial review.
  • You know, deciding for the courts how they should rule if there's two distinct, you know...
  • For the courts how they should rule if there's two distinct ballot referendums that pass.
Bills: HCR2048
WV
Transcript Highlights:
  • And it's attending school, passing your classes, following the rules of the school, and following your
  • parents' rules, and then the parents were just asked to support them.
  • I'm here on behalf of the 23rd Judicial Circuit, which also encompasses Barbour County.
Keywords: 994, senate, all
Summary: The committee first approved the minutes from its prior meeting and then took up House Bill 5537, a bill to repeal several obsolete or outdated code sections. Counsel explained that the bill would remove provisions related to professional development, a behavioral interventionist pilot program, county lists of facilities for child daycare, and high school graduation rates, with a proposed amendment adding another outdated education code section from 1923. The committee adopted the amendment and reported HB 5537 to the full Senate with a recommendation that it do pass as amended. The committee then considered House Bill 4656, which would shift truancy policy toward chronic absenteeism and earlier intervention. Counsel said the committee substitute would replace punitive status-offense treatment with wraparound services, student support specialists, and a new child-in-need-of-supervision process, while also ending compulsory attendance at age 18 and removing criminal penalties for 18-year-olds. Members questioned how the new thresholds would work, including the role of attendance directors, prosecutors, judges, and the Department of Human Services, and whether the bill would change current diversion funding or court authority. Witnesses from Fayette County, Greenbrier County, and Taylor County largely opposed the bill or urged caution. The Fayette County attendance director said current truancy procedures, including school-based probation and court involvement, help secure family participation and services, and warned that removing the status offense would weaken enforcement. A Greenbrier County probation officer said diversion programs are effective and that court involvement often leads to needed services. A Taylor County juvenile prosecutor said status-offense jurisdiction gives courts meaningful leverage and flexibility, and asked that counties be allowed to keep existing approaches that work locally. After testimony, the committee voted to report HB 4656 to the full Senate without recommendation and with a recommendation that it be re-referred to the Committee on Education, then adjourned.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
  • This is relating to the requirements for a petition proposing an amendment to the charter of a home rule
  • Unlike the rules in the charter, city code can be amended more easily.
  • literally approaching these individuals for private contracts without even trying to go to some type of judicial
TX

Texas 89th Regular

Local Government (Part I) Mar 24th, 2025

Local Government

Transcript Highlights:
  • This is relating to the requirements for a petition proposing an amendment to the charter of a Home Rule
  • Unlike the rules in the charter, city code can be amended more easily.
  • Uh, these people for private contracts, uh, without even trying to go to a some type of judicial process
NM

New Mexico 2025 Regular Session

House - Rural Development, Land Grants And Cultural Affairs Jan 28th, 2025

House Rural Development, Land Grants And Cultural Affairs

Transcript Highlights:
  • It states that per House Rule 11.6, making an appropriation... ...allocation is not in the title.
  • The commission has promulgated our own rules.
  • right now where we need the support to defend our ASECAS, to defend our land grants, and educate our judicial