Video & Transcript Research : 'permanent disability'
Page 111 of 466
US
US Federal 2025-2026 Regular Session
US House Floor Proceedings (Wednesday, March 25, 2026)
US Federal House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- , with intellectual disabilities, with intellectual disabilities, otherwise<00:30:47.279>
known - to learn, grow, development disabilities to learn, grow, and<00:31:06.080>
thrive. - <04:48:17.760>
residents, <04:48:18.480>refugees, <04:48:19.360>students, permanent - residents, refugees, students, permanent residents, refugees, students, and<04:48:20.080>
asylum< - place on the the monument's permanent place on the National<06:01:05.360>
Mall.
HI
Transcript Highlights:
- much<00:14:03.160>
um <00:14:04.160>let's <00:14:04.320>see <00:14:04.560>disability - <00:14:05.160>
and Disability and Communication Access Board. - State Disability and Communication Access Board: C. Bish not present.
- Hawaii Disability Rights Center, on Zoom, please proceed. Yes, thank you. Good morning. I'm L.
- um if this committee is disabled um if this committee is inclined<01:23:44.239>
to <01:23:45.040
Summary:
The committee first took up SB 1494 on hearing aids. Testimony was generally supportive of expanding hearing-aid coverage, with the Insurance Division raising concern about possible federal defrayment issues, SHPDA supporting the goal of hearing augmentation, DCAB strongly supporting the bill as an important access issue, and health plans and insurers asking for amendments. Kaiser Permanente and the Hawaii Association of Health Plans requested changes to add a medical-necessity standard and clarify annual notice language, while HMSA suggested the proposal should be studied by the auditor. The chair noted concerns about federal preemption and the lack of an audit, and deferred the bill in favor of a related resolution calling for a study.
The committee then heard SB 1448, an emergency appropriation for the Hawaii State Hospital. DAGS and the Department of Health supported the measure, with the hospital administrator saying the funding would improve the environment of care, support cleaning, and allow a third-party review of the building. Committee members questioned the size of the request and the status of litigation against the design-builder. Administration witnesses said they were pursuing a comprehensive study involving destructive testing, had made a demand on the design-builder to fund the study, and were using different processes than before. They also said the roof work would be handled through a separate CIP request. No final action was taken in the portion provided.
The committee next heard SB 1432, relating to the future responsibilities of the Department of Health and land issues at Kalaupapa after the last patient dies. DOH supported the bill in part but said its long-term role would be limited mainly to environmental cleanup, with operations expected to continue under the National Park Service and land-use decisions left to DHHL and beneficiary consultation. DHHL asked that the measure reflect that any land-use or zoning changes on homeland lands require commission approval and beneficiary consultation. Testifiers from Kalaupapa and Maui County, including Degra Vanderbilt-Papa and Council Member Keani Rollins-Fernandez, supported deferring the bill, saying there had been no meaningful community discussion about provisions affecting Kalaupapa’s future management and possible transfer of responsibilities to Maui County. The committee also read into the record written testimony from Gloria Marks emphasizing that Kalaupapa stakeholders must be included in future discussions.
Finally, the committee heard SB 955 on fitness-to-proceed examinations. The Judiciary and the Public Defender’s Office both supported raising pay and standardizing expectations for private examiners, but opposed reducing felony fitness evaluations from three examiners to one and opposed expanding use of expedited reports. They argued that a single examiner would reduce reliability, create a more adversarial process, and likely increase costs and contested hearings, while expedited reports do not contain enough information for a proper fitness determination. The Department of Health also supported the bill’s intent but asked to preserve a three-examiner framework and said the goal was to reduce the number of people sent to the State Hospital, where admissions have reportedly risen about 20% year over year since Act 26. The bill remained under discussion in the excerpt, with no final vote shown.
CA
Transcript Highlights:
- Care Court was designed to intervene before someone becomes gravely disabled.
- Samuel Jan with Disability Rights California.
- And if the individual is gravely disabled, if they're unable to meet their basic needs, there are...
- Yeah, I was referring to grave disability, not care eligibility.
- People with grave disability who are not being served by our current system.
CA
California 2025-2026 Regular Session
Senate Special Committee on International Sporting Events: Olympics, Paralympics and World Cup Soccer May 13th, 2026
Transcript Highlights:
- everything from the most skilled, highly skilled to medium skilled, and make sure that there's a permanent
- On safety, security, when we have all these individuals coming, some with disabilities, language barriers
- We would not build permanent new venues.
- And again, we would like those to become legacies by keeping them permanently afterwards as well.
- We will be the first modern Games to build no new permanent venues.
TX
Texas 89th Regular
Disaster Preparedness & Flooding, Select Jul 31st, 2025
Disaster Preparedness & Flooding, Select
Transcript Highlights:
- And are they permanent, when you put those in, are they permanent? Yes, sir.
- This is not a dam that impounds water permanently.
- We have elderly and disabled and veterans that are.
- I'm the Chief Executive Officer for Hill Country Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities.
- . disabilities, able to work with persons with autism.
CA
California 2025-2026 Regular Session
Assembly Budget Committee Jun 11th, 2025
Transcript Highlights:
- He said many members had taken issues like IHSS, disability services, and support for veteran families
- Emlyn Chabard with the California Disability Services Association.
- Emlyn Chabard with the California Disability Services Association.
- These proposals would have destabilized care for low-income seniors and people with disabilities.
- These proposals would have destabilized care for low-income seniors and people with disabilities.
Summary:
The Assembly Budget Committee heard opening remarks on the 2025 Budget Act, which will be amended into AB 101 and SB 101 for floor consideration. Committee leaders described the budget as a difficult compromise shaped by a $12 billion deficit, federal funding uncertainty, wildfire impacts, and rising out-year costs, while emphasizing a balance between compassion and fiscal responsibility. Each budget subcommittee chair then summarized major actions in their areas, including health care, human services, education, climate and transportation, housing and state administration, public safety, and oversight/transparency.
Key policy items included delaying or narrowing some of the Governor’s proposed cuts, especially in Medi-Cal and other safety-net programs; preserving funding for dental care, women’s health, family planning, hospice, long-term care, IHSS, and services for undocumented Californians; and maintaining or expanding child care, foster care, food banks, and CalWORKs-related supports. Education actions included additional Proposition 98 settle-up, reduced deferrals, support for TK-12, teacher recruitment, literacy, mental health, preschool slots, and restored funding for UC and CSU. Other major items included housing and homelessness investments, wildfire and disaster response funding, transit loans and greenhouse gas reduction fund support, Proposition 36 and VOCA-related public safety funding, and oversight measures on federal impacts and state efficiency.
Department of Finance and Legislative Analyst staff said the package makes some of the same savings moves as the May Revision but relies more on internal borrowing and fewer reductions, leaving a smaller reserve than the administration’s plan but still maintaining roughly $11 billion in the rainy day fund. Members from both parties largely supported the package while raising concerns about long-term sustainability, Medi-Cal costs, reserve use, and the need for future revenue and program review. The committee adopted the subcommittee actions by roll call, 18-6, with the roll held open for absent members and additional comments continuing after the vote.
MN
Transcript Highlights:
- other issues that the committee has jurisdiction over, including driver and vehicle licensing, disability
licensing including driver and vehicle licensing including driver and vehicle licensing disability- > parking<00:14:49.120>
certain <00:14:49.480>taxes <00:14:49.920>that disability - parking certain taxes that disability parking certain taxes that pertain<00:14:50.360>
to <00: - <01:13:28.600>
jobs 2,450 permanent jobs 2,450 permanent jobs 2230<01:13:30.840>new
ND
North Dakota 2026 1st Special Session
Tribal and State Relations Committee Apr 13th, 2026 at 01:00 pm
Tribal and State Relations Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- We partner with both disability and legal aid advocates in all 50 states and some territories as well
- These demonstrations are not supposed to be a way to make permanent policy changes to the way a state
- to caution about the risk of essentially separating individuals with SUD from other people with disability
- But we administer those programs, Homestead Tax Credit Program, Disabled Veteran Program.
- We administer those programs, Homestead Tax Credit Program, Disabled Veteran Program.
NH
Transcript Highlights:
- I move that the debate on SB 481 be printed in the permanent journal. >> I. Those opposed?
- the debate on SB 481 be printed<01:24:45.920>
in <01:24:46.080>the <01:24:46.239>permanent - I'd like to make a motion to place the debate from SB 603 in the permanent journal.
- 603 in the permanent journal. 603 in the permanent journal.
- your motion. >> I'd like to, uh, move that the remarks of the previous speaker be printed in the permanent
MA
Massachusetts 2025-2026 Regular Session
Joint Committee on Public Health Jun 21st, 2026 at 01:00 pm
Joint Committee on Public Health
Transcript Highlights:
- Early diagnosis can lower the severity of the disability, which can reduce these enormous long-term costs
- organ damage may have already occurred, making early intervention crucial to prevent lifelong disabilities
- This bill would codify that age-eligibility change in statute to make the change permanent, eliminating
- symptoms from their strokes, dialysis, disabling gastrointestinal pain, and often heat intolerance and
- These bills will create a permanent class of adults entrusted with all the rights and responsibilities
Summary:
The Joint Committee on Public Health heard testimony on a wide range of bills focused on children’s health, tobacco control, newborn screening, pediatric cancer, palliative care, and professional licensure. Early testimony highlighted Senate bills to expand newborn screening for pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency, lysosomal storage disorders, and congenital CMV, with families and clinicians describing severe diagnostic delays, missed treatment windows, and the benefits of early detection. Speakers also supported a bill to improve pediatric cancer research through a dedicated trust fund, and a bill to extend pediatric palliative care services to age 22, with parents and providers emphasizing continuity of care for seriously ill young people.
Several witnesses gave personal accounts in support of the newborn screening measures. Families described children who endured years of misdiagnosis before receiving diagnoses such as Gaucher disease, Fabry disease, Pompe disease, Niemann-Pick disease, and CMV, often after irreversible damage had already occurred. Medical and advocacy witnesses said Massachusetts already collects some of the relevant screening data and argued that results should be reported to families, while others urged the committee to add conditions to the state panel because effective treatments already exist. The committee also heard support for a bill to establish a fetal alcohol spectrum disorder program and training for providers.
On tobacco and youth health, testimony supported bills to ban internet tobacco sales, strengthen youth protections, and reduce lung cancer deaths through point-of-sale information and quit-line access. A student testified about easily purchasing flavored nicotine products online without meaningful age verification, and public health advocates backed measures to keep tobacco out of children’s environments. The committee also heard testimony on a bill to ensure parents have access to their children’s medical records through age 16, with exceptions for sensitive services already protected by law.
The committee additionally took testimony on an optometry licensure bill, where ophthalmologists opposed language they said could broaden scope of practice and allow optometrists to use the title “optometric physician,” while optometry educators and students supported the bill as a modernization measure with no scope expansion. No votes were taken during the hearing; the chair repeatedly reminded speakers of time limits and noted that written testimony could be submitted for additional comments.
US
US Federal 2025-2026 Regular Session
US House Floor Proceedings (Wednesday, April 22, 2026)
US Federal House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- This will have a disproportionate impact on children and disabled people in rural areas who are more
- The slush fund is temporary while the cuts are permanent, and it can be used for an array of purposes
- You all have used your time in the majority to pass legislation that gives permanent tax breaks to the
- You all have used your time in the majority to pass legislation that gives permanent tax breaks to the
- tax breaks to the richest permanent tax breaks to the richest Americans.<02:47:06.479>
And <02
KY
Kentucky 2026 Regular Session
Interim Joint Committee on Natural Resources & Energy (7-2-26) - Reupload
Natural Resources & Energy
Transcript Highlights:
- We do have an early application for folks, seniors, folks with a disability, or fixed income that can
- , or fixed income that with a disability, or fixed income that can<00:09:49.160>
come <00:09:49.400 - They look if there are elderly folks in the household, disabled, children.
- Site studies will permanently network.
- Site studies will permanently map<01:12:59.920>
where <01:13:00.080>every <01:13:00.240>
Bills:
SB8
Keywords:
utilities, public service commission, energy regulation, appointment, emergency declaration, tax increases, consumer protection, The first couple minutes of the livestream was cut off. This recording restored the beginning of the meeting
Meeting Start 00:00:00
Attendance Roll Call 00:00:51
Approval of Minutes 00:02:07
Legislator Comments 00:02:18
LIHEAP Public Hearing 00:04:19
PSC Update on RS 26 SB 8 00:32:18
WaterStep Presentation 01:04:08, 958, all
MA
Massachusetts 2025-2026 Regular Session
Joint Committee on Public Health Jun 21st, 2026 at 10:00 am
Joint Committee on Public Health
Transcript Highlights:
- My son's life was permanently altered after a routine vaccination.
- Why impose permanent exclusion from education when a reasonable measure already exists?
- Why impose permanent exclusion from education when a reasonable measure already exists?
- A young or even intellectually disabled child could be vaccinated without anyone knowing the child's
- This means she would need to be harmed, possibly permanently, before qualifying for protection.
Summary:
The Joint Committee on Public Health held a hearing on several vaccination-related bills, including proposals to eliminate non-medical or religious exemptions for school immunizations (notably H. 2554 and S. 1557), a bill to require or improve reporting and administration of immunization data and exemptions (described as the Community Immunity Act, S. 1618), and H. 2431, which would prohibit COVID-19, mRNA, or gene-altering vaccine requirements. The committee also heard testimony on H. 2463, which would classify funeral directors as public health workers for vaccine-priority purposes during emergencies. The chair reviewed testimony rules and repeatedly asked speakers to keep comments orderly and brief so the committee could hear as many people as possible. No votes were taken during the hearing.
Testimony on H. 2554 and S. 1557 was sharply divided. Pediatricians, infectious disease specialists, public health advocates, and groups such as the Massachusetts Chapter of the American Academy of Pediatrics, Massachusetts Medical Society, March of Dimes, Massachusetts Families for Vaccines, and several parents supported eliminating religious exemptions, arguing that vaccination protects medically vulnerable children and adults, improves herd immunity, and helps prevent outbreaks of measles, pertussis, and other diseases. They cited local school data showing pockets of lower coverage and incomplete reporting, and several speakers referenced outbreaks in other states and the need for stronger, more consistent reporting and exemption management. Opponents argued the bills would infringe on religious freedom and parental rights, force families to choose between faith and education, and unfairly target a small number of families; some also said Massachusetts already has high vaccination rates and that the real issue is incomplete data or the gap population rather than religious exemptions.
H. 2431 drew testimony from supporters who said COVID-era mandates caused job losses, privacy concerns, and harm, and that the bill would prevent future requirements for COVID, mRNA, or gene-altering vaccines in schools, workplaces, and public settings. Supporters described personal experiences with alleged vaccine injury or mandate-related hardship. H. 2463 was supported by the Massachusetts Funeral Directors Association, which argued funeral directors work in infection-facing settings and should be eligible for vaccine priority during public health emergencies. The hearing featured extensive public testimony but no committee action beyond hearing the bills and taking questions from members.
HI
Bills:
HB1519, HB1541, HB1737, HB1782, HB1854, HB1860, HB2023, HB2104, HB2276, HB2335, HB2455, HB2468, HB2551, SB177, SB411, SB874, SB2053, SB2069, SB2108, SB2268, SB2360, SB2363, SB2405, SB2407, SB2530, SB2543, SB2568, SB2803, SB2818, SB2851, SB2907, SB2934, SB2969, SB2999, SB3097, SB3103, SB3233, SB3238, SB3245, SB3001, SB3138, HB1946, HB389, HB1510, HB469, HB1573, HB1705, HB1858, HB1875, HB1961, HB1962, HB2001, HB2093, HB2096, HB2097, SB888, SB2169, SB2367, SB2557, SB2575, SB2698, SB3082, HB344, HB939, HB1688, HB1853, HB2443, HCR103, HCR117, HCR180, HCR112, HCR18, HCR105, HCR173, HCR35, HCR98, HCR42, HCR53, HCR181, HCR101, HCR179
Keywords:
campaign contributions, lobbyists, transparency, election funding, ethical regulations, HB1541, Act 057, Department of Health, Hawaii State Hospital, Developmental Disabilities Division, civil service, civil service exemption, HRS 76-16, HRS 334-4, mental health program, state hospital, secure psychiatric rehabilitation facility, associate administrator, project manager, security manager
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- adjudication. ...of certain sexual or assaultive offenses committed against a child or a person with a disability
- certain students receiving special education services to a local Intellectual and Developmental Disability
- exemption from ad valorem taxation of part of the appraised value of the residence of a partially disabled
Bills:
SJR36, SB26, SJR3, SJR48, SJR50, SJR51, SCR15, SCR17, SB3, SB5, SB12, SB18, SB1001, SB1002, SB1003, SB1004, SB1005, SB1006, SB1007, SB1008, SB1009, SB1010, SB1011, SB1012, SB1013, SB1014, SB1015, SB1016, SB1017, SB1018, SB1019, SB1020, SB1021, SB1022, SB1023, SB1024, SB1025, SB1026, SB1027, SB1028, SB1029, SB1030, SB1031, SB1032, SB1033, SB1034, SB1035, SB1036, SB1037, SB1038, SB1039, SB1040, SB1041, SB1042, SB1043, SB1044, SB1045, SB1046, SB1049, SB1050, SB1051, SB1052, SB1053, SB1054, SB1055, SB1056, SB1057, SB1058, SB1059, SB1060, SB1061, SB1062, SB1063, SB1064, SB1065, SB1066, SB1067, SB1068, SB1069, SB1070, SB1071, SB1072, SB1073, SB1074, SB1075, SB1076, SB1077, SB1078, SB1079, SB1080, SB1081, SB1082, SB1083, SB1084, SB1085, SB1086, SB1087, SB1088, SB1089, SB1090, SB1091, SB1092, SB1093, SB1094, SB1095, SB1096, SB1097, SB1098, SB1099, SB1100, SB1101, SB1102, SB1103, SB1104, SB1105, SB1106, SB1107, SB1108, SB1109, SB1110, SB1111, SB1112, SB1113, SB1114, SB1115, SB1116, SB1117, SB1118, SB1119, SB1120, SB1121, SB1122, SB1123, SB1124, SB1125, SB1126, SB1127, SB1128, SB1129, SB1130, SB1131, SB1132, SB1133, SB1134, SB1135, SB1136, SB1137, SB1138, SB1139, SB1140, SB1141, SB1142, SB1143, SB1144, SB1145, SB1146, SB1147, SB1148, SB1149, SB1150, SB1565
Keywords:
teacher compensation, education funding, public school educators, teacher retention, teacher designation, dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, research funding, state budget, prevention, healthcare, medical research, Dementia Prevention and Research Institute, severance tax, oil and gas, Texas STRONG fund, economic stabilization, public health, property tax relief
US
US Federal 2025-2026 Regular Session
US House Floor Proceedings (Friday, December 12, 2025)
US Federal House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- Before 1975, this country locked up 200,000 disabled children in institutions.
- up 200,000 disabled children in institutions.<02:11:39.679>
We <02:11:40.000>shut <02:11 - It was not a genetic disease that required surgeries or permanently changing people's lives.
- or permanently changing people's lives. or permanently changing people's lives.
- altering your body surgery permanently altering your body for<04:12:21.279>
the <04:12:21.439>
AZ
Transcript Highlights:
- If it were permanent, then yes, it's a delegation.
- You know, anything I do—I have a daughter who's disabled—and there are certain benefits she gets through
- And so maybe, you know, one of you doesn't have a disabled child, and maybe you don't get that.
- And so maybe, you know, one of you doesn't have a disabled child, and maybe you don't get that.
Keywords:
public funds, virtual currency, bitcoin, investment, Arizona Strategic Digital Asset Reserve Act, state treasurer, retirement system, state payments, cryptocurrency, Arizona law, payment methods, government transactions, tax lien, property tax lien, real property tax lien, foreclosure, right of redemption, redeem, excess proceeds, county abatement lien
AZ
Arizona 2026 Regular Session
02/10/2026 - House Democratic Caucus Calendar #5
Transcript Highlights:
- Are they going to cut disability services? Are they going to cut support for veterans?
- Madam Chair, members, House Bill 2090, ASRS long-term disability, requires a member of ASRS to claim
- a collective 24 months of long-term disability benefits in order for them to access benefits in perpetuity
- members, HB 2413, sex offenders electronic monitoring, requires a sex offender who does not have a permanent
Summary:
The committee worked through a very long minority caucus calendar covering a wide range of bills, with many items being described and then either left on consent, pulled from consent, or noted for votes. Topics included bullion and state depository proposals, a produce incentive appropriation, a biennial budget change, veterans services funding, driver licensing and traffic enforcement measures, procurement and public records changes, school board and school facilities rules, SNAP work requirements and verification, child welfare and juvenile justice provisions, housing and homelessness measures, energy and fuel policy, election administration, and several tax, commerce, and licensing bills. Members repeatedly raised concerns about constitutionality, federal preemption, duplication of existing law, and whether some measures were policy priorities that had been vetoed in prior sessions and were returning unchanged.
Several bills drew extended debate. Members objected to English-proficiency requirements for commercial drivers and motor carriers, arguing federal law and the supremacy clause would bar them. Earned wage access regulation prompted strong opposition over consumer harm, overdraft cycles, and high effective APRs. School-related bills were criticized for overregulating public schools while not imposing similar requirements on ESA/private-school programs, especially on fingerprint clearance and reporting. SNAP-related bills were also opposed as setting unrealistic mandates and repeating vetoed proposals. Other contested measures included a drag-show criminalization bill, a bill restricting photo enforcement, a bill limiting local regulation of unmanned aircraft, and a bill conforming Arizona tax law to federal changes, which members said would benefit wealthy taxpayers and corporations without a clear funding source.
The committee also heard a number of supportive or less controversial measures, including bills on veterans awareness, dementia care telemonitoring, Braille transcription funding, CPA licensure pathways, cash acceptance by retailers, and some child safety and court administration changes. Several bills were pulled from consent for further discussion, while others were noted as having unanimous or near-unanimous votes. The meeting ended with caucus announcements, including an affordability award presentation, an upcoming Latino Caucus discussion on community land trusts, and an invitation to African American Legislative Day activities, followed by adjournment.
AZ
Arizona 2026 Regular Session
01/29/2026 - Senate Health and Human Services
Health and Human Services
Transcript Highlights:
- eligibility in the state of Arizona, specifically for ...specifically for the seniors, blind, deaf, and disabled
- A lot of the time we call it the ABD program, the aged, blind, and disabled.
- understand that there is a difference between Medicaid when we're talking about the aged, blind, and disabled
- practices, establish enforceable oversight with real consequences, not symbolic penalties, and permanently
CA
California 2025-2026 Regular Session
Assembly Communications and Conveyance Committee Jul 16th, 2025
Transcript Highlights:
- could be left with hundreds of thousands of dollars in medical bills, lost wages, and long-term disability
- 371, they could be left with hundreds of thousands of medical bills, lost wages, and long-term disability
- provided under Proposition 22 excludes compensation for pain, suffering, emotional distress, and permanent
- disability, leaving drivers with only partial coverage and substantial out-of-pocket costs.
Summary:
The Assembly Communications and Conveyance Committee heard three bills. SB 371 by Senator Cabaldon would reduce uninsured/underinsured motorist coverage requirements for transportation network companies from $1 million to $100,000 per person and $300,000 per accident, with committee amendments adding findings and declarations, higher limits than originally proposed, and a joint study on UM/UIM impacts. Supporters, including Uber, Lyft, business groups, and some consumer advocates, argued the bill would lower fares and increase driver earnings by reducing insurance costs. Opponents, including consumer attorneys, labor groups, and consumer watchdog organizations, warned it would cut protections for riders and drivers and might not guarantee savings would be passed through. The committee approved SB 371 on a due-pass basis and re-referred it to Appropriations by a 9-0 vote.
The committee then heard SB 716 by Senator Durazo, which would create a Home Internet Lifeline Program to let eligible low-income households apply Lifeline subsidies to home broadband service. Proponents said the bill addresses broadband affordability after the federal Affordable Connectivity Program expired, and that it would help students, workers, and families access reliable internet. Opponents from the wireless industry objected to the funding mechanism, arguing the surcharge would fall unfairly on wireless consumers, while one broadband group moved to neutral after amendments. The bill was approved on a due-pass basis and sent to Appropriations, but the roll was held open and later completed with the bill passing 7-1.
The committee also took up SB 480 by Senator Archuleta relating to autonomous vehicles as a consent item, with no presentation or debate. It was approved on a due-pass basis and re-referred to Appropriations by a 9-0 vote. Throughout the hearing, members repeatedly focused on affordability, consumer protection, and whether savings from the bills would actually reach riders, drivers, or households.