Video & Transcript Research : 'alternate medical examiner'
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AZ
Transcript Highlights:
- If we would have time, if we would have support from the medical examiner when we have doctors that will
- The medical examiner won't, the county won't, and we can't get a doctor that will sign.
- The medical examiner won't, the county won't, and we can't get a doctor that will sign.
- We have to get permission from the medical examiner in order to cremate.
- Because trying to get SIDS program to take care of, or the medical examiner, we might as well be banging
Bills:
HB2118, HB2181, HB2308, HB2309, HB2402, HB2476, HB2682, HB2698, HB2875, HB2877, HB2903, HB2910
Keywords:
mobile food vendors, licensure, food safety, statewide regulations, health standards, zoning, temporary vendors, HB2181, death certificate, death certificates, vital records, funeral establishment, funeral home, human remains, medical certification of death, death registration, state registrar, local registrar, county medical examiner, alternate medical examiner
Summary:
The House Commerce Committee heard and advanced several bills. HB 2181, as amended, would extend the deadline for funeral establishments to submit death certificates from 7 days to a maximum of 14 days and clarify that a provider’s medical certification period excludes weekends and holidays. The sponsor and a mortuary owner testified that the current timeline is often difficult to meet because of weekends, holidays, doctor availability, county delays, and family circumstances. Several members said the bill did not fully address the underlying compliance problems, but the committee adopted the amendment and passed the bill 6-4-1.
HB 2682 would create a DES rental assistance program offering up to two months or $5,000 in aid, with a $5 million general fund appropriation for administration. The sponsor and a tenant advocate described the bill as a short-term bridge to prevent eviction and homelessness, while an industry representative said rental assistance is an effective early intervention tool. Some members raised concerns about limiting eligibility to households with children and about program administration, but the bill passed 7-4. HB 2698 would create a rental assistance study committee to evaluate program effectiveness and repeal in 2028; it passed on a 7-4 vote.
HB 2476 would revise CPA certification and reciprocity requirements, creating multiple pathways to licensure and updating related rules and fees. Supporters said it would help address a CPA shortage and align Arizona with other states; after clarification from the sponsor and the State Board of Accountancy, the committee passed it unanimously, 11-0. The committee then heard HB 2308, which would bar dental insurers and certain holding companies from owning dental practices; the Arizona Dental Association supported it as a safeguard against vertical integration, while Delta Dental opposed it as overbroad and burdensome. The bill passed 8-0-3. Finally, the committee began hearing HB 2118 on mobile food vendors and local permitting, with the sponsor and food truck operators arguing for streamlined county/state licensing and reduced local duplication, while a vendor representative warned the proposal could affect existing local ordinances and private-property vendors.
TX
Texas 89th Regular
S/C on County & Regional Government May 12th, 2025
S/C on County & Regional Government
Transcript Highlights:
- Additionally, the 14 counties that have medical examiner offices with experts who can properly certify
- Right, and as a matter of fact, I think Lubbock County's medical examiner was one of the highest-paid
- All of the counties over a million already have medical examiners, and as Mr.
- We didn't realize how rare these folks are who are the medical examiners.
- To commit to a medical examiner, who I'm we're for using a general practitioner as a medical examiner
Bills:
SB1370
Keywords:
medical examiner, forensic services, county coroner, autopsy, death investigation, forensic pathology, county government, commissioners court, medical examiners district, regional district, public health, criminal justice, Texas Code of Criminal Procedure, Article 49.25, county population threshold, interlocal agreement, 1184, house, all
TX
Texas 89th Regular
S/C on County & Regional Government Apr 28th, 2025
S/C on County & Regional Government
Transcript Highlights:
- The substitute simply adds assistant medical examiners alongside deputy medical examiners to ensure consistency
- examiners and deputy medical examiners. and assistant medical examiners across the state.
- I am the chief medical examiner in Fort Bend County.
- There is a family practitioner who is the chief medical examiner in another county.
- a board-certified forensic pathologist to be their chief medical examiner.
Bills:
HB2814, HB4477, HB5084, HB5108, HB5127, HB5383, HB5611, HB5663, HB5664, SB1563, HB2668, HB3841, HB4114
Keywords:
juvenile justice, release documents, children, identification, Texas Juvenile Justice Department, civil service, staffing requirements, local government, positions exemption, Texas legislation, fireworks, Lunar New Year, retail permits, public safety, Texas law, holiday sales, HB 5108, deaths in custody, custodial death, jail death
TX
Texas 89th Regular
S/C on County & Regional Government Apr 28th, 2025
S/C on County & Regional Government
Bills:
HB2814, HB4477, HB5084, HB5108, HB5127, HB5383, HB5611, HB5663, HB5664, SB1563, HB2668, HB3841, HB4114
Keywords:
juvenile justice, release documents, children, identification, Texas Juvenile Justice Department, civil service, staffing requirements, local government, positions exemption, Texas legislation, fireworks, Lunar New Year, retail permits, public safety, Texas law, holiday sales, HB 5108, deaths in custody, custodial death, jail death
AZ
Arizona 2026 Regular Session
01/21/2026 - Senate Health and Human Services
Health and Human Services
Transcript Highlights:
- We're medical men, you know, this... Reflect. We're medical men.
- In the medical field, rehabilitation for people who are losing their vision is not a part of the medical
- Madam Chair, members, by way of background, currently, a county medical examiner may authorize a forensic
- Madam Chair, members, by way of background, currently, a county medical examiner may authorize a forensic
- They've also earned their medical license from the Arizona Medical Board.
Bills:
SB1001, SB1011, SB1016, SB1052, SB1072, SB1100, SB1112, SB1113, SB1116, SB1118, SB1120, SB1121, SB1122, SB1123, SB1124, SB1125
Keywords:
appropriation, economic security, blind individuals, older adults, state funding, medical examiners, sudden infant death, autopsy protocols, forensic pathology, public health, religious exemption, employment practices, COVID-19 vaccination, accommodation, discrimination, assisted living, health care, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, physician orders, informed consent
Summary:
The committee began with member and staff introductions, then took up a series of health and human services bills. The first group focused on radiation protection in cardiac catheterization and other ionizing-radiation procedure rooms: SB 1120 would require at least half of procedure rooms in covered facilities to have a radiation protection system by July 1, 2027; SB 1118 would create a state grant program for rural hospitals to help pay for those systems; and SB 1121 would prohibit requiring lead aprons in rooms equipped with such systems, while allowing voluntary use with a real-time dosimeter. Physicians, nurses, and a hospital CEO testified that long-term radiation exposure and heavy lead aprons have caused cancer, cataracts, and orthopedic injuries, and that commercially available systems can reduce exposure to near zero. Some members raised questions about cost, vendor involvement, FDA clearance, and whether the bills should be discussed with stakeholders; the Health Systems Alliance of Arizona said it was neutral and wanted further stakeholder meetings. All three bills were adopted by 7-0 votes, with SB 1120 and SB 1121 amended.
The committee then heard SB 1001, which would appropriate $1 million to the Department of Economic Security for the Older Individuals Who Are Blind program. Blind and low-vision speakers described long waitlists, the need for independent living training, and how services help seniors remain at home rather than enter more costly care. The bill passed 6-0 with one member not voting. Next, SB 1072 proposed ongoing General Fund and Medicaid spending to raise reimbursement rates for home- and community-based services for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities, plus room-and-board funding and a workforce survey/reporting requirement. Providers testified that the system is underfunded, staff turnover is high, overtime is extensive, and many people wait for services; the bill passed 6-0 with one not voting.
The committee also approved SB 1125, requiring the Department of Child Safety to annually seek MOUs with tribes and improve tribal access to information about placements and enforcement actions involving licensed group homes, after members asked about the stakeholder process and tribal participation. SB 1123, which removes the requirement that a supervising forensic pathologist be board-certified before delegating autopsy-related tasks to trainees, passed after Maricopa County said the change would help address training delays and workforce shortages. SB 1052, allowing mild hyperbaric oxygen therapy in assisted living facilities under specified safeguards, drew support from the sponsor and an assisted-living operator but also opposition from a member concerned about off-label treatment in nonmedical settings; it passed 5-2. Finally, SB 1112, reducing the number of acquaintance witnesses required in court-ordered treatment proceedings from two to one and allowing a judge to waive the witness requirement in some cases, passed 5-2 after testimony from supporters who said the current rule often blocks treatment for seriously mentally ill people and from opponents who argued it weakens due process. The committee then began SB 1113, which would allow service of court-ordered evaluation and treatment documents by evaluation-agency employees or other court-authorized persons, but the transcript cuts off before action on that bill.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- providing for teachers—traditional university programs, a year-long residency program, improved alternative
- We just got a copy of the bill this morning, and as every good teacher knows, we had to examine it, and
Bills:
HB2
Keywords:
disaster preparedness, emergency management, flooding, mass fatality, mass casualty, fatality tracking, body recovery, autopsy, justice of the peace, medical examiner, county judge, sheriff, mayor, emergency coordinator, emergency manager license, volunteer management system, volunteer registration, criminal history check, background check, Texas Division of Emergency Management
Summary:
The Senate Education K-16 Committee met to consider HB 2, the major school finance bill, with the chair explaining that the committee substitute would provide about $8 billion in new public education funding. The bill was described as including permanent teacher compensation increases, expanded teacher incentive allotment funding, support for early literacy and numeracy, teacher certification and residency pathways, special education funding, career and technical education, school safety dollars, and facilities support for charter schools. The committee adopted the committee substitute without objection after roll was called and a quorum was present.
Members questioned the bill’s structure, especially the balance between across-the-board teacher pay and the teacher incentive allotment, the treatment of uncertified teachers, and differences in requirements between traditional public schools and charter schools. Senator Menendez and Senator West raised concerns about equity, charter-school parity, facilities funding, inflation, and whether the bill should include more support for fine arts and extracurricular programs. The chair responded that the bill was designed to direct most new money to traditional public schools while also preserving flexibility and that charter-school and public-school alignment would need further work.
Invited witnesses Dr. Imelda De La Rosa and Val Acri testified in support of the bill, emphasizing that the Teacher Incentive Allotment helps recruit and retain teachers in rural districts and supports mentorship and certification pathways. Public witnesses also supported the bill but urged more funding for fine arts, local flexibility, and full restoration of House-proposed funding levels. Dr. Josh Jones supported year-long teacher residencies, Dr. Philip Morgan asked for more local control and restoration of fine arts funding, Rich Saina supported the bill but warned about hold-harmless reductions, and Dr. Greg Poole supported the bill while asking for flexibility for high-performing districts that already pay high salaries. After the invited testimony and some public testimony, the committee recessed subject to the call of the chair so members could attend the Senate floor.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- students lose a significant part of the educational experience that enriches their lives and helps them examine
- students lose a significant part of the educational experience that enriches their lives and helps them examine
- Examine what it means to be human.
- programs, which is reducing affordable options for families without guaranteeing other affordable alternatives
- are at least two bullet items on that list that you say you have in this legislation, which, if you examine
Bills:
HB2
Keywords:
disaster preparedness, emergency management, flooding, mass fatality, mass casualty, fatality tracking, body recovery, autopsy, justice of the peace, medical examiner, county judge, sheriff, mayor, emergency coordinator, emergency manager license, volunteer management system, volunteer registration, criminal history check, background check, Texas Division of Emergency Management
Summary:
The committee continued public testimony on House Bill 2, which would make major changes to public school funding, teacher pay, special education, early learning, school safety, and related programs. Many superintendents and education advocates supported the bill’s overall direction but urged changes, especially a larger basic allotment and more flexible funding for rural and small districts. Witnesses from Paint Creek, West Hardin, Cushing, Blooming Grove, Mildred, Buffalo, Plano, and rural school groups said the bill’s targeted raises and new requirements would not fully cover inflation, TRS/Medicare costs, transportation, insurance, or support staff salaries, and several asked the committee to restore the House version’s higher basic allotment and small-school allotment. Charter school representatives supported the facilities funding changes and said charter schools need state help because they cannot levy taxes, while also noting the funding gap with ISDs. Fine arts advocates asked the committee to restore the fine arts allotment, arguing arts improve engagement, attendance, and academic outcomes, especially in rural and at-risk communities. Early learning and special education witnesses supported parts of the bill but raised concerns about pre-K restrictions, disability-related pre-K access, and the need to preserve or clarify special education provisions and mental health oversight language.
Several witnesses praised the teacher pay raise, teacher incentive allotment expansion, and teacher preparation investments, saying they would help recruit and retain educators and improve student outcomes. Others, including counselors and support staff advocates, argued the bill should also include raises for counselors, nurses, librarians, bus drivers, custodians, aides, and other non-teaching employees who keep schools running. One witness from the Texas Counseling Association opposed the substitute because it removed a counselor pay provision, warning of counselor shortages and inequities. A parent and special education advocate said the bill’s structure creates too many strings attached and asked for a larger basic allotment instead of more targeted funding. Another witness from Mental Health America urged keeping the collaborative task force on public school mental health services through 2031, and a disability rights advocate said the committee substitute appears to omit some special education items that were in the House version.
The committee also briefly took up House Bill 6, a school discipline bill. After questions about automatic mandatory expulsion for vape possession and concerns about younger students, the committee adopted the substitute and voted to report HB 6 favorably to the full Senate by a 9-1 vote, with Senator Menendez voting no and Senators West and Menendez expressing reservations but supporting further discussion. After that vote, testimony on HB 2 resumed. Senators used the hearing to ask about the bill’s cost, the difference between the basic allotment and the bill’s targeted funding buckets, and whether the permanent teacher pay increase shifts pressure off districts. The bill’s supporters emphasized that it represents an historic, roughly $8 billion investment and that many of the new funding streams are intended to be permanent or to address specific district needs.
KY
Kentucky 2026 Regular Session
Senate Standing Committee on Appropriations and Revenue (2-14-24)
Keywords:
KY LRC YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZcL0JsBeZTI, 2026-06-21T07:17:06+00:00, 2.2.24, Data collected via generic collector engine, Meeting Start 00:00:00
Attendance Roll Call 00:00:07
Medicaid Nursing Home Rate Rebase 00:00:33
Medicaid Funding Sources 00:10:06
Personnel Cabinet Update on Classification & Compensation Report 00:31:00
NKY Medical Examiner Office & KSP Crime Lab 00:39:12
Medicaid Out-of-State Reimbursement Rate 00:55:22, 958, all, 2.2.42, 2.1.47
AZ
Transcript Highlights:
- examiner as outlined in statute.
- To become a licensed medical physician in Arizona, one must complete four years of medical school, perform
- So these are, again, fully licensed medical doctors who have completed four years of medical school,
- This includes a diagnostic breast examination and a supplemental breast examination.
- Certain antipsychotic medications...
Keywords:
mental health, involuntary evaluation, service of process, court-ordered treatment, evaluation agencies, AHCCCS, remote work, state agency, employment, public health, healthcare, behavioral health, prior authorization, American Indian health program, medicaid, medical examiner, death investigation, body disposal, autopsy, veteran burial
Summary:
The committee heard and advanced a series of health and human services bills, with most receiving unanimous or near-unanimous support. SB 1113 would allow screening or evaluation agency employees, under contract with a county, to personally serve court documents in involuntary mental health proceedings instead of requiring police officers; supporters said it would reduce burdens on law enforcement and be less disruptive for patients. An amendment clarifying county contracts and reimbursement was adopted, and the bill passed 12-0. SB 1122 would limit AHCCCS from imposing over-100% prepayment review on certain behavioral health providers serving American Indian Health Program members unless a corrective action plan is in place; AHCCCS was neutral and said it could implement the bill with additional staffing, and it passed 12-0. SB 1123 would remove a board-certification requirement so trained, licensed forensic pathologists can supervise pathology trainees during the period before board exam results are available; Maricopa County supported it as a workforce and efficiency measure, and it passed 12-0. SB 1125 would require DCS to make annual efforts to enter MOUs with Arizona tribes and improve communication on tribal children in state care; DCS said it was already working on several pending MOUs, and the bill passed 12-0.
The committee also approved several bills related to cancer screening and mental health. SB 1165 would prohibit cost-sharing for diagnostic and supplemental breast cancer screening services in the commercial market; the sponsor and advocates said it would remove financial barriers that delay diagnosis, and it passed 12-0 amid personal testimony from members and the chair. SB 1243 would require notice to a patient’s guardian before discharge from court-ordered treatment and allow guardians to seek continuation of treatment; supporters said it closes dangerous gaps when treatment orders expire, and it passed 10-0 with two absent. SB 1318 would repeal a state breast-density notice requirement that now overlaps with a federal FDA standard; ADHS said the change would reduce confusion and duplicate notices, and it passed 11-0 with one absent. SB 1188 would align Arizona controlled-substance schedules with federal FDA/DEA scheduling changes; supporters said it would speed access to new treatments, while one member voted no over concerns about relying on federal review, and it passed 8-2.
Additional bills addressed privacy and assisted-living referrals. SB 1193 would bar DHS from selling or disclosing EMT personal identifying information for commercial purposes without consent, while still allowing de-identified data; the sponsor’s representative said the bill arose after DHS said vendor access to licensee data was not prohibited, and members discussed whether broader privacy protections should apply to other workers as well. It passed 10-0 with two absent. SB 1477 would require referral agencies serving assisted living facilities or homes to verify background-screening practices, maintain insurance, and provide documentation regarding APS registry status; the bill’s supporters said it raises standards for senior placement services, a technical amendment was adopted, and the bill passed 10-0 with two absent.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- They revamped an alternative method that we have for our special education teachers. of records who are
- So much of the training, I went through the alternative teacher certification program at Houston Tillotson
- And alternative programs as well to include focus on the disciplinary aspect so that you don't. have
- And so if you want to address that issue and you want to best utilize is alternative certification, then
- It's as competitive as. medical school and law school.
Keywords:
public education, teacher compensation, certification, funding, school finance, educator rights, education funding, charter schools, staff compensation, state aid, retention allotment, disaster preparedness, emergency management, flooding, mass fatality, mass casualty, fatality tracking, body recovery, autopsy, justice of the peace
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- Both my husband and I started in public school. education through the alternative certification programs
Keywords:
public education, teacher compensation, certification, funding, school finance, educator rights, education funding, charter schools, staff compensation, state aid, retention allotment, disaster preparedness, emergency management, flooding, mass fatality, mass casualty, fatality tracking, body recovery, autopsy, justice of the peace
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- There are folks who are coming in through alternative certification programs with no hands-on training
- Quality goes back to the discussion earlier in the question about alternative certification.
- So you're talking about alternative certification, like Mrs.
- Yes, if you're doing an alternative certification that's not a residency, you are paying for that program
- Many are absent due to medical fragilities, and in all these cases, they are high-cost students.
Keywords:
public education, teacher compensation, certification, funding, school finance, educator rights, education funding, charter schools, staff compensation, state aid, retention allotment, disaster preparedness, emergency management, flooding, mass fatality, mass casualty, fatality tracking, body recovery, autopsy, justice of the peace
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- profession such as semester-long teaching experience for our university-based prep programs and alternative
- partner you with what's called a cooperating teacher, which would be like someone that oversees a medical
- time in educator preparation and so the residency program is designed along the model of graduate. medical
- enrollments in the education preparation programs both at the college and university level. and alternative
- We request the committee to examine the hold harmless provisions closely to prevent any unintentional
Keywords:
public education, teacher compensation, certification, funding, school finance, educator rights, education funding, charter schools, staff compensation, state aid, retention allotment, disaster preparedness, emergency management, flooding, mass fatality, mass casualty, fatality tracking, body recovery, autopsy, justice of the peace
OK
Oklahoma 2026 Regular Session
Health and Human Services REVISED Feb 23rd, 2026 at 02:00 pm
Health and Human Services
Transcript Highlights:
- The change allows the state board of podiatric examiners to approve medical marijuana education required
- by OMA for continuing medical education credit.
- But on page 23, especially since I know that the medical board currently has other compacts that you
- It is supported by the Department of Defense and is supported by the Oklahoma Board of Medical Licensure
- I like the idea of kind of a what in medicine we call a medical home, but the idea of having all this
Bills:
SB1806, SB1430, SB206, SB1547, SB1849, SB1428, SB1653, SB1984, SB1644, SB1561, SB1813, SB1570, SB1796
Keywords:
foster care, adoption assistance, transitioning youth, Department of Human Services, voluntary services, mental health, substance abuse, commissioner appointment, governor's authority, legislative consent, SB206, emergency medical services, EMS, ambulance, 911 response, emergency response, essential services, federal funding, grant funding, public health
OK
Oklahoma 2026 Regular Session
House of Representatives Second Regular Session of the 60th Legislature Day 54 May 7th, 2026 at 09:30 am
Oklahoma House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- 1101 by Kendrick of the House and Bergstrom of the Senate, a resolution relating to the Oklahoma Medical
- HJr1101 addresses the rules with the Oklahoma Medical Marijuana Authority. Moved for adoption.
- It's dealing with medical marijuana and the illustrious.
- So in this bill, it says if the federal medical assistance percentage FMAP established under 42 US code
- What we can do medically to ensure that we are providing the services that the people challenged us to
Bills:
SB1090, SJR49, SB633, HR1059, SB650, SB2063, SB122, SB1614, SB1884, SJR52, SJR53, HJR1101, SJR50, HB3021, HR1058, SB514, SB382, HB3320, SB740, SB833, SB2143, SB1209, SB244
Keywords:
wildlife, conservation, Oklahoma, regulations, permanent rules, Leo's Law, child endangerment, fentanyl testing, drug screening, child welfare, Oklahoma Children's Code, substance abuse, Asian/Pacific American Heritage Month, AAPI, Asian American, Pacific Islander, Oklahoma House resolution, commemorative resolution, heritage month, cultural recognition
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- So when we examined those brains, what we found was...
- But so far, I taught medical students for.
- Why is a medical food and not a medication?
- They had her on tons of medication before she started.
- And we're dealing with that and we've taken them off all his medications every single medication they've
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- by American veterans of the Spanish-American War and the Philippine-American War to advocate for medical
- These are two distinct kinds of medical care offered to patients and families when they're nearing the
- important that people understand the distinctions, but both of these forms of care result in. and better medical
Bills:
HCR75, HCR93, SB644, SCR2, SCR17, HB2703, HCR92, HCR7, HCR126, HB1615, HB1610, HB1620, HCR86, HCR7
Keywords:
Hemphill, bass fishing, tourism, state recognition, conservation, recreational activities, Nacogdoches, Garden Capital, public gardens, sustainability, horticultural heritage, hospice, palliative care, awareness day, healthcare, patient care, state regulation, taxation, education, local authority
NM
Transcript Highlights:
- Let us examine him in person."
- The New Mexico Medical...
- This version of the Interstate Medical Licensure Compact Bill, Mr.
- Karen Carson, Chair of the New Mexico Medical Board. Mr.
- As you know, the New Mexico Medical Board endorses joining the Interstate Medical Licensure Compact.
Keywords:
interstate medical licensure compact, physician licensure, medical license reciprocity, expedited licensure, medical practice act, New Mexico medical board, compact commission, physician mobility, telemedicine, license portability, background check, disciplinary action, joint investigation, reproductive health care, gender-affirming care, scope of practice, medical board transparency, multistate compact, licensure renewal, health care workforce
NM
Transcript Highlights:
- The medical school used to have this problem back in the day.
- I want to make sure that whatever alternative pathway the court appreciate the engagement.
- And I know this body probably would be supportive of ensuring that we can find those alternatives.
- I actually am on the Alternative Pathways Committee with Justice Vargas of the Supreme Court.
- We need Increasing funding for our medical school because we want more doctors.
Keywords:
interstate medical licensure compact, physician licensure, medical license reciprocity, expedited licensure, medical practice act, New Mexico medical board, compact commission, physician mobility, telemedicine, license portability, background check, disciplinary action, joint investigation, reproductive health care, gender-affirming care, scope of practice, medical board transparency, multistate compact, licensure renewal, health care workforce
NM
Transcript Highlights:
- Let us examine him in person."
- This version of the Interstate Medical Licensure Compact Bill, Mr.
- Karen Carson, Chair of the New Mexico Medical Board. Mr.
- As you know, the New Mexico Medical Board endorses joining the Interstate Medical Licensure Compact.
- Medical care, things of that nature.
Keywords:
interstate medical licensure compact, physician licensure, medical license reciprocity, expedited licensure, medical practice act, New Mexico medical board, compact commission, physician mobility, telemedicine, license portability, background check, disciplinary action, joint investigation, reproductive health care, gender-affirming care, scope of practice, medical board transparency, multistate compact, licensure renewal, health care workforce