Transcript Highlights:

• Substitute House Bill 2020 is declared passed. The title of the bill will be the title of the act.
• House Bill 2039 is declared passed. The title of the bill will be the title of the act.
• Having received a constitutional majority, House Bill 2040 is declared passed.
• Having received a constitutional majority, Substitute House Bill 2051 is declared passed.
• In gross Substitute House Bill 2061 is declared to pass.

Summary: The Senate opened with a moment of silence for Senator Chris Gildon and his family after the death of his wife, Autumn. It then took up several bills on final passage, beginning with Substitute House Bill 2020, which establishes a 3.1% B&O tax rate for payment card processing activities and allows a deduction for certain related fees. Supporters said it resolves a long-running dispute with the Department of Revenue; it passed 47-0. The chamber also passed House Bill 2039, delaying the child support pass-through expansion from 2026 to 2029, and House Bill 2040, delaying the elimination of recoveries from the Aged, Blind, and Disabled Assistance Program from October 2025 to October 2028. Supporters framed both as timing changes, while opponents argued they would postpone benefits for families and vulnerable people. Both bills passed 25-22. Substitute House Bill 2051, dealing with payment to acute care hospitals for difficult-to-discharge patients, passed 27-20 after several proposed amendments were withdrawn. Supporters said the bill helps hospitals care for patients who have nowhere else to go, while opponents argued the state should not delay payment support for these patients. The Senate also passed In Gross Substitute House Bill 2061, imposing a 10% concession fee on duty-free sales to fund tourism promotion and sustainable aviation fuel, over objections that it was a tax increase passed on to consumers. Finally, Substitute House Bill 2077, which taxes certain business activities related to zero-emission vehicle credits, passed 28-19 after an amendment to remove or narrow parts of the tax was rejected. Supporters said the measure would encourage spending of credits and support clean transportation goals, while opponents called it a targeted tax on Tesla and warned it could raise EV prices. The Senate then concurred in amended Engrossed Substitute House Bill 1293, a litter and plastic bag measure that increases litter penalties and keeps the planned bag-thickness increase from taking effect, and passed it 27-20. The Senate adjourned until April 27, 2025.

Transcript Highlights:

• brought into the loop, and, in a sense, as a crisis-managing organization, when things get out of control
• into the loop, and you, in a sense of a crisis managing organization that when things get out of control
• parents know that even though a lot of parents will be like, 'Well, I put on the Apple parental controls
• It's the recurring fantasy that Jews secretly control or corrupt society or that we are the worst example
• Years ago, it was about Jews and money, control over the media, and one of the most intriguing things

Keywords: 995, all

Summary: The Special Commission on Combating Anti-Semitism opened by approving the minutes from its November 5, 2025 meeting and outlining plans for its next meeting on November 20, when it expects to vote on the draft master report and recommendations. The chair explained that revised drafts would be circulated, changes would be handled by motion, and the final vote would be by roll call. The meeting then moved through several public panels focused on prevention, education, workplace support, and community safety. Parents for Peace testified that anti-Semitism and extremism should be treated as a public health crisis and urged state funding for training in K-12 schools, healthcare, and law enforcement. The panel described its intervention work with radicalized youth and families, argued for early-warning training for educators, and recommended diversion resources for courts and prosecutors so cases can be addressed before they escalate. Commissioners asked about the origins of radicalization, the need for school-based training, and how to connect courts and police to available resources. Project Shema’s Orrin Jacobson argued that effective anti-Semitism education must be nuanced, pluralistic, and grounded in a better understanding of Jewish identity and contemporary anti-Semitism, especially in conversations about Israel and Palestine. He said the group has run dozens of workshops in Massachusetts and emphasized that institutions should adopt content-neutral norms, train staff and administrators, and measure whether trainings lower tensions and increase willingness to intervene. Commissioners asked about handling activists who reject nuance, the role of faculty versus students, and whether classroom norms should limit teachers from advancing personal agendas. A workplace panel from Klaal and Combined Jewish Philanthropies presented survey data showing many Jewish employees feel unsafe being openly Jewish at work and that antisemitism training is the top requested support. They described rapid growth in Jewish employee resource groups, existing programming and stipends for ERG leaders, and recommended mandatory anti-Semitism training, support for Jewish affinity groups in public and private sectors, and broader convenings of major employers. The commission also heard from Truah rabbis and educators, who urged stronger interfaith solidarity, a state office of faith-based and neighborhood partnerships, and explicit attention to democracy and civil rights as part of anti-Semitism strategy. After a recess, the commission heard from Israeli-American, Russian Jewish, and Persian Jewish witnesses who described antisemitism as a lived, personal, and civic issue affecting immigrants and their families. They called for inclusion of diverse Jewish voices in state initiatives, stronger protections for Israeli-American businesses, and recognition that anti-Zionist rhetoric often becomes direct harassment of Jews. The chair said the testimony and suggested edits would be incorporated into the draft report, and the meeting ended with plans for further revisions before the final vote.

Transcript Highlights:

• The bill also makes it clear that the controlling corporate officers and qualified representatives would
• The bill also makes it clear that the controlling corporate officers and qualified representatives would
• <02:14:34.079> My<02:14:34.320> home been shared beyond my control.
• My home been shared beyond my control.
• We took urgent bipartisan action that session with the Republicans in control in the Senate and Governor

Keywords: 919, house, all

Summary: The House convened with prayer, the Pledge of Allegiance, and a quorum present. The journal was approved as corrected, several Senate files were given second reading, and House files 5099 through 5102 were introduced. The Rules and Legislative Administration report placed a large group of bills on the May 4 calendar with pre-filing requirements for amendments. The first major floor bill was House File 3426, the annual LCCMR bill appropriating about $102.036 million from the Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund for 108 projects, including a new community grants program. Members spoke in support, emphasizing natural resources, outdoor recreation, and added integrity safeguards; the bill passed 117-15. The House then passed House File 4151, a bipartisan occupational licensing bill for private detectives and protective agents. It ends partnership detective licenses and requires background checks for controlling officers and qualified representatives, while preventing licensure of people with disqualifying offenses from other states or federal law. The bill passed 133-0. After that, the chamber took up Senate File 4760, a public safety package incorporating multiple previously heard House bills and additional provisions. The package included items on recognizing Canadian protective orders, sextortion penalties, gift card fraud, firearm age restrictions, restitution, juvenile detention licensing, corrections data and terminology, chemical irritant disclosure, victims’ rights, BCA fraud statutes, and the private detective bill. Several amendments to Senate File 4760 were adopted, including one inserting House language, one changing the effective date for public-employer discretion provisions, one allowing the Office of the Legislative Auditor to request BCA fingerprints for federal tax information compliance, and one clarifying jail medication provisions. Another amendment, A3, drew a roll call after Representative Duran argued it would keep the current juvenile delinquency age and allow more time to build infrastructure; Representative Feist urged a no vote, citing opposition from other stakeholders. The transcript ends during discussion of that roll call, before the final outcome on A3 or the overall public safety package is shown.

Transcript Highlights:

• A quorum was declared<00:04:52.560> in<00:04:52.720> the<00:04:52.800> house<00:
• House Bill 67, Representative Payne, an act relating to schools and declaring an emergency.
• House Bill 628, declaring an emergency.
• House Bill 637, district calendars and declaring an district calendars and declaring an emergency.<00
• education and declaring an emergency. education and declaring an emergency.

Keywords: Convene 00:00 Calendar/2nd Readings 06:06 Report of Committees 07:10 Orders of the Day 09:21 HB 253 09:35 HB 508 16:18 HCR 44 29:09 HB 436 31:53 Motions, Petitions, and Communications 35:50 Introduction of New Bills and Resolutions 41:19 Recess for ConC/Rules Meeting 43:02 ConC/Rules Report 46:27 Floor Amendments 47:56 Adjournment 48:34, 958, all

Summary: The House convened with an invocation, the Pledge of Allegiance, a quorum present, and approval of the prior day’s journal. Committee reports were read for a range of bills and resolutions, including measures on privacy protection, theft by deception, social work, licensed occupations, an adult workforce diploma pilot program, parole board changes, alternative high school diplomas, campaign finance, child care, mental health treatment, gubernatorial transitions, unclaimed property, and state contracts. Those items received first reading and were placed on the calendar. The chamber then considered House Bill 253, relating to reading and language arts instruction. Supporters said the bill follows the earlier Read to Succeed law by requiring instruction grounded in the science of reading and phasing out the three-cueing system, which they argued encourages memorization rather than phonics. A member from House District 93 opposed the prohibition, saying teachers need flexibility and that some district-approved methods remain useful in classrooms. The House adopted the committee substitute and passed the bill 94-1, then laid a motion to reconsider on the table. House Bill 508, relating to the protection of veterans benefits, was also debated and passed unanimously 93-0. The sponsor said the bill regulates paid veterans-claims services, requires clear disclosures about free services, limits fees, bars certain practices, and adds annual reporting, while exempting attorneys and law firms. Several members spoke in support, citing personal experiences and the need to protect veterans from bad actors, though some also expressed concern about access to help and urged future federal accreditation language. House Concurrent Resolution 44, urging Congress to create a VA accreditation pathway for private claims companies, was adopted 95-0, and House Bill 436, creating a PGA HOPE-related state parks benefit for veterans and active-duty military participants, passed 94-0. At the end of the session, the House received Senate Bill 172, relating to utility fuel adjustments and declaring an emergency, for first reading and return to committee. Members also made announcements about upcoming breakfasts, meetings, guest groups, and other events.

Transcript Highlights:

• I move that an urgency be declared within the meaning of article 4, section 19 of the Constitution of
• steps to pull back similar programs in their states after they had seen the costs balloon out of control
• Minnesota is crazy out of control.
• Minnesota is crazy out of control.
• I move that an urgency be declared I move that an urgency be declared within<03:41:21.920> the

Keywords: 1187, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• I declare the resolution adopted. Senator from Lewis: Thank you, Mr. President.
• I declare the Senate in recess. Thank you.
• I declare the resolution adopted. Senator from Lewis. Thank you, Mr. President.
• I declare the Senate adjourned. Senator from Lewis. Thank you, Mr. President.
• I declare the Senate adjourned.

Keywords: 994, senate, all

Summary: The Senate first suspended Rule 54 to allow guests on the floor, then took up and adopted Senate Resolution 65. The resolution recognized West Virginia as a global hub for critical mineral processing and encouraged lawful private-sector dialogue and commercial engagement between West Virginia businesses and rare earth/critical mineral institutions abroad, beginning with institutions in Somalia. The sponsor emphasized that the measure was nonbinding and intended to open conversation about minerals, processing, and advanced materials, and the resolution was adopted by voice vote. The chamber then recessed briefly to receive and introduce a visiting delegation from Somalia, including the deputy prime minister, ministers of petroleum/mineral resources and commerce/industry, parliamentary leadership, and diplomatic representatives, along with other guests involved in the visit. After the recess, the Senate received several Finance Committee reports and advanced multiple House bills on first reading: HB 4004 creating the Recharge West Virginia program; HB 4006 creating the West Virginia Aerospace and Advanced Manufacturing Growth Act; HB 2009 creating the Portable Benefit Account Act; HB 5412, the Future Ready Education Act; HB 5453 modifying the school aid funding formula; and HB 5510 removing the acreage/location requirement for private wedding venues. Each bill was reported as amended by Finance and taken up immediately without objection. During remarks, a senator from Randolph spoke about the death of Riley Wingfield in a side-by-side accident and praised students and administrators at Buckhannon-Upshur High School and Tucker County High School for wearing orange and black in solidarity with grieving Elkins High School students. The remarks were ordered placed in the Journal appendix. The Senate then announced adjournment until the next day at 10 a.m., with the Rules Committee scheduled to meet at 9:45 a.m.

Transcript Highlights:

• For just other than that, we don't control the system. Nope.
• <00:19:16.320> Um we don't control the system. Yeah. Um we don't control the system.
• So, we be controlled by the locality.
• I don't think it it it— control, which still brings us to an odd control, which still brings us to an
• He just testified between sheriffs and animal control.

Keywords: 1191, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• In the opinion of the Chair, the ayes have it; I declare the motion adopted.
• I declare the motion adopted. The resolution is agreed to. Mr.
• In the opinion of the Chair, the ayes have it; I declare the motion adopted.
• I declare the motion adopted. The resolution is agreed to. Mr.
• In the opinion of the Chair, the ayes have it; I declare the motion adopted.

Keywords: 994, senate, all

Summary: The Natural Resources Committee met, established a quorum, and first approved the minutes from the previous meeting. The committee then considered and adopted an originating concurrent resolution to study the decline of the eastern gray fox population in West Virginia and to have a joint committee report findings to the Legislature in 2027. It also adopted a second originating concurrent resolution to study the economic feasibility of requiring an upland game bird stamp for hunters, with the same 2027 reporting deadline. Both resolutions were reported to the full Senate with recommendations that they be adopted. The committee next took up engrossed Committee Substitute for House Bill 4176, which amends the law governing the senior citizen lifetime hunting, fishing, and trapping license (class XS). Counsel explained that current law allows class XS license holders to participate in special youth deer season, and the bill would remove that privilege. A senator asked for clarification about whether the bill expanded youth or special-needs hunting opportunities, and counsel confirmed it did not; it only eliminates the XS holder’s participation in youth deer season. After discussion, the Vice Chair moved the committee substitute, and the committee voted to report House Bill 4176 to the full Senate with the recommendation that it do pass. The meeting then moved to adjourn.

Transcript Highlights:

• As we prepare to celebrate the 250th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence, I am reminded that
• In the telephone game, the child who speaks clearly still cannot control what the next child says.
• There is an even smaller window when it comes to the timeline for declaring a candidate ineligible.
• Harmonizing and moving up the deadlines associated with declaring candidates ineligible and rejecting
• I encourage you to provide the funding and the tools necessary for local control.

Keywords: 1184, house, all

Transcript Highlights:

• GCDs are specifically designed to allow for local control of the state's groundwater resources.
• Our second issue is the importance of local groundwater control.
• Local control is not just a principle.
• When you control the food and water supply, you can control people.
• That right was declared to exist by the Supreme Court in the Edwards Aquifer v.

Summary: The committee held a hearing on high-capacity groundwater wells proposed in Anderson, Henderson, and Houston counties, with members framing the issue as one of local water supply, fairness, and the need to modernize groundwater law while protecting private property rights. Opening remarks focused on the scale of the proposed Redtown Ranch and Pine Bliss projects, the potential export of tens of thousands of acre-feet of groundwater annually, and concerns that the applications lacked sufficient technical detail and could harm nearby landowners, cities, agriculture, and manufacturing. Members also noted the broader context of the recent flooding tragedy in central Texas and the Legislature’s intent to address water-related loss of life in the upcoming special session. Witnesses from the Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts and the Texas Water Development Board explained the current groundwater management framework. They described groundwater conservation districts as the state’s preferred management method, the role of groundwater management areas and desired future conditions, and how the Water Development Board uses those conditions to calculate modeled available groundwater. They emphasized that districts rely on local data, monitoring wells, and planning processes, but that information is often more limited in areas without a district, where the rule of capture applies. Members pressed witnesses on recharge rates, export permits, subsidence, the effect of pumping on nearby wells, the age and real-time availability of model data, and whether the proposed project would exceed modeled available groundwater in some counties. TCEQ explained its limited oversight role over groundwater conservation districts, including inquiries, compliance actions, and, in extreme cases, dissolution authority. Water Development Board staff also outlined funding programs, saying the New Water Supply for Texas Fund is limited to projects such as brackish desalination, reuse, ASR, and other new-supply projects, and does not fund fresh groundwater exports alone. They said the project at issue had not applied for board funding. A water lawyer then testified on the rule of capture, ownership in place, and district regulation, arguing that districts must use permitting and other tools to manage production within modeled available groundwater and that the Legislature could consider additional authority over groundwater exports under current law.

Transcript Highlights:

• HB 4017 repeals the Nassau County Recreation and Water Conservation and Control Districts that were created
• This is intended to ensure we basically keep control of healthcare costs that he has incurred to provide
• mentioned by others, also infrastructure, whether it be flood mitigation or water or storm water control
• Miami-Dade County, in particular mine, Representative Bartleman: we declared that on the record like
• at things on— Representative Griffitts: a regional scale, things like our water supply and flood control

Transcript Highlights:

• If the Jews control the media, why don't we get rid of them? Let's give ourselves better press.
• Is that going to be controlled? Yeah, and I'm not that funny.
• I just stole that from Jon Stewart, but the thing is, is that going to be controlled?
• The First Amendment controls would be worthwhile in this bill only if you eliminated the 11 definitions
• Yeah, if the House can declare one day is the whole year, he can take two minutes, we'll call it one

Bills: SB163, SB558

Keywords: civil rights, higher education, discrimination, complaints, awareness campaign, antisemitism, education, Civil Rights Act, IHRA definition, federal enforcement, Jewish community, anti-discrimination laws, Anti-Semitism Awareness Act, Protecting Students on Campus Act, First Amendment, Senator Tim Scott, free speech, college campuses, legislation, Trump administration

Summary: The committee meeting primarily focused on reviewing two significant bills: S558, the Anti-Semitism Awareness Act of 2025, and S163, the Protecting Students on Campus Act. Senator Tim Scott introduced S558, emphasizing its importance in combatting anti-Jewish violence and harassment, and providing the Department of Education with necessary tools to investigate incidents of anti-Semitism on college campuses. The bill sparked a vigorous debate among members who expressed concerns over potential implications for free speech, particularly regarding its definitions of anti-Semitism, and whether it would infringe upon First Amendment rights.

Transcript Highlights:

• Members, Collin County, named after Collin McKinney, who was a signer of the Texas Declaration of Independence
• said they're taking in too much tax money, the appraisal values that are attached, which are out of control
• I would agree. with you appraisal values but also say tax rates are out of control so that's why we're
• think I want to give money back. as I'm sure everyone else does. of the rate, since you said that we control
• Required reporting of information for the ownership and control of certain health care entities providing

Bills: HJR1, HJR2, HB9, HB22, HB908, HB1392, HB195, HB 13, HB143, HB135, HJR1, HJR2, HB9, HB22, HB908, HB1392

Keywords: constitutional amendment, property tax, ad valorem tax, tax exemption, tangible personal property, income-producing property, business personal property, equipment exemption, machinery, local government finance, school district revenue, county taxes, Texas Constitution, Article VIII, tax relief, commercial property, death tax, inheritance tax, estate tax, property transfer

Transcript Highlights:

• . >> This is in the declaration part.
• >> this is that's in the declaration part.
• >> this is that's in the declaration part.
• I understand that part, but I circle back with it because I still, even if it's under the declaration
• I need to take back control of this going forward. >> Okay.

Keywords: 1136, house, all

Transcript Highlights:

• to prohibit unauthorized access or control.
• off. control where they could turn the batteries off.
• The control layer does not end at the installation.
• I think bring your own generation being controllable, those that are willing to Be controllable so that
• You become a controllable load resource.

Summary: The Senate Committee on Business and Commerce convened to discuss critical infrastructure and supply chain integrity, particularly focusing on Texas's power grid and associated vulnerabilities. The meeting highlighted Texas's recent ranking as 10th in electricity affordability, emphasizing the state's commitment to maintaining a reliable and resilient electric grid. New committee members introduced themselves, and the agenda included testimony from ERCOT and the Public Utility Commission regarding the implementation of the Lone Star Infrastructure Protection Act, which aims to mitigate risks posed by foreign entities to the power grid. Chad Sealy from ERCOT presented updates on the attestation process for market participants, revealing that over 1,500 entities had submitted attestations regarding their corporate structures and affiliations with designated foreign countries. Concerns were raised about the adequacy of the current vetting process, particularly regarding indirect relationships with foreign adversaries. Testimonies from the PUC and the Attorney General's office underscored the challenges of enforcing compliance and the need for improved legislative measures to enhance oversight and security. The committee also heard from experts, including Dr. Emma Stewart from Idaho National Laboratory, who discussed the evolving threats to the grid from foreign adversaries and the importance of securing communication systems. Recommendations included prioritizing inspections of critical components and enhancing collaboration with national laboratories to address vulnerabilities. The discussion concluded with an acknowledgment of the balance needed between ensuring grid security and maintaining affordability for consumers.

Transcript Highlights:

• Heffner, I declare the vote with a vote of 11 aye and one nay.
• Declare the vote. Declare the vote with a vote of 10 aye in one day.
• Fugate, Lawson, I, More, I Representative West declares the vote with a vote of 10 aye and one nay.
• Lawson and I Fugate, Harris, I declare the vote with a vote of 10 aye and zero nay.
• Harris, Fugate, Lawson, I declare the vote with a vote of 10 aye and zero nay.

Keywords: 914, all

Transcript Highlights:

• They work 16-hour days trying to keep us under control, and they roll their eyes often at some of us.
• , and they roll their control, and they roll their they<00:54:33.200> roll<00:54:33.520> their
• ,<01:10:25.960> our our Constitution, our Declaration, our our Constitution, our Declaration
• I gave out copies of the Declaration in the pants on all your desks a couple days ago, and you may have
• <01:11:16.680> in I gave out copies of the Declaration in I gave out copies of the Declaration

Keywords: 918, senate, all

Summary: The meeting was a Senate retirement recognition session held after adjournment sine die, with the presiding officer relaxing decorum so members could speak, applaud, and interact more freely. The chair explained the order of speakers and noted that retiring members would be recognized from their desks, with a plaque presented by Senate leaders and photos taken afterward. The session was framed as a celebration of service for retiring senators and a tribute to staff, families, and colleagues. Senator Mann spoke first, thanking constituents, family, staff, colleagues, and advocates, and highlighting policy accomplishments such as banning non-compete clauses, wage transparency, breast cancer screening coverage, protections for students, expanded health coverage, pharmacy benefit manager reforms, physician workforce changes, the medication repository program, and paid leave. She also used her remarks to criticize racism, sexism, and broader threats to women’s and people of color’s freedoms, urging civic engagement and warning against erosion of democracy. Senator Tou Xiong followed with a personal farewell centered on his mother’s refugee experience, his family’s sacrifices, and gratitude to mentors and colleagues; he emphasized the value of public service, bipartisan cooperation, and the idea that Minnesota should be a model for the country. Senator Howe gave a faith-centered retirement speech reflecting on his path from humble beginnings, his family, military and public service, and the importance of humility, justice, mercy, and listening to constituents. Senator Klein looked back on a decade in the chamber, including the pandemic and the George Floyd unrest, and said the Senate’s decorum and relationships endured through difficult times; he cited a bill he helped pass for a child needing a prosthetic blade as an example of the legislature’s best work. Senator Draheim began his remarks by thanking his wife and children and joking about his discomfort with speeches, then described being recruited to run for office despite never seeing himself as a politician.

Transcript Highlights:

• College campuses are not controlled environments.
• that right to control those spaces. that right to control those spaces.
• And I think can't control themselves.
• At the end control can be made to work.
• <04:00:33.920> substances controlled substances controlled substances are<04:00:36.000> not

Keywords: 1189, house, all

Transcript Highlights:

• I declare the same to have passed.
• I declare House Bill 436 to have passed as an emergency measure. Mr. Leader, Mr.
• I declare the same to have passed.
• I declare House Bill 4408 to have passed. Mr. Leader, Mr.
• I declare the same to have passed. Mr.

Bills: SR28, SB201, SB1379, SB1525, SB1966, SB2112, SB2170, HB2749, HB3262, HB3265, HB3673, HB3781, HB3040, HB3076, HB3369, HB3982, HB3462, HB3465, HB3521, HB3796, HB3800, HB4095, HB4298, HB4316, HB4338, HB4408, HB4454

Keywords: minimum salary, education funding, teacher compensation, Oklahoma education, salary schedule, human trafficking, victims, prevention, support services, Attorney General, pilot program, grant funding, SB1525, tourism, recreation, conference, Oklahoma Tourism and Recreation Department, Oklahoma Tourism and Recreation Commission, special agency account, private partnerships

Transcript Highlights:

• thank you thank you very much controlled thank you thank you very much so<00:21:41.919> Garrett
• It comes from fear, trauma, and control. We need to work together.
• It comes from fear, trauma, and control. We need to work together.
• Why does the government always have to overreach and put their stamp on things to control things?
• put their stamp on things to control put their stamp on things to control things<01:16:06.120>

Keywords: 912, senate, all

Summary: The Health and Human Services committee heard extensive testimony on HB 1194 HD2, a bill to regulate midwifery and require accredited education for licensed midwives. Supporters, including the Midwives Alliance of Hawaii, ACOG, a pediatrician, and several licensed midwives, argued the bill would improve maternal and newborn safety, clarify the definition of midwife, strengthen accountability, and align Hawaii with national education standards. They said accredited training is necessary to avoid gaps in knowledge and to support safe transfers and collaboration with hospitals. Opponents, including many midwives, parents, cultural practitioners, and community groups, argued the bill would restrict access to care, criminalize traditional and apprenticeship-based midwifery, and undermine reproductive autonomy and Native Hawaiian and other cultural birthing practices. Several asked for amendments to preserve a birth attendant exemption, the PET/portfolio pathway, and cultural and religious protections. Others said the bill would disproportionately harm rural, Indigenous, and low-income families by making training and licensure less accessible. The committee also heard testimony from state and county entities and professional organizations, with some standing on written testimony and others offering brief comments. The chair repeatedly reminded testifiers of the one-minute limit and the possibility that final decision-making would be deferred if quorum was lost. The transcript does not show a final vote or action taken during this segment.