Video & Transcript Research : 'environmental justice'
Page 1 of 500
MA
Massachusetts 2025-2026 Regular Session
Special Joint Committee on Initiative Petitions Mar 23rd, 2026
Special Joint Committee on Initiative Petitions
Transcript Highlights:
- They're for costs associated with environmental impacts of things like running the cannabis dispensaries
- I'll note here that in response to these environmental impact issues never really coming to fruition.
- In response to these environmental impact issues that were really coming to fruition, the 2022 cannabis
- legislation did require that cities and towns provide more of a direct link for environmental impacts
- Legal cannabis isn't just about opportunity, it's about justice.
Bills:
H5005
Summary:
The Special Joint Committee on Initiative Petitions held a hearing on Initiative Petition 25-10 / House Bill 5002, “An act to restore a sensible marijuana policy,” which would repeal Massachusetts’ adult-use cannabis legalization framework. The chair explained the Article 48 initiative process and noted that, if the Legislature does not enact the measure as written, additional signatures would be needed for it to qualify for the 2026 ballot. The committee heard testimony from an expert, proponents of the petition, opponents, and members of the public, and accepted written testimony through March 27 at 5 p.m.
Jessica Trow of MassBudget testified first, focusing on cannabis revenue and spending in Massachusetts. She said legalization has generated nearly $2 billion for the Commonwealth and municipalities since FY 2018, including excise tax, sales tax, local option taxes, fees, and community impact fees. She described how revenues are distributed to public health, the Cannabis Control Commission’s social equity efforts, the cannabis social equity fund, the MBTA, the School Building Authority, the general fund, and local budgets, and argued the industry has supported social equity and community investments.
Opponents of the petition argued that repeal would harm public health, consumer safety, jobs, tax revenue, and social equity programs. Wendy Wakeman, speaking for the ballot committee, said legalization has increased potency, addiction, and mental health concerns, and that the state lacks sufficient data on harms. In contrast, business owners, clinicians, and advocates including Caroline Pino, Kristen Rogers, Drudus Ledbetter, Armani White, Lucas Thayer, and Jeff Rawson said the regulated market provides tested products, jobs, tax revenue, and pathways for people harmed by prohibition, while repeal would push consumers back to the illicit market and undermine equity goals. Committee members questioned witnesses about the evidence base, the role of out-of-state funding, the petition’s impact on existing businesses, and whether narrower regulatory fixes might address concerns instead of repeal. No vote was taken; the hearing was closed after testimony ended.
MA
Massachusetts 2025-2026 Regular Session
Special Joint Committee on Initiative Petitions Mar 23rd, 2026
Special Joint Committee on Initiative Petitions
Transcript Highlights:
- in cities and towns. ...with environmental impacts of things like running the cannabis establishments
- I'll note here that in response to these environmental impact issues never really coming to fruition.
- .. ...in response to these environmental impact issues that were really coming to fruition, the 2022
- cannabis legislation did require that cities and towns provide more of a direct link for environmental
- Legal cannabis isn't just about opportunity, it's about justice.
Bills:
H5005
Keywords:
environment, water conservation, natural resources, public funding, environmental justice, 1212, all
Summary:
The Special Joint Committee on Initiative Petitions held a public hearing on Initiative Petition 25-10 / House Bill 502, titled an act to restore a sensible marijuana policy, which would repeal Massachusetts’ adult-use cannabis legalization framework. Chairs Brendan Crighton and Kate Hogan opened by explaining the Article 48 initiative process and the committee’s role in gathering testimony for its report to the Legislature. The hearing was structured into expert, proponent, opponent, and public testimony, with written testimony accepted through March 27.
The first witness, Jessica Trow of MassBudget, testified in support of the existing cannabis system by focusing on revenue and social equity impacts. She said legal cannabis has generated nearly $2 billion statewide since adult-use legalization, including excise tax, sales tax, licensing fees, and local taxes and fees, and that those revenues support public health, the MBTA, school building funding, local budgets, and cannabis social equity programs. She also described the history of cannabis criminalization and argued that legalization was designed in part to address disproportionate harms to Black and Latino communities.
Wendy Wakeman, speaking for the ballot question committee, urged repeal, arguing legalization has harmed public health, safety, and quality of life. She cited concerns about higher potency products, addiction, mental health effects, impaired driving, workplace positives, youth use, poison control calls, and crime near dispensaries, while acknowledging some data came from outside Massachusetts. Committee members questioned her about the will of the voters, the source of the data, black-market concerns, and the role of paid signature gatherers and out-of-state funding. She said the committee was asking voters to reconsider legalization and that she did not think the measure would have reached the ballot without paid signature collection.
Opponents of the initiative, including cannabis business owners and advocates Caroline Pino, Kristen Rogers, Drudus Ledbetter, and Armani White, argued repeal would destroy jobs, tax revenue, and social equity gains, and would push consumers back to the illicit market. They described their businesses’ tax contributions, community donations, and compliance practices, and said the regulated market provides safer products and opportunities for people harmed by prohibition. Public testimony also opposed the measure, with speakers from the Massachusetts Cannabis Reform Coalition and a consumer protection nonprofit warning that repeal would undermine social equity, increase illicit-market activity, and expose consumers to unsafe products. The hearing concluded after public testimony, with no vote taken.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- Environmental officials warn users of the water system.
- of environmental laws and regulations.
- The Texas Commission on Environmental Quality plays a critical role in managing Texas... ...environmental
- . the Environmental Remediation Fund, CERF.
- The Special Environmental Remediation Fund does just that.
Keywords:
translation, environmental quality, complaints, accessibility, multilingual, TCEQ, environmental justice, environmental complaints, Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, language access, public information, Texas Commission, multilingual access, administrative actions, environmental regulations, state representatives, state senators, penalty notice, Water Code, legislative notification
MN
Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session
House Environment and Natural Resources Finance and Policy Committee 4/16/26
Environment and Natural Resources Finance and Policy
Transcript Highlights:
- justice maps that MPCA has environmental justice maps that prioritize<00:13:16.360><c> where</c><00:
- c> the</c> in environmental justice areas with the in environmental justice areas with the additional
- </c><00:14:15.200><c> So,</c><00:14:15.320><c> they</c> environmental justice areas.
- So, they environmental justice areas.
- </c><00:14:20.120><c> justice</c><00:14:20.480><c> areas,</c> permits in environmental justice areas,
Keywords:
air pollution, lead emissions, continuous emissions monitoring system, CEMS, Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, MPCA, environmental monitoring, emission compliance, air quality, public health, industrial pollution, permitted facility, residential exposure, toxic metals, emission limits, pollution control, stack monitoring, real-time emissions monitoring, natural resources, environment
HI
Hawaii 2026 Regular Session
EEP Public Hearing - Fri Apr 17, 2026 @ 10:05 AM HST
Energy & Environmental Protection
Transcript Highlights:
- Convening the Committee on Energy and Environmental Protection.
- establishment of dust monitoring stations in and around Waimanalo Gulch to protect public health and environmental
Keywords:
dust monitoring, public health, environmental quality, Waimanalo Gulch, air quality, particulate matter, community engagement, health risks, pollution mitigation, mattress stewardship, environmental protection, recycling, producer responsibility, solid waste management, environment, pollution, tourism, disposable bodyboards, polystyrene, marine ecosystems
Summary:
The Committee on Energy and Environmental Protection held its final hearing of the session on April 17, 2026, and took up a series of Senate concurrent resolutions focused on environmental protection, waste reduction, and energy policy. Measures discussed included SCR 142 on dust monitoring near Waimanalo Gulch, SCR 39 on a mattress stewardship program, SCR 40 on banning disposable bodyboards, SCR 83 on a lithium-ion battery disposal facility, SCR 168 on a demolition waste reduction working group, SCR 96 on reporting on the Hawaii Electric Reliability Administrator, SCR 166 on PUC considerations for a generational energy commitment, and SCR 172 on a comprehensive analysis to reduce costs and financial risk while meeting state goals.
Testimony was generally supportive of the environmental and waste-management measures. The Department of Health supported SCR 39 and provided comments on SCR 142; Climate Protectors Hawaii supported SCR 39, SCR 83, SCR 168, and SCR 172; the Office of Planning and Sustainable Development and Hawaii Reef and Ocean's Coalition submitted comments or support on SCR 168; and the Public Utilities Commission provided comments on SCR 96 and SCR 166. On SCR 166, Greenpeace Hawaii testified in opposition to LNG, arguing it would worsen pollution and climate impacts, while Earthjustice supported the intent but suggested amendments. Earthjustice also supported SCR 172 and offered friendly amendments to improve the study language.
In decision-making, the chair recommended deferral of SCR 142 because an existing regulatory framework already addresses the issue. The committee then voted to pass SCR 39, SCR 40, SCR 83, SCR 96, and SCR 166 unamended. SCR 168 was passed with amendments to reflect OPSD's requested changes and to make the working group temporary, with a two-year term and annual reports due before session. SCR 172 was passed with amendments accepted from Earthjustice. Rep. Quinlan was noted as excused for the votes, and the committee adjourned after adopting the final recommendation.
HI
Transcript Highlights:
- </c><00:40:31.839><c> However,</c><00:40:32.720><c> we</c> environmental protections.
- However, we environmental protections.
- Moving on to SB 2426 relating to environmental protection, having to do with sunscreen dispensers.
- Moving on to SB 2426 relating to environmental protection, having to do with sunscreen dispensers.
- Moving on to SB 2426 relating to environmental protection, having to do with sunscreen dispensers.
Keywords:
invasive species, agriculture, biosecurity, lease provisions, environment, natural resources, flood management, vegetation removal, Kainahola stream, Hawaii legislation, trees, exceptional trees, significant trees, urban forestry, arborist advisory committee, DLNR, Department of Land and Natural Resources, University of Hawaii, county planning, tree preservation
Summary:
The committee heard several measures related to agriculture, invasive species control, trees, reef protection, and land use. SP 2489 would require Department of Agriculture and Biosecurity leases to include access, invasive-species control, and termination provisions; DAB and DLNR supported it, as did several outside groups, while the Hawaii Farm Bureau and Hawaii Cattlemen’s Council raised concerns about notice, cooperation with lessees, and placing penalties on leaseholders for preexisting infestations. The chair noted six testifiers in support, one opposed, and three with comments.
SP 2310 would appropriate funds to remove overgrown vegetation from the Kohola stream. DAB supported the bill but explained that the work already completed by its contractor stopped at a DOT boundary, and that the affected parcel appears to be a DOT highway segment on ceded lands; the committee discussed whether the appropriation should instead go to DOT. SP 2372, on exceptional and significant trees, received support from DNR and Outdoor Circle, with testimony describing trees as critical infrastructure and suggesting technical amendments to committee membership and the process for recommending trees to county councils. SP 2426, which would authorize DNR to contract with private parties to maintain sunscreen dispensers at state beaches and promote mineral-based sunscreen as reef-protective, drew support from DNR and reef advocates, while another witness questioned the science behind claims about mineral versus chemical sunscreens and urged broader environmental solutions.
SP 2334 would impose a land conversion fee on agricultural land converted to other uses, create a fee fund for programs including healthy soils, and require state agricultural lands to use a conservation metric. DAB offered comments, and testimony from climate and farm groups generally supported the conservation goals but questioned references to programs not yet in place and objected to language excluding solar and wind uses, with one witness urging that agri-voltaics remain allowed. SP 2925, concerning coconut trees, would recognize them as food, water, and cultural resources, require signage for landscape palms, set labeling standards, and create a tax credit for naturally managed consumable coconut trees. DAB shifted from opposition to comments, DNR supported, and testimony from cultural and subsistence advocates strongly backed the bill as a response to coconut rhinoceros beetle impacts; committee questions focused on enforcement of signage, inspection resources, and the proposed tax credit.
US
US Federal 2025-2026 Regular Session
Organizational business meeting to consider committee rules, an original resolution authorizing expenditures by the committee during the 119th Congress, S.347, to amend the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 Feb 5th, 2025 at 09:30 am
Environment and Public Works Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- passed unanimously out of the committee last Congress, will continue the critical work of the Environmental
- develop a surface transportation reauthorization bill, work towards bipartisan solutions to fix our environmental
- The Environmental Protection Agency was forced to stop providing funding to programs authorized and appropriated
- And I appreciate that Chair Capito and Ranking Member Whitehouse want the Environmental Protection Agency
- Brownfields program empowers states, communities, and stakeholders to work together to address environmental
Keywords:
brownfields, brownfield cleanup, site remediation, environmental cleanup, contaminated property, redevelopment, revitalization, CERCLA, Superfund, EPA grants, state response programs, environmental justice, disadvantaged communities, small communities, local government grants, nonprofit eligibility, community engagement, Alaska Native tribes, Regional Corporations, Village Corporations
AL
Alabama 2026 Regular Session
Alabama House Public Safety and Homeland Security Committee Feb 4th, 2026
Public Safety and Homeland Security
Keywords:
driver license, English examinations, language requirement, immigration, testing standards, motor vehicles, window tint, law enforcement, prosecutors, vehicle regulations, medical condition, communication, first responder, invisible disabilities, anaphylaxis, day care centers, training, child safety, healthcare, parole
AL
Alabama 2025 Regular Session
Alabama Senate County and Municipal Government Committee Feb 25th, 2025
County and Municipal Government
Keywords:
business taxes, annual reports, Alabama Tax Tribunal, tax appeals, local government, media monitoring, government contracts, state agencies, local agencies, media regulations, transparency, juvenile detention, county management, legal procedures, juvenile justice, county commission, supervision, administration, emergency services, 911
MN
Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session
Environment Committee Meeting - 2026-03-26
Environment and Natural Resources Finance and Policy
Transcript Highlights:
- </c> Minnesota Center for Environmental Minnesota Center for Environmental Advocacy,<00:32:02.240><c>
- </c> tax, 70% is put into the environmental tax, 70% is put into the environmental fund,<01:19:05.040
- So, there are environmental fund.
- </c> the environmental fund. the environmental fund. Representative<01:31:55.800><c> Schultz.
- </c> how great of a role the environmental how great of a role the environmental fund<01:32:06.160><c
Keywords:
natural resources, environment, sustainability, conservation, outdoor recreation, wild rice, watercraft regulation, environmental protection, aquatic ecosystems, HF1426, product stewardship, extended producer responsibility, EPR, electronics recycling, e-waste, battery recycling, circuit boards, printed circuit boards, electrical products, covered products
HI
Hawaii 2026 Regular Session
EEP Public Hearing - Thu Feb 19, 2026 @ 9:45 AM HST
Energy & Environmental Protection
Transcript Highlights:
- I'm the executive director of Energy Justice Network, and also the elected co-chair of the Environmental
- ><c> Mike</c><00:07:42.920><c> Ewall,</c> Um, Energy Justice Network Mike Ewall, Um, Energy Justice Network
- ><c> of</c> co-chair of the Environmental Caucus of co-chair of the Environmental Caucus of the<00:07
- ,</c><00:19:48.280><c> Mike</c> Energy Energy Justice Network, Mike Energy Energy Justice Network, Mike
- Mike Iwalani, Energy Justice Network.
Keywords:
clean fuel standard, alternative fuels, carbon intensity, emission reduction, greenhouse gases, transportation, sustainable aviation fuel, tax credit, greenhouse gas emissions, renewable energy, Hawaii, economic development, carbon footprint, aviation sector, renewable fuels, local production, energy resilience, agricultural innovation, job creation, clean vehicles
Summary:
The committee on Energy and Environmental Protection heard testimony on three measures related to cleaner fuels. On HB 1986, which would require the Department of Transportation to adopt rules for a clean fuel standard by January 1, 2028 and include reporting and public informational sessions, testimony was largely supportive from state commissions, fuel companies, airlines, and other industry and advocacy groups. Supporters said the bill would create a long-term framework for reducing emissions and developing cleaner fuels in Hawaii. Opposition came from Energy Justice Network, which argued that so-called clean fuels are not carbon-free, would be costly, and could delay a needed transition to electrification. The department later said it was monitoring the bill and was concerned about costs. No vote or final action was taken in the hearing.
The committee then heard HB 1694, a sustainable aviation fuel tax credit bill that would provide a per-gallon credit for SAF, cap annual credits at $20 million, require reporting, and sunset in 2035. The Department of Taxation testified on administration, while the Department of Transportation said it supported the measure as a short-term strategy to jump-start SAF until the clean fuel standard ramps up. Airlines, fuel companies, the Hawaii Food Industry Association, the Hawaii Renewable Fuels Coalition, and others supported the bill, saying it would send a market signal, help close the cost gap with conventional jet fuel, and encourage local production and investment. Opponents, including Energy Justice Network, Life of the Land, and Ted Metros, argued the bill would be expensive, could lock in a transitional fuel system, and would not produce enough fuel to meet demand. Committee members asked about the likely impact and the share of total fuel demand the credit could support; DOT said the supported gallons would be only a very small percentage of annual demand and that the credit was intended to work alongside the future clean fuel standard.
Finally, the committee took up HB 1695 HD1 on renewable fuel, which expands the renewable fuels production tax credit. Testimony was again mixed but generally supportive from the Department of Transportation, Department of Taxation, Island Energy Services, airlines, the Tax Foundation, Pana Pacific, and the Hawaii Farm Bureau. Supporters said the measure would encourage local feedstock production, create agricultural opportunities, and help attract investment in renewable fuels. Pana Pacific requested an amendment to explicitly include camelina in the definition of renewable feedstocks. Opponents, including Energy Justice Network and Life of the Land, repeated concerns about cost, imported feedstocks, and the risk of undermining full electrification goals. The hearing transcript does not show any vote or final committee action on HB 1694 or HB 1695 HD1.
AL
Alabama 2026 Regular Session
Alabama Senate Agriculture, Conservation, and Forestry Committee Jan 28th, 2026
Agriculture, Conservation and Forestry
Keywords:
oyster shell, tax credit, recycling, restaurant, state revenue, environmental benefit, sales tax exemption, seafood, fishing industry, local government, municipal exemption, seagrass restoration, environmental policy, water quality, marine ecosystems, conservation efforts, marine conservation, environmental remediation, coastal ecosystems, state waters
MS
Mississippi 2026 Regular Session
MS House Floor - 15 April, 2026; 1:00 PM
Mississippi House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- America and to the republic for which it stands, one nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice
Keywords:
commendation, sports, team achievement, high school, state championship, suffrage, restoration of voting rights, conviction, probation, law-abiding citizen, congressional term limits, constitutional amendments, Article V, state resolution, political reform, Jackson State University, Veterans Memorial Stadium, economic growth, property tax, multi-purpose facility
TX
Bills:
HB32, HB15, HB171, HB421, HB581, HB644, HB745, HB349, HB917, HB204, HB923, HB15, HB171, HB204
Keywords:
eviction, landlord rights, tenant rights, justice court, property law, court procedures, chemical dependency, court-ordered treatment, mental health, health care, treatment facility, juvenile justice, criminal justice reform, deep fake, digital impersonation, age verification, private cause of action, explicit content, consumer protection, HB 581
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- Justice of the Peace. Yes, Chair, I'm happy to do that. You are a Justice of the Peace, correct?
- It will jeopardize the fair administration of justice by overwhelming the already overburdened justice
- I am a justice of the peace from Fort Bend County, and I am testifying on behalf of the Justice of the
- Coalition for Tenant Justice. Okay, it says Coalition Tenants Justice.
- You're saying that it's Coalition for Tenant Justice? Coalition for Tenant Justice. Yes.
Bills:
HB32, HB15, HB171, HB421, HB581, HB644, HB745, HB349, HB917, HB204, HB923, HB15, HB171, HB204
Keywords:
eviction, landlord rights, tenant rights, justice court, property law, court procedures, chemical dependency, court-ordered treatment, mental health, health care, treatment facility, juvenile justice, criminal justice reform, deep fake, digital impersonation, age verification, private cause of action, explicit content, consumer protection, HB 581
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- 1574 relates to a Centers of Excellence program developed by the Texas Judicial Council for certain justices
- Members, the difference between the committee and the bill as filed is that it would include justices
- I'm a justice of the peace; I've been a justice of the peace for 12 years.
- The integrity is a by-product. of that is justice to the peace.
- I sincerely hope that you will support Senate Bill 1574 in the interest of justice, so that the best
Keywords:
hydraulic fracturing, sales tax exemption, oil and gas, environmental impact, water reuse, justice, judicial council, centers of excellence, court operations, recognition program, franchise tax, retail trade, tax classification, business regulation, economic impact, SB 2873, Texas Tax Code, electronic filing, e-filing, tax reports
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- You've registered on behalf of yourself and the Justice for Peace and Constable Association, and you've
- I've been a Justice of the Peace for 25 years.
- treating people differently based solely on their immigration status, especially in the criminal justice
- Additionally, a 2024 Department of Justice report found that 91% of girls in our secure facilities in
- An affirmative defense for trafficking victims is crucial because it prevents the criminal justice system
Bills:
SB1099, SB1896, SB1980, SB127, SB614, SB955, SB1278, SB1372, SB1936, SB1937, SB2580, SB2595, SB2798
Keywords:
SB 1099, illegal alien, undocumented immigrant, unauthorized immigrant, immigration status, felony sentencing enhancement, criminal penalty increase, Texas Penal Code, Code of Criminal Procedure, affirmative finding, judgment finding, deportation, public safety, immigration enforcement, sentencing reform, felony offense, first-degree felony, minimum sentence, Criminal Justice, Criminal Jurisprudence
AL
Alabama 2025 Regular Session
Alabama House Ways and Means Education Committee Apr 2nd, 2025
Ways and Means Education
Keywords:
workers' compensation, public education, employee injury, insurance trust fund, on-the-job injury, administrative procedures, HB176, Alabama sales tax, use tax, sales and use tax exemption, optical aids, eyeglasses, contact lenses, prescription glasses, vision care, optometrist, ophthalmologist, optician, medical devices, local option tax exemption
HI
Hawaii 2026 Regular Session
EIG DEFER Public Hearing 04-21-2026
Energy and Intergovernmental Affairs
Transcript Highlights:
- Department of Defense to reassess prior determinations and closure decisions under the Comprehensive Environmental
- and closure decisions under the and closure decisions under the Comprehensive<00:03:40.040><c> Environmental
- </c><00:03:41.080><c> Response,</c> Comprehensive Environmental Response, Comprehensive Environmental
Keywords:
pedestrian safety, raised crosswalks, Honolulu, traffic infrastructure, school zone, HCR154, Hele-On, Hele-On Shared Ride Program, County of Hawaii, Hawaii County, Mass Transit Agency, shared ride, paratransit, accessible transportation, ADA, mobility devices, wheelchair accessible, kupuna, seniors, elderly
Summary:
The Committee on Energy and Intergovernmental Affairs reconvened on April 21 and took up a series of House Concurrent Resolutions, with no public testimony. Members first approved HCR 43, urging raised crosswalks near Ala Wai Elementary at University Avenue, Malkiki Street, and Kamoku Street to improve student safety, and HCR 154, asking Hawaii County to expand the Heleon shared ride program islandwide, including rural and underserved areas. They also passed HCR 165, calling for permanent pickleball nets and court lighting at Kamilo Iki Community Park, and HCR 186, urging the U.S. Department of Defense and Defense Health Agency to extend health care authorization renewals for people affected by the Red Hill water contamination crisis.
The committee then approved HCR 200, which urges the Department of Defense to reassess prior CERCLA-related closure decisions in light of evolving PFAS science. Members said the measure was intended to help keep PFAS out of the water system. HCR 202, establishing a legislative task force on Hawaii’s future energy pathways, was amended before passage to expand the task force’s scope to include separation of generation from transmission and distribution, add Senate leadership representation, and include representatives from the Agricultural Development Corporation and the Farm Bureau. Several members supported the amended version with reservations, expressing concern about possible cost impacts from separating generation and distribution.
Finally, the committee passed HCR 206 HD1, which requests the Hawaii State Energy Office to convene a working group to study the impacts of large data centers on utilities, ratepayers, natural resources, and climate goals. All measures were adopted by the committee, with HCR 202 passing with amendments and the others passing unamended. The meeting then adjourned.
TX
Texas 89th Regular
Water, Agriculture, and Rural Affairs Apr 28th, 2025
Water, Agriculture and Rural Affairs
Keywords:
wastewater treatment, environmental permits, Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, package plant, environmental protection, water utilities, sewer services, ratemaking, regulatory authority, Class A B C D utilities, rate proceedings, financial integrity, aquifer, Edwards Aquifer, water injection, environmental regulation, groundwater management