Video & Transcript : 'exam room access' :

Page 83 of 500
TX

Texas 89th 2nd C.S.

Criminal Jurisprudence Apr 1st, 2025

Criminal Jurisprudence

Transcript Highlights:
  • will ensure survivors receive competent medical care during their exam.
  • I have readily accessible all conditions of their bail. That's accessible. That's transparent.
  • some quirky reason, you can't get access to someone who's on parole.
  • Castro had difficulty accessing information.
  • So there's a lot of ways that they can have access that they can actually.
Bills: HB47
WA

Washington 2025-2026 Regular Session

Senate Health & Long-Term Care Feb 19th, 2026 at 08:00 am

Health & Long-Term Care

Transcript Highlights:
  • It's about preserving access.
  • I have nine critical access hospitals in my district.
  • We're a rural critical access hospital with 25 beds and an emergency room.
  • So without that in-person exam, diagnostics.
  • Allowing a virtual VCPR is not a question of whether an in-person exam is better than a telehealth exam
Bills: HB2340 , HB2155 , HB2531
OK
Transcript Highlights:
  • I don't know about the accessibility of additional reports, so.
  • to the chase they're always gonna have this debate particularly with charters that they don't get access
  • This is going to make the access for her healthcare easier for her. She will entertain emotion.
  • with the Oklahoma legislature and how they spend that money to make sure that the members of this Room
  • I'm open to any and all good ideals that can help create access points across Oklahoma in general, not
WA

Washington 2025-2026 Regular Session

Senate Health & Long-Term Care Feb 19th, 2026

Transcript Highlights:
  • It's about preserving access.
  • I have nine critical access hospitals in my district.
  • We're a rural critical access hospital with 25 beds and an emergency room.
  • So without that in-person exam, diagnostics...
  • Allowing a virtual VCPR is not a question of whether an in-person exam is better than a telehealth exam
Summary: The Senate Health and Long-Term Care Committee held public hearings on several House bills and later took executive action on two others. The committee heard testimony on House Bill 2242, which would let the Department of Health issue immunization recommendations and tie preventive-service coverage to federal recommendations as of June 30, 2025, while preserving access to vaccines and other preventive services. Supporters, including the Governor’s office and the Insurance Commissioner, said the bill would protect access, affordability, and stable vaccine purchasing; opponents argued it politicizes vaccine policy and gives too much influence to state agencies and outside groups. The committee also heard testimony on House Bill 2152, allowing terminally ill patients in hospitals, nursing homes, and hospice facilities to use medical cannabis under facility policies, with supporters emphasizing dignity, symptom relief, and safeguards, and House Bill 2088, joining the dietitian licensure compact, which supporters said would help military spouses, telehealth, and workforce shortages. House Bill 2110, on ambulance inter-facility specialty care transports, drew support from rural hospitals seeking more staffing flexibility and opposition from nurses and EMS personnel concerned about training, accountability, and patient safety. House Bill 2247, on veterinarian-client-patient relationships and telemedicine, drew support from the sponsor and some stakeholders as a workforce and access measure, but also criticism from the state veterinarian and others who said it could conflict with federal VCPR requirements and public health protections. House Bill 2340, expanding substance use disorder monitoring program eligibility to nursing assistants and stipend support, was presented as a way to help low-wage health workers stay in the workforce; there were no in-person testifiers against it. In executive session, the committee considered House Bill 2155, concerning the use of nursing titles, and House Bill 2531, aligning the ambulance transport fund quality assurance fee with federal regulations. Both bills received do-pass recommendations and were sent to the Rules Committee. For the public hearings, no final committee votes were taken on the other bills in this transcript, and testimony concluded on each measure after the committee heard from sponsors, agency officials, advocates, and opponents.
ID

Idaho 2026 Regular Session

Agenda Feb 19th, 2026

Business

Transcript Highlights:
  • It's a four-part exam, four hours each part of the exam.
  • You have to pass the exam. I mean, honestly, if you pass that exam, you're on the right path there.
  • The exam itself is a uniform national exam.
  • The exam itself is a uniform national exam.
  • unnecessary because it's the same exam anywhere else.
Committee: House Business
Keywords: 989, all
LA

Louisiana 2026 Regular Session

Education Apr 14th, 2026

Education

Transcript Highlights:
  • Because for us, success is not access alone. We've talked about success.
  • We've talked about access in Louisiana for a long time. But success is not just access alone.
  • I do agree there's always room for improvement changes.
  • partner helping with the exam content.
  • be a comprehensive English exam and math exam.
Committee: House Education
Summary: The committee heard several higher education and K-12 bills centered on TOPS, school accountability, and curriculum alignment. It first welcomed University of Louisiana at Lafayette’s new president, Ramesh Kuluru, who spoke about student success, workforce alignment, and the university’s financial recovery. The committee then adopted amendments and reported HR 17 favorably, directing a study of TOPS return on investment with the Board of Regents, Louisiana Works, LED, and the Blanco Public Policy Center. Testimony from business and policy groups supported the study as a way to assess whether state financial aid is producing workforce and retention outcomes. Members then considered HB 385 by Rep. Bamberg, which would require repayment of TOPS awards under certain circumstances when students lose eligibility, with exemptions for hardship and a pathway into LCTCS or career-technical programs. The bill drew strong debate over whether merit scholarships should ever be repaid; opponents argued TOPS is earned for the semester and should only be lost going forward, while supporters emphasized taxpayer accountability. After amendments, the committee narrowly approved the bill by roll call vote, with Chair Schlegel casting the deciding yes to report it favorably as amended. The committee also unanimously reported HB 1058 favorably, which requires the Board of Regents to maintain a uniform data system for state financial assistance; independent colleges and business groups supported the measure as a way to improve accountability and analysis. The committee next heard HB 406 by Speaker Pro Tem Johnson, which asks the Department of Education to study the feasibility of moving oversight of interscholastic athletics to a more accountable model after a legislative study found widespread complaints about the private LHSAA’s transparency and consistency. Supporters said the bill is a cautious step toward reform and a possible 2028–2029 transition, while an LHSAA representative defended current audits and governance and opposed the premise of the bill. Despite objections, the committee reported HB 406 favorably. It then heard HB 787 by Rep. McMakin, as substituted, which would exempt non-public high school students from the TOPS computer science requirement; BESE and the Department of Education opposed the bill, saying it would separate diploma and TOPS requirements and create scheduling confusion, while Catholic school representatives said the requirement conflicts with their theology curriculum. McMakin asked to defer the bill for two weeks. Finally, the committee unanimously reported HB 1059 favorably, which aligns TOPS math requirements with BESE’s integrated math pathways, and began hearing HB 1021 by Rep. Egan on repayment of certain TOPS awards, though the transcript cuts off before that bill was completed.
TX

Texas 89th Regular

Higher Education Apr 15th, 2025

Higher Education

Transcript Highlights:
  • They have sufficiently more resources and more access.
  • The students that are taking the exam are not allowed to get up and move away from the exam.
  • If they do get up and move away from the exam, their exam is automatically disqualified. of that, there
  • So, a school purchases the exam and...
  • But then it also doubles as a college. exam as well.
Keywords: 1184, house, all
TX

Texas 89th Regular

Senate Committee on Water, Agriculture, and Rural Affairs Mar 31st, 2025

Water, Agriculture and Rural Affairs

Transcript Highlights:
  • I'm sympathetic, but that first exam is...
  • So, I start with an exam on all of my patients, a physical exam.
  • Access in California? No, quite the opposite.
  • So today, I have water sprinklers in my oxidizer room. ...in that room because we didn't implement rational
  • They've been accessible and constructive in working with us.
CA
Transcript Highlights:
  • So certainly, they're looking at ways to increase access to care.
  • Access to care should be our driving motivation.
  • So CMTC is very proud of the fact that we are extremely accessible.
  • exam, but I heard starting 2020...
  • AMLEX exam, but I heard starting 2027 there's a possibility they're going to bring the exam back on board
Summary: The joint sunset oversight hearing reviewed five regulatory entities: the Board of Behavioral Sciences, the Board of Psychology, the Physician Assistant Board, the Podiatric Medical Board, and the California Massage Therapy Council. Across the hearing, each entity described recent accomplishments, licensing and enforcement workload, workforce shortages, and efforts to modernize processes. Common themes included streamlining licensure, expanding access to care, addressing telehealth or emerging technology, and balancing consumer protection with workforce needs. For the Board of Behavioral Sciences, members discussed workforce shortages in mental health, supervision barriers, telehealth confidentiality, AI in therapy, interstate compacts, school-based services, and military spouse licensure. The board said it has expanded outreach, improved licensing processes, and created temporary practice authority tracking, while also expressing concern about counseling compacts and emphasizing California-specific law, ethics, and cultural competency. Public commenters supported the board’s work and the possible move to a national MFT exam, while also urging more resources. The Board of Psychology highlighted fee adjustments, streamlined licensure pathways, enforcement process improvements, new CPD requirements, and proposed changes including a psychotherapist-client privilege exception for investigations. Committee members and public witnesses focused heavily on that privilege proposal, with some members opposing it as too broad and privacy-invasive, while the board argued it is needed to obtain records in bias and sexual misconduct cases. The board also discussed workforce shortages, processing improvements, and the use of inactive status for psychological associates. The Physician Assistant Board reported growth in the PA workforce and education programs, SB 697 implementation, and financial pressure from rising enforcement costs. The main policy debate centered on physician-to-PA ratios and practice agreements, with board representatives and many public commenters arguing that current restrictions limit access to care, especially in rural areas, while the California Medical Association defended the need for explicit ratios and agreements. The board also discussed AI, fee increases, and tracking temporary practice authority. The Podiatric Medical Board described licensing and renewal reforms, residency expansion, enforcement support, and budget constraints, while public testimony raised concerns about a proposed fee increase and about reimbursement parity and practice recognition for podiatrists. Finally, the California Massage Therapy Council defended the certification model over licensure, citing lower costs, local government collaboration, anti-trafficking work, and its role in vetting applications and disciplining bad actors; no formal votes or final actions were taken during this portion of the hearing.
NH

New Hampshire 2026 Regular Session

House Executive Departments and Administration (04/29/2026)

Executive Departments and Administration

Transcript Highlights:
  • </c> where there's no other access to care. where there's no other access to care.
  • So looking at this, the licensing advanced pharmacy technician exam is solely a jurisprudence exam.
  • Exam is solely a jurisprudence exam.
  • And as accessing entities like Chat GPT.
  • </c> accessing these mental health supports. accessing these mental health supports.
Keywords: 1189, house, all
FL

Florida 2026 4th Special Session

February 17, 2026 - 08:30 AM

Education & Employment Committee

Transcript Highlights:
  • But because he was 12, he would need to sign a proxy access form that would only give me limited access
  • So I got up and left the room. I did not have to leave the room.
  • They did not ask me to leave the room.
  • SO I GOT UP AND LEFT THE ROOM.&nbsp; 1236 I DID NOT HAVE TO LEAVE THE ROOM.
  • THEY DID NOT ASK ME TO LEAVE THE ROOM.
Summary: The committee met with a quorum and began by welcoming students and coaches participating in the inaugural Sunshine State Debate. Members then heard and voted on a series of education-related bills, with most measures receiving favorable reports by unanimous or near-unanimous votes. The first bill, HB 1081, created a Cybersecurity Internship Clearance Readiness Program in the Department of Commerce for NCACE-designated universities and Florida College System institutions; a friendly amendment expanded access to private schools, and the bill passed 19-0. HB 1201 updated Florida’s epilepsy/seizure plan law to clarify protections for charter school students, require acceptance of physician-submitted plans, extend training validity to five years, and expand training to regular bus drivers; epilepsy advocates supported it, and it passed 19-0. HB 851 required annual autism-specific professional learning opportunities for teachers and school-based administrators, and it also passed 19-0. HB 615, dealing with IEPs, required quicker parent notice when services are missed, faster access to service logs, individualized parent orientation, and standardized district service logs; parents and advocates testified strongly in support, and the bill was reported favorably. HB 1503 added technology-related competencies to education courses and directed the Department of Education to develop computer science certification coverage; it passed 19-0. HB 371 required public schools to display portraits of Abraham Lincoln and George Washington in common areas and passed 19-0 after testimony both for and against. HB 731 revised extracurricular eligibility rules and allowed local policies for compensating coaches and activity sponsors; an amendment broadened manual requirements and clarified fee actions, and the bill passed 18-0. The committee also took up HB 173, a parental rights bill that drew the most extensive debate and public testimony. The bill would require parental consent for many medical decisions for minors, give parents access to medical records, and expand parental review/opt-in rights for certain school surveys and biofeedback devices. Supporters argued it restores parental authority, improves safety, and prevents children from being cut out of important medical decisions; opponents warned it would remove confidential access to STI treatment, crisis mental health care, and other services for minors in unsafe or abusive homes. Members raised questions about abuse exceptions, emergency care, and how the bill would affect routine treatment and time-sensitive care. The bill was not voted on in the portion provided, and debate continued through multiple rounds of sponsor responses and member comments.
AZ

Arizona 2026 Regular Session

06/02/2026 - House Floor Session

Arizona House Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • You should cover breast exams.
  • I know that there's one and eight women in this room that will experience what I did. One in eight.
  • So if we're looking at ways to maybe ensure that women and people are receiving breast exams, maybe we
  • You know, We ensure that women and people are receiving breast exams.
  • So, ...be seen and have these exams done. They're really important and could truly save lives.
Summary: The House convened, opened with prayer and the Pledge of Allegiance, approved the journal, and then moved through a lengthy third-reading calendar. Early bills included SB 1135 on workers’ compensation, which passed 49-4, and SB 1127 on family offenses, which failed 5-50 after Rep. Gress said he supported the policy but voted no to allow reconsideration. SB 1133 on nominating procedures passed 32-23 without the emergency clause, and SB 1136 on workers’ compensation passed 54-1. Members then debated several health-related and regulatory measures, including SB 1145 on behavioral health behavior analysis, SB 1165 on health insurance coverage for breast exams, SB 1175 on child welfare, SB 1184 on condominiums and planned communities, SB 1205 on municipal regulations, SB 1210 on private post-secondary education institutions, and SB 1233 on state agencies, with mixed votes and several floor explanations focused on costs, insurance mandates, and public health benefits. The chamber also considered SB 1243 on court-ordered treatment, where supporters framed it as protecting vulnerable people and opponents warned about guardianship abuse and indefinite confinement; it passed 50-7. SB 1246 on condominium and planned community notices passed unanimously, while SB 1253 on Safe Haven providers passed 57-0. SB 1259 on campaign-related address confidentiality drew extensive debate about candidate safety, threats, and residency rules, and passed 43-14. Additional measures passed included SB 1271 on municipal authority, SB 1286 on veterinarians, SB 1292 on the public safety personnel retirement system, SB 1366 creating a towing and impound advisory committee, SB 1446, SB 1497 on school insurance, SB 1561 and SB 1564 on health care institutions, and several final-read House bills. On final reading, the House concurred in amendments to several bills and passed HB 2082, HB 296 on WIFA, HB 2557 on patient records, HB 2749 on reclassifying certain felony convictions to misdemeanors under strict conditions, and HB 4001 on nicotine products and youth access. HB 4001 drew the most extended debate, with supporters emphasizing youth protection, stronger penalties for sales to minors, and anti-vaping enforcement, while opponents criticized the bill as regulatory overreach or insufficiently focused on taxation and education. The House also adopted a motion to request the Senate return SB 1456 for reconsideration, heard a memorial resolution honoring James Hong Shee, and received remarks and a proclamation on National Gun Violence Awareness Day before recessing.
MN

Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session

Committee on Transportation - 04/07/25

Transportation

Transcript Highlights:
  • We are in room 1100 of the 3:05 p.m.
  • </c> centers or the driver's license um exam centers or the driver's license um exam exam<00:40:39.599
  • </c><00:41:50.640><c> Chair,</c> providing the access. Well, Mr. Chair, providing the access.
  • </c><00:42:43.040><c> station</c> the the driver's license exam station the the driver's license exam
  • So this code of of an exam station.
Keywords: 1187, senate, all
TX

Texas 89th Regular

Public Health Apr 14th, 2025

Public Health

Transcript Highlights:
  • We will have an overflow room.
  • States Medical Licensing Exam.
  • A couple of questions about access and how removing barriers will increase access to care.
  • I take a certifying exam, a board certifying exam that says I’ve met those standards.
  • They're knocking on the door of my exam room, and I've told them all: whatever patient is needing me
Committee: House Public Health
MO

Missouri 2026 Regular Session

2026 Legislative Session - Day Twenty - Thursday, February 12

Missouri House Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • room.
  • room.
  • But I reject the idea of somebody bringing their holy book into an exam room for an individual who is
  • room that is not theirs.
  • and their exam rooms.
Summary: The House opened with prayer, the Pledge of Allegiance, and approval of the previous day’s journal by a 119-0 vote. Members then used personal privilege remarks to recognize a 40th wedding anniversary, honor Sherry Anderson for her service to the House, and observe Black History Month with a tribute to former Senator Yvonne Starks-Wilson. The chamber also welcomed several guest groups, including representatives from the Alzheimer’s Association, the Festus girls cross-country team, the Blue Springs Chamber of Commerce Leadership Conference, and advocates connected to the blind pension fund. The main floor debate centered on House Committee Substitute for House Bills 2033, 1608, 1672, and 1854, which would remove the sunset from the SAFE Act and continue restrictions on gender-affirming care for minors. Supporters argued the bill protects children, citing concerns about puberty blockers, hormones, surgery, and evolving medical guidance; opponents said it targets transgender youth, interferes with family and medical decisions, and misstates the science. After extended debate, the previous question was adopted 102-45, and the combined bill package passed 102-40. House Bill 1847, creating the Dental Licensure Compact, also passed 138-10 after questions about reciprocity, data sharing, and state sovereignty. The House then passed House Committee Substitute for House Bill 1866, which bars peace officer licensure for applicants whose certification was revoked or suspended and for non-citizens, by a 101-36 vote after debate over citizenship, military service, and law enforcement standards. House Committee Substitute for House Bills 1908 and 2337 passed 147-0; the sponsor described it as protecting women and children in abusive situations and addressing legal responsibility in marriage. House Bill 1961, allowing temporary dietitian licenses and a compact for interstate practice, passed 137-8. House Bill 2180, changing Department of Revenue and blind pension notice delivery methods and allowing electronic notices, passed 146-0 and was described as both a service improvement and a cost saver. House Bill 2591, updating speech-language pathologist licensure to allow out-of-state training and practice in Missouri, passed 144-0. The House then announced upcoming committee meetings, a Scouting America Eagle Scout recognition, an America 250 celebration event, and a Labor Caucus meeting before adjourning until Monday, February 16, 2026.
CA
Transcript Highlights:
  • Access to counsel remains Access to counsel remains one of the most significant factors influencing the
  • It means meaningful access to justice.
  • Any language on demand, so language access isn't an issue for accessing our services.
  • We know that access to a lawyer really makes a difference, and access to a lawyer with a manageable caseload
  • isn't enough funding, we lose access to the courts.
Summary: The Senate Budget Subcommittee on Corrections, Public Safety, Judiciary, Labor, and Transportation heard presentations on the Office of the State Public Defender, civil legal aid funding, and Judicial Branch operations. The State Public Defender requested permanent funding for positions that had been temporarily funded to implement the Racial Justice Act, explaining that the workload has grown substantially through retroactive capital-case briefing, habeas proceedings, data requests, and related statistical analysis. She also presented findings from a public defense workload and staffing report showing that California’s county-based public defense system is under-resourced, with too few attorneys, investigators, and support staff, especially in rural counties, and that statewide standards and funding are lacking. Committee members asked about the scope of racial bias claims, the impact of collaborative courts and Prop. 36, and the need for statewide cost estimates and phased funding options. The committee then heard from legal aid advocates and a Los Angeles Superior Court judge in support of increased civil legal aid funding. Witnesses described the Equal Access Fund, homelessness prevention services, health care access, and immigration detention defense as cost-effective ways to prevent evictions, stabilize families, and reduce downstream public costs. They requested a $50 million increase to the Equal Access Fund, $20 million to restart homelessness prevention services, and $10 million for health care access work, along with additional targeted investments from the California Access to Justice Commission. Testimony emphasized the severe shortage of legal aid attorneys, the high demand for immigration representation, and the role of legal aid in domestic violence, housing, and family law matters. Senators asked for more information on service locations, outreach, funding losses, and how the requested amounts were calculated. In the Judicial Branch overview, Judicial Council and trial court representatives supported the Governor’s proposed budget, including a $70 million increase for trial court operations, $21.7 million for employee health and retirement costs, and funding for appellate counsel and case processing. They said the money is needed to offset inflation, supply chain costs, and staffing pressures, and to preserve access to justice. Senators pressed the branch and Department of Finance on interpreter shortages, midyear funding flexibility, courthouse facilities needs, and judgeship needs in inland counties. Finance officials said they were aware of the broader facilities backlog, and the committee requested follow-up information on the full capital and maintenance needs, interpreter funding, and updated judgeship and workload data. No formal votes were taken during the hearing.
MO

Missouri 2026 Regular Session

Health and Mental Health Apr 23rd, 2026 at 08:30 am

Health and Mental Health

Transcript Highlights:
  • get. requires, at least when it's given as a prescription, requires the patient to get regular eye exams
  • Pharmacies have a little more flexible hours and availability, a little ease of access.
  • I raised the issue of concern about patients getting eye exams if they take hydroxychloroquine.
  • But if it's OTC, then the person just... ...eye exam, but if it's OTC, then the person just picks it
  • I'm probably, of all of the people that are in this room, the worst person to ask this...
Keywords: 959, house, all
TX

Texas 89th 2nd C.S.

Human Services May 5th, 2026

Human Services

Transcript Highlights:
  • A couple of them involve licensure exams.
  • Now, once again, the National Association that owns the social work exam, owns and controls that exam
  • And one of the areas that the consumers of the exam are very interested in is having the exam offered
  • You cannot simply translate the exam. And so our You cannot simply translate the exam.
  • Language accessibility is another challenge.
Keywords: 1184, house, all
MA

Massachusetts 2025-2026 Regular Session

Joint Committee on the Judiciary Apr 7th, 2026

Joint Committee on the Judiciary

Transcript Highlights:
  • We reserve the right to remove anyone from the hearing room who is disruptive.
  • The core focus is on owner access to information and self-help.
  • Now welcome up Mack Hudson from Access Mass. How you doing?
  • , law school exams, bar exams, employment applications, and applications to serve on the bench.
  • , law school exams, bar exams, employment applications, and applications to serve on the bench.
Summary: The Joint Committee on the Judiciary held a late-file hearing on several bills, with testimony limited to three minutes per individual or set time limits for panels. Chairs Michael Day and Lydia Edwards outlined hearing rules, written testimony procedures, and confidentiality protections before moving through the agenda. The committee heard testimony on bills including H.4876, H.5111, H.4783, H.4826, H.5116, H.5244, S.2975, and S.2976. On H.4876, supporters described it as the “Overcomers Law,” aimed at strengthening supports for survivors of abuse by limiting abusers’ legal standing after death, requiring survivor notification of an abuser’s death, expanding coercive control definitions, improving privacy protections, and creating education and resource programs. On H.5111, the Attorney General’s Office and legislative sponsors backed changes to strengthen Massachusetts antitrust enforcement, including broader jurisdiction over multi-state conduct, higher penalties, clearer treatment of invitations to conspire, labor-market protections, housing-related changes, and a longer statute of limitations. The committee also heard support for H.4783, which would reaffirm the rights of people experiencing homelessness and push back against criminalization of homelessness, and for H.4826, which would update condominium law to give owners more rights and nonjudicial dispute-resolution options. A large portion of the hearing focused on H.5116, which would rename the Dorchester Division of the Boston Municipal Court the Judge Leslie E. Harris Courthouse. Representative Worrell, the Harris family, senators, prosecutors, lawyers, educators, and community advocates testified in strong support, describing Judge Harris’s legacy of fairness, mentorship, community service, and support for young people and Black legal professionals. The committee also heard testimony on S.2975, which would prohibit civil immigration arrests in courthouses to protect access to justice, and S.2976, which would create a state cause of action for constitutional violations by federal officers. Finally, H.5244 was supported as a repeal of an archaic criminal statute that advocates said has been used to punish pregnancy loss and should be removed from the books. No votes were taken; the hearing concluded after all registered testimony was heard.
WA

Washington 2025-2026 Regular Session

Senate Local Government Jan 29th, 2026 at 01:30 pm

Local Government

Transcript Highlights:
  • Including parcel configuration, vegetation management, road access, and long-term maintenance.
  • Please add a requirement for public access and comment.
  • Third, for those agencies have already developed their own WUI maps, to give them some breathing room
  • There's not a lot of room for mobility.
  • difficult exam, and that exam is largely written from the perspective of a designer.