Video & Transcript Research : 'adaptive technologies'
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ND
North Dakota 2025-2026 Regular Session
Legislative Procedure and Arrangements Apr 22nd, 2026
Transcript Highlights:
- So some things that they felt you all should do to adapt to term limits: again, expanded training and
- plan framework so that they are practical, achievable, and designed to guide the legislature to adapting
Summary:
The Legislative Procedure and Arrangements Committee met with a quorum, approved the prior minutes, and then took up a draft bill to make legislators’ and candidates’ residential addresses confidential in public records. Legislative Council and the Secretary of State explained the proposal was prompted by security concerns and would protect residential addresses while still allowing election officials to verify residency and keep candidate names and offices public. Members raised concerns about unintended consequences, transparency, and how the change would affect rural districts and residency enforcement. The Secretary of State suggested an amendment to end the confidentiality when a candidate’s term ends, and the committee agreed to hold the bill over for further discussion at the next meeting.
The committee also reviewed follow-up materials on legislator security and best practices, including advice on situational awareness, internet hygiene, varying routines, and reporting threats, along with NCSL materials comparing capitol security practices in other states. Members discussed a recent security incident and the need to keep alert contact information current, and staff said they would continue working with the Highway Patrol on legislative-specific notifications.
The bulk of the meeting was devoted to Garrity Consulting’s final report on mitigating the effects of legislative term limits. The consultants summarized survey, focus group, and stakeholder input showing concerns about loss of institutional knowledge, leadership turnover, onboarding demands, and workload pressures, while also noting public support for term limits and annual sessions. Recommendations included considering annual sessions or shifting biennial sessions to even-numbered years, restructuring organizational session and interim committee work, creating office hours and more structured orientation and mentorship, expanding ongoing training and staff support, improving public communication and virtual testimony rules, and addressing barriers to service such as employer support and travel costs. Members discussed the tension between making the legislature more effective and preserving a citizen-legislature model, and the report was received as a roadmap for future implementation rather than immediate action.
ND
North Dakota 2026 1st Special Session
Legislative Procedure and Arrangements Apr 22nd, 2026
Legislative Procedure and Arrangements Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- So some things that they felt you all should do to adapt to term limits: expanded training and orientation
- plan framework so that they are practical, achievable, and designed to guide the legislature in adapting
Summary:
The Legislative Arrangements and Procedure Committee met with a quorum, approved the prior minutes, and then took up several follow-up items related to legislative security, public records, and the impacts of term limits. The Secretary of State’s office presented draft language to make legislators’ and candidates’ residential addresses confidential in public records, with discussion of who would be covered, how the protection would work, and whether it should expire when a candidate’s term ends. Members raised concerns about unintended consequences, transparency, and whether the public should still be able to see enough information to evaluate residency requirements. Rather than act immediately, the committee set the draft aside for a future meeting and asked for an amendment reflecting the Secretary of State’s suggested changes.
The committee also reviewed a security best-practices memo and NCSL materials on capitol security. The memo encouraged legislators to be aware of their surroundings, avoid real-time vacation posting, vary routines, report threats, and follow security alerts. Members discussed a recent incident and the need to improve alert distribution and update contact information so legislators and staff receive notices consistently. The Secretary of State and committee members noted that the alert system may need refinement, including a separate legislative notification channel.
The bulk of the meeting was devoted to Garrity Consulting’s final report on how to mitigate the effects of legislative term limits. The consultants summarized interviews, surveys, and focus groups with legislators, the public, and stakeholders, identifying major themes such as loss of institutional knowledge, leadership turnover, staffing pressures, and the need for stronger onboarding and training. Recommendations included considering annual sessions or shifting biennial sessions to even-numbered years, restructuring organizational session, making interim committees more consistent with regular committees, adding office hours, formalizing mentorship and leadership succession planning, expanding staff and professional development resources, creating public-facing educational tools, and improving communication and virtual testimony options. Members generally appreciated the report and its phased implementation roadmap, while also debating the practicality of some recommendations and the tension between making service more demanding and keeping the legislature accessible to new candidates.
KY
Kentucky 2026 Regular Session
Senate Standing Committee on Natural Resources & Energy. (3-11-26)
Natural Resources & Energy
Transcript Highlights:
- And I'm just sorry we didn't think of it then, but we deemed it a work in progress then to adapt and,
- Just sorry we didn't think of it then, but we deemed it a work in progress then to adapt and, you know
NM
New Mexico 2025 Regular Session
IC - Legislative Health and Human Services Jun 26th, 2025
Legislative Health & Human Services Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- It was simply to pilot incentives for people to adapt, but the elimination of the test wasn't specific
- director or the teachers - to talk about principles of universal design to make Leah Davidson: Small adaptations
KY
Kentucky 2025 Regular Session
Senate Standing Committee on Economic Development, Tourism, & Labor (2-27-25)
Transcript Highlights:
- Wolverine here, of Hugh Jackman, of Senator Yates, that could easily take that position, or if it's an adaptation
- Wolverine here, of Hugh Jackman, of Senator Yates, that could easily take that position, or if it's an adaptation
Keywords:
Meeting Start 00:00
Roll Call 00:29
SB 162 Discussion 01:03
SB 162 Vote 13:48
SB 1 Discussion 14:49
SB 1 Vote 34:43
SB 25 Discussion 38:45
SB 25 Vote 40:31
SB 50 Discussion 41:09
SB 50 Vote 42:55, 958, all
Summary:
The committee first took up Senate Bill 162, a measure on unemployment insurance fraud. The sponsor said the bill would create a clearer process for state unemployment staff to refer suspected fraud cases, especially smaller-dollar cases that may not draw federal attention, and would help protect employers and the integrity of the unemployment system. Testimony from Brian Sikma supported the bill as a common-sense anti-fraud proposal, but several senators raised concerns that suspending benefits during an investigation could unfairly burden claimants, especially if the claim later proves legitimate. The sponsor and witness said the bill was intended to allow quick adjudication and that benefits could be reinstated after review, and the sponsor noted the referral process would include identifying information and details about the suspected fraud. The committee then voted on the bill; it passed with favorable expression, 8-1, and was sent to the floor.
The committee then returned to Senate Bill 1, which would create a Kentucky Film Office and Film Commission and fund the office with a portion of the state transit tax and production-related fees. Senator Wheeler and invited guests described the bill as an economic development and tourism measure meant to expand Kentucky’s film industry, attract productions statewide, and build on existing tax credits. Witnesses, including Mary K. Po... and Misty Wrigley Miller, said a state film office would help market locations, provide a searchable database for producers, and make it easier for rural communities to compete for productions. They cited an economic impact study showing about $200 million in film-related economic activity in 2022, with additional ripple effects and tax revenue, and argued the office would help create jobs and workforce opportunities for Kentuckians.
Members generally praised the concept of Senate Bill 1 and compared Kentucky’s potential to Georgia’s film industry growth. Witnesses said Kentucky already has strong incentives but needs a dedicated office and commission to better promote the state and coordinate production activity. The discussion emphasized that the commission would help ensure a return on investment and that local crews and businesses would benefit from more productions. The transcript ends during continued discussion of the bill and questions from senators, with no final vote on Senate Bill 1 shown in the excerpt.
US
US Federal 2025-2026 Regular Session
US House Floor Proceedings (Thursday, December 18, 2025)
US Federal House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- On average, it takes Investments in the infrastructure and technologies that make our country run.
- , our vehicles, our phones, technology, our vehicles, our phones, our<02:20:44.399>
cell <02:20 - <02:35:50.720>
Coalition, Materials and Technology Coalition, Materials and Technology Coalition - <02:47:41.439>
Most <02:47:41.680>of maintained adaptive capacity. - Most of maintained adaptive capacity.
MA
Massachusetts 2025-2026 Regular Session
Status of Persons with Disabilities Jun 21st, 2026 at 12:00 pm
Transcript Highlights:
- does it look like to have people training to be occupational therapists come in and work on some adaptive
Summary:
The meeting began with a presentation from Run the Gamut, a new two-year transition program for young adults with autism ages 18 to 24. Staff described the program’s focus on person-centered planning, independent living skills, social connection, and experiential learning, including a teaching kitchen, laundry room, community-based instruction, and job shadowing. They said the program is intended to complement existing Massachusetts services and partnerships rather than duplicate them, and that it is inspired by the founders’ experience helping their daughter transition to adulthood and employment.
Committee members asked about employment outcomes, employer readiness, funding, eligibility, and whether students with intellectual disabilities could participate. Run the Gamut said the program is currently private-pay tuition-based, but a grant is covering tuition for the first cohort while they explore additional funding sources, including possible school-district or insurance pathways. They said students with intellectual disabilities would not be automatically excluded if they meet admissions criteria. Staff also emphasized building employer relationships in advance, using job shadowing and industry partnerships to improve hiring practices and create real opportunities for students. They noted partnerships with programs such as PYD, JBS, Aspire, and Boston University, and said the program is opening soon with about eight students enrolled and an open house planned for September 18.
After the presentation, the committee shifted to planning its proposed workshop for the Massachusetts APSE conference, “Employment Matters,” themed “Partners in Progress.” Members discussed submitting the application by the August 31 deadline, selecting a second presenter, and shaping interactive questions for attendees using a live polling tool. Suggested audience questions focused on the benefits of hiring people with disabilities and the barriers or challenges employers and employment advocates face, with an emphasis on connecting responses back to commission resources and partnerships. The committee also approved the minutes from the prior meeting unanimously and ended with a discussion of future fiscal year goals, including interest in a possible veterans-and-disability-focused event or resource effort.
VT
Transcript Highlights:
- sport available to everyone regardless of age, environment, condition, or ability through its USTA Adaptive
Summary:
The House convened with a devotional led by former Representative Carolyn Partridge, accompanied by bagpiper Ben Partridge. Partridge read Billy Collins’s poem “The Lanyard,” and the chamber then observed music and applause. Members also honored two former House members who had recently died: Representative Jason A. Barney of Highgate and Representative Noel E. Neely of Pomfret, followed by a moment of silence.
The Speaker recognized the final group of legislative pages for their service and thanked them for their work during the busy end of the biennium. The House also read two concurrent resolutions adopted on the consent calendar: H.C.R. 273 recognizing May 2026 as National Tennis Month in Vermont, and H.C.R. 289 congratulating the 2026 Brattleboro Union High School championship mock trial team. The mock trial resolution noted the team’s first-place finish at the Vermont Law and Graduate School competition in South Royalton and identified the student advocates, witnesses, coaches, and advisor.
Several members made announcements and introductions. A member from Jericho spoke in support of tennis and welcomed USTA Vermont representatives in the gallery. A member from Westminster introduced Carolyn Partridge and Ben Partridge, and a member from Brattleboro welcomed the mock trial students, noting they would visit committees later in the morning. A member from Winooski introduced family members in the balcony. House Democrats and House Republicans announced caucuses at 11:15.
No floor votes were taken on legislation during this segment. The Speaker said the House would return to address bills on the calendar at 1:00 p.m., and the chamber stood in recess until then.
NM
New Mexico 2026 Regular Session
House - Government, Elections And Indian Affairs Feb 6th, 2026 at 08:32 am
House Government, Elections & Indian Affairs
FL
Transcript Highlights:
- The bill further requires the department to partner with the Lassenger Center in an adaptive AI-based
Keywords:
public records, open government, sunshine law, education assessments, testing materials, exam security, assessment instruments, test items, answer keys, scoring rubrics, item banks, developmental materials, workpapers, student testing, academic dishonesty, cheating, Florida Department of Education, State Board of Education, Board of Governors, Florida College System
Summary:
The Education Pre-K through 12 Committee considered and reported favorably several bills. SB 1036 on school counselors was amended to clarify certification exemptions and passed, with support focused on addressing counselor shortages and student mental health needs. SB 1136 on dental screenings for K-12 students was converted by delete-all amendment to place the screening definition in the School Health Services Act and to require written parent notice and exemption procedures; it passed with support from PTA and other advocates. SB 920 on mathematics education passed after discussion of applied algebra courses tied to career pathways, while preserving Algebra I standards, end-of-course testing, graduation requirements, and university admission eligibility. SB 178 on athletics and public K-12 schools also passed after amendment adding a $15,000 annual cap on coach-provided personal support per team and discussion of guardrails to prevent recruiting abuses; members emphasized the role coaches play in supporting students. SB 1216 on public school personnel compensation passed with broad support for giving districts more flexibility on pay, cost-of-living adjustments, and advanced degree compensation. The committee also approved SPB 7022, a public records exemption bill extending protections for examination and assessment instruments to 2031 and clarifying coverage for district and school materials. SB 464 on observance of Veterans Day in K-12 schools passed after debate over whether schools should be closed or use the day for programs, with supporters arguing for statewide consistency and honoring veterans. Finally, SB 538 on physical education passed after a delete-all amendment establishing standardized extracurricular participation rules for public, private, virtual, and home education students, addressing coach compensation at the district level, and clarifying participation limits across schools. The committee recessed briefly for Senator Avila’s arrival, postponed SB 430, and adjourned after recording one additional favorable vote on SB 1036.
FL
Florida 2025 Regular Session
April 2, 2025 - 01:30 PM
Transcript Highlights:
- the beer industry has evolved in the past century and that it was time for the three-tier system to adapt
Summary:
The State Administration Budget Subcommittee met with a quorum and took up one bill, House Bill 499, which would allow malt beverage manufacturers producing less than 31,000 gallons annually to sell and deliver directly to vendors. The sponsor and several craft brewery owners and industry advocates testified in support, arguing the measure would help small breweries reach local restaurants, improve quality control, create jobs, and serve as a bridge into the three-tier system for businesses too small to attract distributors. Opponents, including the Florida Beer Wholesalers Association, argued the bill would undermine the three-tier system, weaken accountability and tax collection, and create risks for consumer protection and market fairness.
During debate, several members said they supported the bill as a small-business measure while noting they remained protective of the three-tier system. Some members raised concerns about tax tracking and long-term distributor contracts, but others said the bill appeared limited enough to preserve the existing system while giving small breweries a chance to grow. The committee then voted on the bill and it passed, with one recorded no vote.
After the bill vote, the subcommittee revisited prior questions about Department of Lottery Secretary Davis’s travel reimbursements. Members reviewed updated documents showing more than $50,000 in travel reimbursements from January 2021 through November 2024, including about $27,840 tied to Orlando destinations, and expressed concern that some reimbursements may have covered commuting between Tallahassee and Orlando. The chair said the information would be sent to Secretary Davis for an explanation, and the meeting adjourned after no further business.
WY
Wyoming 2026 Regular Session
House Floor Session-Day 4, February 12, 2026-PM
Wyoming House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- um all of your technology improvements. um all of your technology improvements.
- those technology replacement programs. those technology replacement programs.
- We don't know what it's going to cost. technology program. technology program.
- <03:34:56.399>
And technology, this Bitcoin technology. - And technology, this Bitcoin technology.
MN
Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session
Gov. Tim Walz's tax policy proposals heard in House Taxes Committee 4/23/26
Transcript Highlights:
- it's functioning today and look at our revenue system and just ensure that we are um, you know, adapting
- it's functioning today and look at our revenue system and just ensure that we are um, you know, adapting
- no income taxes. today and look at our revenue system and just ensure that we are um, you know, adapting
Summary:
The committee heard testimony on House File 5055, the governor’s supplemental tax budget. Commissioner of Revenue Paul Marquart outlined the proposal as a balanced budget package that would leave a positive bottom line in the current biennium and beyond. He emphasized family-focused tax relief, especially a new refundable young child credit for children ages 0 to 4, which would provide up to $3,000 for one child or $6,000 for two or more, benefit about 104,000 families, and phase out at higher incomes. He also described federal conformity changes, including updates to business interest deductions, dependent care credits, and Section 179 expensing, along with omitted federal items such as research expensing and opportunity zones due to cost and policy concerns.
Marquart also defended broader tax modernization proposals, including expanding the sales tax to selected consumer services such as accounting, banking, brokerage, and legal services while lowering the statewide sales tax rate, and creating a social media tax on consumer data collection that would fund an AI readiness special revenue fund rather than the general fund. He said these changes would make the sales tax less regressive and better aligned with the modern economy. Additional provisions mentioned included a gun-related gross receipts tax on firearms and ammunition, cannabis tax technical changes, historic structure rehabilitation conformity, and added auditors for tax compliance.
Testimony from outside groups was mixed. Nan Madden of the Minnesota Budget Project supported the governor’s approach as a response to federal tax and spending changes, praised the decision not to conform to opportunity zones or federal no-tax-on-tips/overtime provisions, and urged even stronger revenue measures. Brian Lake of the Minnesota State Bar Association strongly opposed the proposed sales tax on consumer legal services, arguing it would burden low- and middle-income people in sensitive cases and create unfairness when individuals litigate against the state. Tanner Fritsinger of the Minnesota Association of Professional Employees supported the sales tax base expansion and the social media tax as ways to broaden revenue without raising the base rate. The committee chair thanked the commissioner and then began hearing public testimony, with additional testifiers queued up.
NH
Transcript Highlights:
- ><00:52:49.280>
allowing <00:52:49.680>them <00:52:49.920>to <00:52:50.800>adapt - <00:52:51.520>
establish law and allowing them to adapt establish law and allowing them to - adapt establish reasonable<00:52:52.880>
criterion <00:52:53.359>that <00:52:53.520>
MN
Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session
Conference Committee on HF2446 5/9/25
Transcript Highlights:
- , meeting with the growers up in that area for quite a while, and uh, you know, we can continue to adapt
- , meeting with the growers up in that area for quite a while, and uh, you know, we can continue to adapt
- You know, we can continue to adapt to that too as well. Follow-up?
Summary:
The Agriculture Conference Committee met for an initial organizational and comparison session on House File 2446, the agriculture broadband and rural development bill. Members introduced themselves, noted that no conference target had yet been set, and agreed to begin with a side-by-side review of House and Senate positions. No oral testimony was taken; instead, the chair listed written testimony submitted by a wide range of agricultural, environmental, local government, food bank, and industry groups.
Nonpartisan fiscal staff walked through the major funding differences. Both bills included some shared items such as operating adjustments, wolf and elk damage compensation, and certain technical changes, but they differed on several major appropriations. The House generally proposed larger increases for meat inspection, local food purchasing, and the Board of Animal Health, and added items such as county inspector grants, biofertilizer innovation, a biosolids/PFAS-related study, a soil health study, broadband installation study funding, an Agri Works program, an Agri Support program, a milk grant program, and several House-only transfers and grants. The Senate included items such as a climate coordinator position, biofuel-related reductions and policy changes, livestock processing funding, farm-to-school and urban agriculture changes, MARL funding, cottage foods licensing updates, and several Senate-only pass-through grants and transfers. Staff also noted differences in the agriculture emergency account transfer approach and in how the two bodies handled the Second Harvest Heartland and related food distribution provisions.
House Research then reviewed the policy language differences in the bill. The House language included provisions allowing more flexible use of grant administration funds, unpaid prior-year claims, county inspector grants, and updates tied to its own policy article, while the Senate language included the climate coordinator, PFAS-related commercialization language, cooperative development grant permissive language, and other Senate policy changes. The committee did not take any votes or final actions at this meeting; the session was informational and focused on identifying differences for later negotiation.
MN
Minnesota 2025 1st Special Session
Conference Committee on HF2432 5/8/25
Transcript Highlights:
- it's important to, like, give us, you know, within reason, broad ability to kind of, like, you know, adapt
- it's important to, like, give us, you know, within reason, broad ability to kind of, like, you know, adapt
- it's important to, like, give us, you know, within reason, broad ability to kind of, like, you know, adapt
MN
Transcript Highlights:
- What we are finding is that the cost of maintaining current technology is a barrier to this access.
- is that the cost of maintaining finding is that the cost of maintaining current<00:37:33.440>
technology - c> a<00:37:34.760>
barrier <00:37:35.079>to <00:37:35.280>this current technology - is a barrier to this current technology is a barrier to this access<00:37:37.119>
adult <00:37 - equipment and supplies specific to a student's disability, such as sensory materials and equipment, adaptive
MN
Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session
Task Force on Homeowners and Commercial Property Insurance 10/22/25
Minnesota House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- The hopeful scenario, um, which is something that I'd like to encourage here in Minnesota, is adaptation
- and resilience, where we make concerted efforts to adapt our property so it's less vulnerable to the
- But these new entrants may bring new technology that can assess the actual risk of a roof, as opposed
- But these new entrants may bring new technology that can assess the actual risk of a roof, as opposed
- But these new entrants may bring new technology that can assess the actual risk of a roof, as opposed
Summary:
The task force met on October 22, 2025, with a quorum present and several members participating remotely. Members approved the minutes from the previous meeting. Michelle Urick of the Legislative Coordinating Commission then gave an administrative update on proxy voting and the task force’s operating procedures. She said the enabling statute only authorizes the officially appointed member to act and vote, so proxy voting is not allowed, and votes must be cast in person at the meeting where the item is considered. She also said members may submit written positions, but not vote before or after a meeting. In response to concerns about attendance for future votes, the chair said the January meetings would be rescheduled if possible using a Doodle poll so more members could be present in person. The group also agreed to treat the revised document as operating procedures rather than a formal charter, with no separate adoption action needed at that time.
The task force then moved into testimony on homeowners and commercial property insurance. Paul Edgar of Minnesota Realtors said rising insurance costs are adding to housing affordability pressures, citing an increase in the monthly principal, interest, taxes, and insurance payment on a median-priced Minnesota home from $1,622 in 2021 to $2,642 in September 2025. He said higher insurance costs and limited coverage can affect buyers’ financing, especially for condominiums and townhomes, and urged continued work on liability and insurance-related laws that may discourage condo development. He also referenced prior bipartisan reforms to Minnesota’s condominium construction defects law and said his organization supports further improvements to encourage more condo production.
Keenan Ravery of the Minnesota Mortgage Association focused on how insurance requirements affect mortgage lending. He explained that lenders require insurance both at origination and throughout the life of the loan, with standards aimed at protecting collateral rather than providing full homeowners coverage. He said replacement-cost coverage has long been the norm, but recent issues with roofs, deductibles, HO-6 policies, and force-placed insurance have become pain points for consumers and lenders. He said his association is working with national trade groups on reforms that could allow more flexibility in coverage types and deductibles, and he expressed hope that Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and the Federal Housing Finance Agency may announce policy changes in the coming months or by early 2026. No votes or substantive policy actions were taken beyond approving the minutes and agreeing to pursue scheduling adjustments for January.
HI
Hawaii 2026 Regular Session
House Chamber - Tue Mar 10, 2026, 9:00AM HST - Day 25
Hawaii House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- Colleagues, we all support technology and innovation.
- Colleagues, we all<03:33:43.760>
support <03:33:44.200>technology <03:33:45.040>and< - all support technology and innovation. all support technology and innovation.
- <03:33:52.760>
moves <03:33:53.080>forward but as this technology moves forward but - as this technology moves forward rapidly,<03:33:54.400>
our <03:33:54.520>responsibility
NH
New Hampshire 2025 Regular Session
House Ways and Means (01/28/2025)
Transcript Highlights:
- identify emerging Trends and adapt identify emerging Trends and adapt quickly<03:51:44.120>
to - one municipality experiences a spike in tourism due to a new attraction or event, they can quickly adapt
- one municipality experiences a spike in tourism due to a new attraction or event, they can quickly adapt
- one municipality experiences a spike in tourism due to a new attraction or event, they can quickly adapt
- A spike in tourism due to a new attraction or event can be quickly adapted to by reallocating resources
Summary:
The committee held a public hearing on HB 135, introduced by Representative Michael Harrington. He said the bill would codify a portion of the New Hampshire Constitution to bar New Hampshire businesses from being required to collect sales or use taxes for other states unless Congress mandates it, arguing that the U.S. Supreme Court’s Wayfair decision created an onerous compliance burden for businesses. He described the patchwork of state and local sales tax rules, thresholds, and product exemptions as extremely complex and said the bill was intended to push the issue back toward Congress and the courts.
Members questioned whether the bill’s reference to a “foreign government” would apply to other U.S. states, whether the proposal would conflict with the Supremacy Clause, and whether it would create standing for businesses to challenge Wayfair. Harrington responded that “foreign government” meant any government other than New Hampshire, that he believed the state could challenge the decision in court by passing a law contrary to Wayfair, and that businesses were already being harmed by compliance costs. Some members raised concerns about whether the bill was an unfunded mandate or simply a private compliance burden, and Harrington argued that the state itself would not be collecting the taxes, but businesses would still face recordkeeping and administrative costs.
Sam Garland of the Department of Justice then testified. He said the department was not taking a formal position on the bill, but offered technical comments. Garland acknowledged that Wayfair created significant compliance burdens and noted that states have become somewhat more uniform, with all states now having a $100,000 economic nexus threshold, though not all use the 200-transaction threshold and local tax variation remains substantial. He said the department’s concerns were legal, describing the issue as uncharted constitutional territory involving both vertical and horizontal federalism. No vote or final action was taken during the hearing.