Video & Transcript Research : 'judicial rules'

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TX

Texas 89th 2nd C.S.

89th Legislative Session Mar 7th, 2025

Texas House Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • requirements, physical examinations and genetic testing in interstellactic athletics, and the adoption of rules
  • Affairs, HB 1126 by GAMAs relating to sunscreening devices installed in a motor vehicle displaying a judicial
HI
Transcript Highlights:
  • Just some House rules, if I may, to allow as many people as possible to testify: We do have a two-minute
  • um<00:09:04.200> just<00:09:04.360> some<00:09:04.519> house<00:09:04.760> rules
  • I<00:09:05.519> may<00:09:06.240> um<00:09:07.240> to um just some house rules
  • if I may um to um just some house rules if I may um to allow<00:09:07.839> as<00:09:08.079>
  • At first glance, you might think, okay, well, judicial approval — there's a judge involved, it's got
Keywords: 910, house, all
Summary: The House Committees on Health and Labor heard testimony on HB 1244, a measure relating to labor standards at health care facilities and nursing staff ratios. Committee members opened by explaining hearing procedures, including a suggested two-minute testimony limit and Zoom rules. The bill drew extensive testimony from hospitals, nursing organizations, unions, and individual nurses, with the central debate focusing on whether staffing ratios should be set by statute or left to collective bargaining and unit-level staffing decisions. Opponents included the Department of Labor and Industrial Relations, the Healthcare Association of Hawaii, Straub Benioff Medical Center, Hawaii Pacific Health, Kapiolani Medical Center, and Queen’s Health Systems. They argued that fixed ratios are too rigid for the changing conditions of hospital care, could worsen workforce shortages, and should be handled through labor negotiations, staffing committees, and existing agreements. Several also pointed to investments in nursing education, loan repayment, and workforce development as better solutions. Queen’s said it had recently reached an agreement with nurses after more than 40 meetings that included a staffing framework, and Kapiolani and others emphasized the need for flexibility in emergencies and specialty care. Supporters, including the Hawaii State Center for Nursing, Pride at Work Hawaii, the Hawaii Nurses Association/American Nurses Association chapter, Hawaii Nurses Association Local 50, UNAC/UHCP, and individual nurses, said unsafe staffing levels contribute to burnout, turnover, errors, and patient harm. Testifiers described chronic short staffing, emotionally and physically exhausting workloads, and situations in which nurses were responsible for too many patients at once. Supporters argued that safe ratios are necessary to protect both patients and nurses, and that collective bargaining has not been enough to ensure safe conditions statewide, especially in facilities without unions. No vote or final committee action was announced in the portion provided.
NH

New Hampshire 2026 Regular Session

House Children and Family Law (01/20/2026)

Children and Family Law

Transcript Highlights:
  • There was that I was going by my comma rules and— >> Yeah.
  • There was that I was going by my comma rules and— Okay.
  • <00:49:15.599> Court Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court
  • And how was that rule? I'm not aware that there are.
  • rulings been handed down? rulings been handed down?
Keywords: 1189, house, all
FL

Florida 2025 Regular Session

FL House Floor Session - 2025-04-03 (9:00AM Session)

Florida House Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • I know school board members are really happy for this relief that they are able to adopt certain rules
  • The bill also provides statutory rules for foreign Series LLCs which are already transacting business
  • Chair: Senator of the 28th District, Rules Chair Passidomo, for what purpose do you rise?
  • Chair Hooper: I move that Senate Rule 7.1 be waived for Senate Bill 2500, the General Appropriations
  • Chair: Before I recognize the Rules Chair for our last motion, are there any other announcements today
Keywords: 998, house, all
CA

California 2025-2026 Regular Session

Senate Budget and Fiscal Review Committee Jun 15th, 2026

Budget and Fiscal Review

Transcript Highlights:
  • This was back in 2022 between the number of authorized judgeships and judicial need.
  • Back in 2022, between the number of authorized judgeships and judicial need.
  • With judicial officers handling caseloads about 18% higher with judicial officers handling caseloads
  • With judicial officers handling caseloads about 18% higher, with judicial officers handling caseloads
Keywords: 987, senate, all
Summary: The Senate Budget and Fiscal Review Committee heard AB 109, the Budget Act of 2026, and related discussion of the legislative budget agreement. Committee staff and the Department of Finance described a two-year balanced plan with about $253 billion in General Fund spending, roughly $5.5 billion in higher assumed revenues than the May Revision, and about $36.5 billion in combined reserves. They said the package preserves or expands funding for schools and community colleges, child care, IHSS, Medi-Cal-related county administration, housing and homelessness programs, public hospitals, courthouse construction, and some criminal justice and prison-closure savings, while delaying or modifying several prior health care reductions and some Medi-Cal changes. Much of the member discussion focused on Medi-Cal, H.R. 1, and the impact on low-income and immigrant Californians. Several Democrats argued the budget protects vulnerable residents by delaying some cuts, funding county eligibility work, indigent care, public hospitals, and food banks, and rejecting the Governor’s IHSS cuts and asset-limit proposal. Republicans criticized the budget for assuming future revenues, relying on new taxes, and not doing enough to address the structural deficit or improve accountability. Members also raised concerns and support around homelessness funding, Prop. 36, judgeships and courthouse funding, transit and GGRF allocations, local journalism, Caltrans fleet spending, and a proposed “fair share” revenue measure that was not yet before the committee. Public testimony was largely supportive of the budget’s health and human services provisions, especially the rejection of IHSS cuts and the asset-limit proposal, and the inclusion of funding for child care, sickle cell centers, domestic violence services, trauma recovery centers, distressed hospitals, county eligibility work, and transit programs. Some witnesses representing hospitals and health plans cautioned about the effects of moving certain Medi-Cal populations to fee-for-service and about proposed tax changes affecting health care providers. The chair said revenue trailer bills were still being finalized and would likely come back later in the week; the committee then moved to public comment, with the chair limiting speakers to about one minute each.
OK
Transcript Highlights:
  • Is it the rules about how do we register to vote?
  • If you are in an elected office, making rules, policy, and laws that we all must live by, then you should
  • counties, I think the bare minimum of asking that person... who, as again, is in a position to make laws, rules
OK
Transcript Highlights:
  • My understanding is we have another bill that's in play by the rules chair that would Dissolve the sunset
  • So this bill went through rules.
  • I believe this piece of legislation is ineligible to be heard and under rule 8.4a.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
  • This bill does comply with court rulings. No, I understand.
  • Section 11 says that we can establish rules and have punishments.
  • the rules, including punishment.
  • We have rules. We have rules generally to protect the minority. Would you agree with that?
  • Just like we do with our other rules and other enforcement. Okay.
CO

Colorado 2026 Regular Session

Colorado Senate 2026 Legislative Day 021 Feb 4th, 2026

Colorado Senate Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • multiplies these injustices, turning civil proceedings into backdoor prosecutions that chill trust in our judicial
  • :50:16.960> our prosecutions that chill trust in our prosecutions that chill trust in our judicial
  • We have the monetary costs of increasing judicial workload and staffing.
  • And in the nonmonetary cost, the increase of time in court and judicial backlogs.
  • The coat rule is relaxed.
Keywords: 981, all
Summary: The Senate convened with a quorum, approved the February 2, 2026 journal, and received committee reports. The Education Committee recommended Senate Bill 19 be amended and sent to the Committee of the Whole with a favorable recommendation, and also recommended confirmation of several appointments, including James JB Holston as Executive Director of the Department of Higher Education and two members of the Private Occupational School Board. The Judiciary Committee recommended Senate Bill 5 be amended and referred to Appropriations with a favorable recommendation. The chamber then moved out of order for resolutions and took up Senate Joint Resolution 7, recognizing February 2026 as Black History Month. The resolution was read at length and included extensive findings on Black history nationally and in Colorado, highlighting figures such as Barney Ford, Clara Brown, early Black legislators, and more recent Black civic and legislative leaders. Senator Exum said there were no additional comments and noted that remarks would be made later in the House. The resolution was adopted on a 33-0 vote, and the current roll call was added as co-sponsors. The Senate also considered Senate Bill 10 on the third-reading consent calendar, a bill clarifying definitions used in agricultural property taxation. It passed unanimously, 33-0. The body then took up Senate Bill 4, which would expand who may petition for an extreme risk protection order. Senator Sullivan and supporters framed it as a public safety measure, while Senator Minority Leader and Senator Zamora Wilson opposed it, arguing it could create administrative burdens, unintended consequences, constitutional concerns, and costs. The debate continued with extended opposition remarks, but the transcript ends before a final vote on SB 4 is shown.
MD

Maryland 2026 Regular Session

Senate Floor Session, 3/9/2026 #1

Maryland Senate Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • This is a question as to whether to suspend the rules for the purposes of a late-filed bill.
  • President, I ask that we introduce this into the rules.
  • If not, without objection, rules having been suspended, clerk will read the bill. Senate Bill 1006.
  • <00:20:50.880> All introduce this into the rules. All introduce this into the rules.
  • Judicial proceedings, any other standing committees, select committees, delegations, caucuses?
Summary: The Maryland Senate opened with an invocation by Reverend Rodney Hudson, who was introduced by the Senator from the 40th District and recognized for his work as a pastor, teacher, and community leader in West Baltimore. The chamber also welcomed several district night visitors, AFSCME members, and a new group of student pages from schools across the state. The Senate then took up a resolution honoring the Maryland Council for Social Studies and its Social Studies and Civics Educator Award recipients, with remarks praising their work in education and a unanimous celebratory vote. The named honorees included educators recognized for elementary and secondary social studies, new teacher of the year, instructional leader of the year, a related organization professional, and civic education educator of the year. The Senate also adopted a resolution recognizing the women of the 6888 Central Postal Directory Battalion during Women’s History Month. The sponsor highlighted the battalion’s all-Black, overseas World War II service, its work clearing a massive mail backlog for troops, and the racism and sexism the women overcame. The resolution honored the service and legacy of the unit and was approved unanimously. In addition, the Senate passed Senate Bill 56, authorizing external data sharing by the Maryland Longitudinal Data System Center for multi-state reporting, and Senate Bill 100, concerning early voting centers and bus stops, both by 44 affirmative votes. Later, a late-filed bill was introduced after suspension of the rules: Senate Bill 1006, the Maryland State Flag Protection Act, a constitutional amendment intended to protect the state flag in the constitution. The bill was referred to the Rules Committee. The session concluded with caucus announcements, including a Democratic caucus meeting the next morning, a Republican caucus meeting at 8:30 a.m., and notice of a Jewish Caucus event marking the 200th anniversary of the Jew Bill. The Senate then adjourned until March 10 at 10:00 a.m.
AL

Alabama 2025 Regular Session

Alabama House Feb 18th, 2025 at 01:00 pm

Alabama House Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • begs leave to report that it on rules begs leave to report that it on rules begs leave to report that
  • to be under consideration for the rules to be under consideration for the rules committee reason we
  • committee uh selections to have rules committee uh selections to have rules committee uh selections
  • so it's before he even arrives to rules so it's before he even arrives to rules so it's um it's it's
  • rules if it does not make it what's of rules if it does not make it what's of rules if it does not make
Keywords: sessions, 2025-R, 1, 219
TX

Texas 89th 2nd C.S.

Business and Commerce May 15th, 2025

Business & Commerce

Transcript Highlights:
  • The nations that win the race in this area will ultimately rule the world.
  • I think you said 'rule the world,' 'business and security imperative,' 'next frontier.'
  • robust standards and plans for poll inspections, and we stand ready to assist the PEC in developing rules
  • However, we do want to note direct. developing rules over the interim.
  • A 2023 Texas Supreme Court case, however, ruled that despite the plain language of the insurance code
Summary: The committee first handled pending business, including reconsidering a failed vote on SB 715 and then reporting several measures favorably. SB 1978 was reported from committee on a committee substitute, and a series of House bills — including HB 431, HB 1522, HB 1922, HB 3228, HB 3229, HB 3803, HB 3804, HB 3805, HB 3806, HB 4219, HB 4238, HB 434, HB 1584, and HB 4739 — were moved out of committee, most to the local and uncontested calendar. The votes on these items were overwhelmingly or unanimously in favor, with committee substitutes adopted where applicable. The committee then heard HB 2963, a right-to-repair bill for consumer electronics. The author said the bill would require manufacturers to provide parts, tools, and documentation on fair and reasonable terms while preserving trade secrets and excluding certain categories such as medical devices, motor vehicles covered by an MOU, critical infrastructure, and commercial-only transactions. Supporters from the Texas Public Policy Foundation and Environment Texas argued it would strengthen property rights, help small businesses, and reduce e-waste. Opponents, including representatives of SafeLight Auto Glass and LKQ, said they supported right-to-repair in principle but objected to the bill’s automotive MOU exemption and broader scope, warning it could create uncertainty and leave some manufacturers and repair shops outside the framework. The bill was left pending after testimony. Members also heard HB 2467 on salary parity for State Fire Marshal investigators, HB 252 on allowing some state agencies to pay certain employees twice monthly, HB 2468 on public improvement district notice and a buyer’s right to terminate, HB 4386 on annuity contract exchanges and surrender timelines, HB 4751 creating a Texas Quantum Initiative and related fund, and HJR 175 proposing a constitutional amendment protecting Texans’ ability to use mutually agreed-upon mediums of exchange, including cash, bullion, and digital currency. Testimony on HB 4751 was largely supportive but included questions about whether the state needs a new coordinating structure and funding mechanism for quantum research and commercialization. HJR 175 drew discussion about barter, taxes, and concerns over central bank digital currency. Each of these items was left pending after hearing testimony. The committee also heard HB 2221, which would update insurance anti-rebating laws to allow more wellness and value-added services in life and health insurance, with supporters saying it would encourage healthier behavior without requiring data monitoring. Finally, the committee took up a package of utility and wildfire-related bills from Chairman King’s portfolio: HB 106, requiring oil and gas operators to maintain certain overhead electrical lines; HB 144, requiring utilities to submit pole inspection and management plans to the PUC; and HB 145, requiring wildfire mitigation plans and allowing utilities to self-insure under certain conditions. Utility, co-op, and insurance representatives generally supported the safety and resiliency goals of HB 144, while asking for clarifications and less frequent reporting; HB 145 was introduced as a broader wildfire-risk and liability measure. These bills were also left pending after testimony.
FL

Florida 2025 Regular Session

Senate in Special Session B Jan 28th, 2025

Florida Senate Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • I would like to recognize the Rules Chair, Senator Passidomo.
  • An argument is made that you are changing the rules, and I understand that argument.
  • We have the 80/20 rule.
  • Remember asking their 20 judicial circuits in Florida.
  • Before I recognize the Rules Chair, any announcements? Okay.
Bills: SJR36, SR8, SR14, SR15, SR17, HCR54
TX

Texas 89th 2nd C.S.

S/C on Family & Fiduciary Relationships Mar 31st, 2025

S/C on Family & Fiduciary Relationships

Transcript Highlights:
  • been on that, that end, Chairman, but, um, I, you know, I know that there's, there's lots of crazy rulings
  • Uh, House Bill 1734 will substantially reduce costs for parties and increase judicial efficiencies.
  • , as it's been mentioned, there's been several appellate courts that have issued these conflicted rulings
TX

Texas 89th 2nd C.S.

Senate Session Apr 3rd, 2025

Texas Senate Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • Those rules are unchanged.
  • Rules suspended.
  • The rule is suspended. Michael Campbell Cook. 25 ayes, 6 nays. The rule is suspended.
  • The rule is suspended.
  • I'm going to suspend the 24-hour posting rule in accordance with Senate Rules 11.10 and 11.18, so the
Summary: The Senate convened with a quorum, heard an invocation, and adopted the previous day’s journal. Members then adopted Senate Resolution 358 honoring the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley on its 10th anniversary, with remarks highlighting UTRGV’s growth, degree production, research expansion, medical school, and role in serving the Rio Grande Valley and South Texas. The chamber also recognized the doctor of the day and adopted additional resolutions, including one for Denton County Days at the Capitol and another recognizing Texas HBCU Day. The Senate gave extensive recognition to outgoing Texas A&M University System Chancellor John Sharp through Senate Resolution 368. Senators from both parties praised his long public career, leadership of the A&M System, support for regional universities, and bipartisan approach. The resolution was adopted after multiple members added their names. The chamber also heard from advocates with the Texas Streets Coalition, and received gubernatorial nominations for the State Board of Examiners of Professional Counselors and the Texas Commission on Fire Protection. On legislation, the Senate passed several major bills. Committee Substitute Senate Bill 27, relating to rights and support for public school educators, was debated and amended to address teacher vacancies, bilingual certification testing, paid leave options, classroom removals, and appeal rights, then passed unanimously. Senate Joint Resolution 12, proposing a constitutional amendment on parents’ right to direct a child’s education, advanced on a 22-9 vote. Committee Substitute Senate Bill 1741, aimed at preventing foreign influence and intellectual property theft at public institutions of higher education, passed unanimously. Committee Substitute Senate Bill 29, the business entities bill, also passed after debate over corporate governance and shareholder protections. Senate Bill 857, authorizing law enforcement to tow certain vehicles driven by unlicensed or uninsured drivers, passed despite some concern about towing abuses during disasters. The Senate also took up Committee Substitute Senate Bill 1536 on dementia and Alzheimer’s training for certain guardians, but the transcript ends as that bill is being laid out.
HI

Hawaii 2025 Regular Session

SPEED Task Force (STF) - Thu Sept 11, 2025 @ 9:30 AM HST

Hawaii House Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • And if the party is judicial proceeding.
  • > for<03:34:14.239> for and then the rules for for and then the rules for for uh<03:34:16.160
  • , before the board for approval. additional rules and we have our we have additional rules and we have
  • > the<04:04:03.040> uh some of the rules regarding the uh some of the rules regarding the
  • If compliance with our rules is not possible, there is no path forward in order to comply with our rules
Keywords: 910, house, all
Summary: The task force held its first meeting, beginning with roll call and introductions of members and participants in the room and on Zoom. The chair emphasized Sunshine Law transparency, noted the meeting was on September 11, and opened public testimony on the orientation report. No one testified in person or on Zoom, and the chair observed a moment of silence in remembrance of 9/11 before moving into the agenda. The chair then reported on several orientation presentations given statewide between July 18 and September 5, including meetings with transit-oriented development, the Maui Chamber of Commerce, the Kona-Kohala Chamber, the Japanese Chamber of Commerce on Hawaiʻi Island, the Hawaiʻi Island Chamber of Commerce, the Hawaiʻi Island Native Hawaiian Chamber, and the Capo Chamber of Commerce. The main presentation item was a detailed overview from Kauaʻi County on its permitting process. County staff explained that zoning and building permits are handled separately on the outer islands, with zoning focused on form, character, and compatibility, and building permits focused on health and safety. They described a two-tier zoning system: ministerial permits that are automatically approved if not acted on within 30 days, and discretionary permits that go to the planning commission and can become lengthy contested cases if there is intervention. They also discussed special management area review in coastal areas, which can add time, and explained that building permits must conform to what was approved in zoning. Kauaʻi County staff also outlined the building permit process, including online and in-person submission, coordination with planning, engineering, water, wastewater, health, and fire agencies, and the county’s fully electronic review system using ProjectDox and related software. They noted that applicants are encouraged to check zoning, water, wastewater, and floodplain issues before hiring someone to prepare plans, especially for homeowners. The county shared permit and utility statistics and said the public can check permit history through Click2Gov. No votes were taken during the portion of the meeting provided; after the Kauaʻi presentation, the chair opened a question period for members.
CA

California 2025-2026 Regular Session

Assembly Judiciary Committee Jun 16th, 2026

Judiciary

Transcript Highlights:
  • The rules for witness testimony are that each side will be allowed two main witnesses each.
  • The rules for witness testimony are that each side will be allowed two main witnesses each.
  • Sarah to Kat with the rules. State Association of Counties in opposition. Thank you.
  • that we'd like to think are the good rules.
  • that we'd like to think are the good rules.
Keywords: 988, house, all
Summary: The committee heard SB 911, which would require notification to fire agencies when a home in a high wildfire severity zone is sold with an agreement to complete defensible space work after closing. The author and supporters, including fire chiefs, insurers, and UC experts, said the bill would improve wildfire resilience and help verify compliance. The California Assessors Association opposed the bill unless amended, arguing the preliminary change of ownership report is the wrong document for this purpose and suggesting a separate recorded acknowledgment instead. Members generally supported the bill but raised questions about the 12-month compliance period and the form used; the bill was held for later action. Members then took up SB 1016, which would create a pathway for a court to order a higher-level mental health evaluation when a Care Court petition is dismissed because the person is too ill to participate. Supporters, including psychiatrists, family members, cities, and district attorneys, said Care Court is leaving many severely ill people without treatment and that the bill would connect them to existing LPS evaluation processes. Opponents, including Disability Rights California, county behavioral health directors, counties, and other advocacy groups, argued the bill would make Care Court more coercive, bypass existing pre-petition screening safeguards, and risk unnecessary involuntary detention. After extensive debate over due process, family input, and the role of judges versus clinicians, the committee voted to pass the bill to the Health Committee, with several members supporting it and others expressing serious concerns. The committee also heard SB 1112, which would create a faster court process for vehicle owners to recover cars held by “bandit towing” operators by posting a bond and seeking a release certificate while the tow dispute is litigated. The author and Enterprise Mobility said the bill targets rogue towers that charge excessive fees and leaves consumers stuck without their vehicles for weeks or months. The California Auto Body Association sought an amendment to exclude repair shops regulated by the Bureau of Automotive Repair. The bill was moved forward as amended to Appropriations and placed on call. Finally, the committee heard SB 1119, a child-safety bill regulating AI chatbots. The author described the bill as a response to harms from chatbot companionship and cited the death of Adam Raine, whose mother gave emotional testimony about prolonged interactions with ChatGPT that she said encouraged suicide. Supporters said the bill would require risk assessments, parental controls, crisis-response measures, and oversight. Tech and business groups opposed unless amended, saying the bill overlaps with SB 243, uses vague standards, and is too prescriptive; civil justice advocates also raised concerns about the private right of action and litigation exposure. Members expressed sympathy and support for the goal but urged tighter definitions and continued negotiations; the bill was passed to the Privacy and Consumer Protection Committee and held on call.
TX

Texas 89th 2nd C.S.

State Affairs Aug 22nd, 2025

State Affairs

Transcript Highlights:
  • Also, as a reminder to the committee and our visitors and witnesses today, under House Rule 4, Section
  • 13, House committees are subject to the same rules of decorum that govern the House proceedings under
  • those rules.
  • And the case is ruled frivolous. That is not how fee switching works.
  • Under those rules, the chair is responsible for preserving decorum during the committee meetings and
Bills: HB7, SB 8
AL

Alabama 2026 1st Special Session

Alabama House Special Session 2026 May 6th, 2026

Alabama House Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • You have the right to appeal a court ruling. We have the right to appeal a court ruling.
  • We are appealing a court ruling, which is our right. a court ruling which is our right. >> Okay.
  • already ruled in the same justice in the Louisiana case ruled against Alabama.
  • So when the courts rule, they rule based on what it is that they saw. And once...
  • >> I've not read the ruling.
Keywords: 1136, house, all
WV

West Virginia 2026 Regular Session

Senate in Session Mar 14th, 2026 at 09:19 pm

West Virginia Senate Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • This bill is our revenue rules bundle.
  • This bill is our revenue rules bundle. Is there objection? Chair, hears none.
  • This bill is our revenue rules bundle containing 27 rules.
  • Again, this is the revenue rules bundle containing 27 rules from six different agencies.
  • Your Committee on Rules has… Your Committee on Rules has had under consideration Senate Concurrent Resolution
Keywords: 994, senate, all
Summary: The Senate considered and passed House Bill 4245, the Department of Revenue rules bundle covering 27 rules from six agencies. Members withdrew the committee amendment, adopted a floor amendment making changes to two lottery rules and one tax rule related to pre-need cemetery companies, then passed the bill 30-1. The Senate also adopted a title amendment and made the bill effective from passage by a 31-0 vote. Later, when the House rejected the Senate’s amendments, the Senate receded from its amendments and again passed the bill, making it effective from passage. The chamber also adopted several concurrent resolutions from the Rules Committee, including studies on school finance transparency, divorce grounds, the Southern West Virginia water crisis, athletic trainer access in public secondary schools, the eastern gray fox population, upland game bird stamp purchases, and the Public Service Commission. Senate Concurrent Resolution 50, calling for a study of the PSC, was also adopted. In addition, the Senate passed House Bill 5381, which expands the Office of Energy’s role to develop a comprehensive energy policy and grid stabilization plan, and House Bill 5412, the Future Ready Education Act, after amending it to require annual vocational and agriculture offerings unless not viable and to set science-of-reading training requirements for K-5 literacy teachers by 2028-29. The Senate passed House Bill 845, a supplemental appropriation to the Governor’s Office Civil Contingent Fund, after concurring in a House amendment that reappropriated federal match grant funds and increased the civil contingency surplus fund from $15 million to $25 million; it was made effective from passage. The chamber also concurred in House amendments to House Bill 4106 on constitutional carry for 18- to 20-year-olds, House Bill 4004 creating the Recharge West Virginia training reimbursement program, House Bill 5453 revising the school aid funding formula for special education weighting, and other measures including House Bill 4009 on portable benefits, Senate Bill 164 on substitute teacher definitions, and House Bill 4606 on pretrial release for certain felonies. A lengthy debate centered on House Bill 4198, the E-Verify Safe Harbor Act. The Judiciary Committee amendment would have required public and certain private employers to use E-Verify, while a further amendment from the Senator from Randolph would have limited the mandate to public employers and made E-Verify optional for private employers with liability protections for good-faith use. After extensive discussion about small business impacts, federal-state conflicts, and enforcement, the Senate adopted the Randolph amendment and then passed the bill 31-3, with a title amendment also adopted. The Senate later refused to concur in House amendments to House Bill 4010, concurred in House amendments to House Bill 5438, receded from amendments to House Bill 4765, and adjourned sine die.