Transcript Highlights:

• And something that we've learned is that some campaigns have started paying social media influencers
• The bill is an important step to help ensure there's appropriate transparency when campaigns pay social
• I can just tell you as a prosecutor who's prosecuted some of these.
• I can just tell you, as a prosecutor who's prosecuted some of these hate crimes cases, many of these
• I know there'll be efforts probably next year to have candidates pay the true cost, the real cost, of

Bills: AB686 , AB1130 , AB502 , AB1853

Committee: House Elections

Keywords: referendum, fiscal impact, voter information, elections, ballot measures, state finances, legislative analysis

Summary: The Assembly Elections Committee met on August 28, 2026, with a quorum present and heard five bills focused on election integrity, campaign transparency, and misleading political content. Chair Pellerin and Assembly Member Berman presented AB 1130, which would strengthen disclosure rules for campaign spending on social media influencers and impose civil penalties for violations, and AB 686, which extends existing law targeting deceptive or manipulated audio/video of political candidates, including deepfakes. Both bills were described as needed to improve transparency and protect voters from deceptive campaign media. The committee also heard AB 282, which would make it a felony to seize or interfere with ballots, election records, or certified voting technology before election results are certified, and AB 1853, which would give elections officials more authority to reject or alter candidate statements in the voter information guide when they contain hateful, irrelevant, or inappropriate material. Supporters of AB 1853, including a representative from the Los Angeles County District Attorney’s Office, argued that official voter materials should not be used to spread hate or extremist rhetoric. AB 502 was presented as a narrower, constitutionally safer version of AB 2839, limiting remedies and shortening the protected time window for deceptive AI-generated campaign content while preserving protections against deepfakes. All five bills were moved with recommendations that Senate amendments be concurred in; AB 282 was also re-referred to the Committee on Public Safety. The recorded committee votes showed broad support, with AB 1130 passing 7-0, AB 686 5-2, AB 282 5-2, AB 1853 5-0, and AB 502 5-2. After the initial votes, the absent member later added an aye vote on each item, and the chair thanked members and staff before adjourning the hearing.

Transcript Highlights:

• We know if we pay up front, if you pay up front, it’s always cheaper.
• But if you pay it before, you actually save money. You're paying less interest, yeah. Absolutely.
• If you can pay it up front, you pay less interest, just like the representative said.
• The state will pay for the training.
• Who pays for the training? The state does. The state will pay for the training.

Summary: The House began with prayer, the Pledge of Allegiance, approval of the House Journal by roll call vote (112-2), and numerous introductions of special guests, including former Rep. Bill Kidd, students, educators, pharmacy students, labor representatives, and community groups. Members also made a few personal announcements, including a birthday recognition. The chamber then moved into floor business on bills for perfection and printing. The main debate centered on House Committee Substitute for House Bills 21, 22, and 1626, the Missouri Nuclear Clean Power Act. Supporters argued the bill would remove Missouri’s ban on construction work in progress for nuclear plants, lower long-term electricity costs, support baseload power, attract industry and data centers, and help Missouri keep pace with small modular reactor development in other states and countries. Opponents said the measure would shift construction risk and potential cost overruns to ratepayers, cited past nuclear cost overruns and safety/waste concerns, and argued Missouri voters had already rejected this approach. After extended debate and several inquiries, the House adopted the committee substitute and then perfected and printed the bill. The House also perfected and printed House Bill 1881, which would classify xylazine as a Schedule III controlled substance. Supporters said the drug is being misused in fentanyl mixtures, causing severe harm and deaths, while preserving legitimate veterinary and agricultural uses. Members from veterinary and law enforcement backgrounds backed the bill, and no opposition was voiced before passage. Finally, the House took up House Committee Substitute for House Bill 2292, a cross-reporting bill for child, elder, and companion animal abuse. The sponsor said the measure would require agencies already involved in abuse reporting to cross-report related abuse and train accordingly, while exempting agricultural animals. Members discussed amendments to criminalize knowingly starving an animal and to allow POST-certified state investigators to assist in elder abuse cases; both amendments were adopted. Debate also focused on concerns about training sources and whether animal-rights groups could misuse the bill, but the sponsor said the measure would not expand access to farms or animal control authority. The committee substitute was advanced after discussion.

Transcript Highlights:

• We have a little known, but pretty robust white-collar prosecutor.
• We strongly recommend these hearings focus on the key questions we have raised.
• And what we're paying for is the service or the use of that network for a period of time.
• Who ultimately decides which of these entities actually pays for soil testing?
• Does the state pay for it? Who pays for it? Well, I mean, it...

Transcript Highlights:

• They are raising families, building businesses, and shaping the future of our state, often while facing
• Savannah is a proud daughter of the 36th District, born and raised in Indio, and a graduate of Shadow
• Concerns were initially raised that this bill would keep information confidential.
• Rural Californians have been paying the price for years.
• Now all Californians are paying the price for the risk we have ignored far too long.

Summary: The Assembly convened after a quorum call, prayer, and Pledge of Allegiance, then approved a procedural motion by a 41-17 roll call to re-refer AB 2690 and AB 1863 to Appropriations and to allow guests for the Latino Spirit Awards ceremony. House Resolution 92, recognizing Cinco de Mayo Week, was adopted after supportive remarks from members of several caucuses, and the chamber then held the 2026 Latino Spirit Awards ceremony honoring 11 individuals and organizations in higher education, human rights, philanthropy, health and science, advocacy, business, environmental justice, journalism and media, culinary arts, and a legacy award for Los Tigres del Norte. After the ceremony, the Assembly resumed business with guest introductions and moved through the daily file, passing or retaining a number of bills and resolutions. Among the measures taken up, the Assembly passed AB 1657 on domestic violence restraining order procedures (64-0), AB 2042 on civil procedure and service of process (66-0), AB 1660 on probate and public guardians (45-10), AB 1917 on criminal procedure and reinstatement of dismissed charges (43-15), AB 2148 clarifying that public school employees are human beings in the context of AI (69-0), AB 1647 protecting juvenile statements at transfer hearings (63-0), AB 1555 expanding community college access in Siskiyou County (66-0), AB 1608 on High-Speed Rail Inspector General oversight and reporting (45-18), AB 1803 requiring anti-hate speech training in workplace harassment prevention (50-9), AB 2128 protecting tenants in subsidized housing from certain federal work requirements and time limits (44-16), AB 2576 as a land-use cleanup bill protecting historic resources (61-0), AB 2601 allowing concurrent review for certain housing projects, and AB 2764 on extended foster care eligibility (60-0). Several items were passed and retained on file, and AB 2601 was interrupted by a call of the house before later business continued. The chamber also adopted ACR 159 on indigent defense after adding 59 coauthors, then heard guest introductions from chief public defenders from multiple counties. ACR 179, designating Wildland Urban Interface Preparedness and Resilience Day, was adopted with 65 coauthors after remarks on wildfire risk and forest management. Later, ACR 183 establishing Black Health Equity Advocacy Week was presented with extensive testimony from members of multiple caucuses emphasizing racial health disparities, maternal mortality, life expectancy gaps, and the need for systemic change; the debate continued beyond the excerpt provided. Throughout the session, members repeatedly used guest introductions to recognize visiting groups and individuals, including Delta Sigma Theta Sorority members, UAW President Shawn Fain, California Women in Agriculture, and others.

Transcript Highlights:

• People with disabilities pay taxes too. We should look out for them.
• They're simply allowed to help cover co-pays for Medicaid recipients.
• Private companies will build their own electricity plants and pay for it themselves.
• So maybe it didn't pay off, but that's okay.
• He's, as we say in the military, this is a job that doesn't pay anything extra.

Bills: LR509 , LR510 , LR511

Transcript Highlights:

• I'm born and raised here. I think Ronald Reagan was born in Illinois.
• I'm born and raised here. I think Ronald Reagan was born in Illinois.
• Representative Young had his microphone raised.
• Representative Young had his microphone raised.
• Representative Young had his microphone raised.

Summary: The House convened with prayer, the Pledge of Allegiance, quorum call, and several recognitions, including tributes to former members and law enforcement. The chamber then adopted the special order report and moved to the day’s special-order calendar. Early bills passed unanimously, including CS/HB 401 on FDLE security details for major party nominees for governor and lieutenant governor, CS/HB 1063 on gubernatorial transition procedures, HB 593 on governmental agencies and personnel, CS/CS/HB 655 on confidential attorney-client meetings for local governments in pending litigation, and HB 6011 on ethics gift/honoraria reporting procedures. Each of these measures was explained by sponsors as transparency, security, or administrative process legislation, and each passed 115-116 to 0. The chamber then took up CS/HB 125, designating October 14 as Charlie Kirk Day of Remembrance. The bill drew extensive and sharply divided debate over whether a state remembrance was appropriate for Kirk, with opponents arguing he was a polarizing political figure and that the House should focus on affordability and other constituent concerns, while supporters framed the bill as a defense of free speech and opposition to political violence. A proposed amendment to replace the designation with a George Floyd remembrance was ruled not germane. After structured debate, the bill passed 82-31. Members also considered transportation designation measures. SB 628, substituted for CS/HB 885, included multiple road and bridge namings and an amendment designating a 124-mile stretch of State Road 80 as the President Donald J. Trump Highway; the amendment and bill passed 82-26. CS/HB 33 similarly designated portions of roads as Charlie Kirk Memorial Avenue and President Donald J. Trump Boulevard, prompting another lengthy debate over the appropriateness of honoring political figures and the use of public roadways for such designations; it passed 82-30. The House then began debate on CS/HB 35, “Isaiah’s law,” which would add driving without a valid license to the habitual traffic offender list after repeated offenses, with sponsors citing a fatal hit-and-run and opponents questioning prosecutorial discretion and the bill’s practical effects.

Transcript Highlights:

• We then need to get our prosecutors to understand the impact that that fire has made to or has had on
• I've only uh talked to I'm a prosecutor.
• Uh many of them it seems prosecutors.
• Because then they don't pay in payroll taxes and things like that.
• Because then they don't pay in payroll taxes and things like that.

Transcript Highlights:

• addressing the gaps that were addressed by the federal government when it comes to the issues that were raised
• addressing the gaps that were addressed by the federal government when it comes to the issues that were raised
• The bill would allow the hiring of additional investigators and prosecutors to bring staffing in line
• 46.160><c> and</c> hiring of additional investigators and hiring of additional investigators and prosecutors
• to help bring our unit staff prosecutors to help bring our unit staff size<00:19:49.840><c> in</c><00

Committee: House Ways and Means

Transcript Highlights:

• SB 11, Ashby, AI technology, do pass with author's amendments to define public prosecutors and make technical
• SB 642, Limón, Equal Pay Act, do pass as amended to reduce the wage recovery period to six years and
• SB 676, Limón, judicial streamlining, do pass as amended to require applicants to pay court costs; that
• 53, Wiener, AI model developers, do pass as amended to strike the third-party audit requirement and raise
• 53, Wiener, AI model developers, do pass as amended to strike the third-party audit requirement and raise

Summary: The Assembly Appropriations Committee held its August 29, 2025 suspense hearing on Senate bills, with the chair emphasizing the state’s ongoing budget constraints and the need to make difficult choices among 261 bills on the suspense file. After establishing a quorum, the committee began taking action bill by bill, with many measures receiving do pass or do pass with amendments recommendations, while others were held in committee or designated as two-year bills. The chair noted the agenda was organized alphabetically by author and that results would be posted later on the committee website. The hearing covered a wide range of topics, including insurance and claims data, wildfire relief and prevention, water planning, energy and utility regulation, housing and land use, health care, labor and employment, criminal justice, education, environmental policy, and election-related measures. Several bills were amended before passage, often to narrow scope, remove sections, adjust definitions, delay implementation, or clarify funding and enforcement provisions. Some notable actions included moving bills on AI regulation, transit-oriented housing, paid family leave, wildfire mapping, chemical hair relaxers, and pharmacy benefit managers, while other bills on subjects such as controlled substances, high-speed rail, and certain education or housing proposals were held. The committee also took formal roll-call votes on selected bills, with some passing on A roll calls and others on B roll calls; a number of measures were advanced with Republicans not voting. One highlighted vote was SB 79 by Senator Wiener, which passed after amendments and a recorded roll call. At the end of the hearing, the committee reported that 190 bills were moved to the Assembly Floor, either as do pass or do pass with amendments, concluding the suspense hearing for the session.

Transcript Highlights:

• , so there could be... ...that end up having to pay attorney's fees if they're unsuccessful in the suit
• So after today, prosecutors will have the tools they need to put rapists behind bars.
• The prosecutors did not have the tools they needed to ensure that they could go after these rapists and
• Kane raises a point of order against further consideration of the Senate amendments to HB 4233 under
• Who work in our office with no pay for the great experience, and I hope that’s what we've given them—a

Bills: HB149 , HB2017 , HB705 , HB223 , HB 1056 , HB2854 , HB4623 , HB3000 , HB46 , HB 117 , HB3619 , HB4464 , HB5646 , HCR84 , HB500 , HB2963 , HB5509 , HB1973 , HB3909 , HB718 , HB252 , HB5666 , HB 119 , HB346 , HB5624 , HB5658 , HB5677 , HB1545 , HB3073 , HB4081 , HB 121 , HB4236 , HB3848 , HB4144 , HB40 , HB5682 , HB3697 , HB3333 , HB3642 , HB20 , HB549 , HB2731 , HB4233 , HB4690 , HB 127 , HB2525 , SB1637 , SB1 , SB1198 , SB509 , SB13 , SB15 , SB30 , SB268 , SB331 , SB441 , SB447 , SB457 , SB568 , SB650 , SB763 , SB1540 , SB1610 , SB1660 , SB2018 , SB2024 , SB2217 , SB2337 , SB2753 , SB2900 , SB2972 , SB3059 , HB14

Keywords: artificial intelligence, regulation, biometric data, ethical AI, consumer protection, AI governance, intoxication manslaughter, criminal penalties, community supervision, mandatory supervision, parole eligibility, Grayson's Law, cosmetology, licensure, interstate compact, state regulations, public safety, workforce mobility, municipality, procurement

Transcript Highlights:

• So we train them and they leave for other higher-paying positions.
• Chair, sir, why not just pay them more? Why do this Rube Goldberg device thing? Mr.
• So to give them a 1% raise, it's $4 million.
• They would then get that up and running, paying for it themselves.
• Williams, so when someone receives their first course of treatment, who pays for that? Mr.

Bills: SB1161 , SB1215 , SB1270 , SB1400 , SB1537 , SB1538 , SB1580 , SB1584 , SB1627

Committees: House Public Safety & Law Enforcement , House House Public Safety & Law Enforcement Committee of Reference

Keywords: appropriation, public safety, Yuma County, funding exemption, family advocacy center, firefighters, occupational disease, workers compensation, cancer presumption, police officers, hazardous duty, SB1270, Arizona retirement system, public safety personnel, defined contribution plan, correctional officers, corrections officers, retirement contributions, supplemental contributions, retention incentive

Transcript Highlights:

• And so I would like then to say that the city would have to pay for that.
• We established a large orchard, a large garden, and we currently raise and butcher all of our own meat
• The county prosecutor: not his job. The county emergency manager: not his job either.
• We moved there to be able to raise our own food and produce our own food. And...
• Even if individual landowners could be contacted, this raises significant questions.

Committee: House Local Government

Transcript Highlights:

• And when they say that women are not worth equal pay, don't have the right to control their bodies, and
• crimes, a hate crimes rapid response protocol for the deployment of DOJ resources, guidance to prosecutors
• Latinos are overrepresented in lower-paying jobs and underrepresented in higher-paying positions, with
• our community, harassment, exploitation, and victimization is simply the price they feel they must pay
• They pay me $1,000 to $1,500 to get these people that are allegedly illegal aliens. Please.

Summary: The Select Committee on Hate, Racism, and Xenophobia met to examine the scope of hate activity in California and hear from state agencies, commissions, and community organizations. The chair opened by framing hate as a persistent crisis affecting many protected groups, and Assembly Member Gonzalez briefly joined the committee. The first panel included the California Department of Justice and the California Commission on the State of Hate, both of which presented recent data and policy recommendations. The Department of Justice reported that in 2024 California saw 2,023 reported hate crime events, 2,568 hate crime offenses, and 2,491 victims, with anti-Black bias remaining the most common category, followed by anti-Jewish and anti-Latino bias. DOJ also said referrals for prosecution increased, and it described its hate-crimes guidance, rapid response protocol, and multilingual resources. The Commission on the State of Hate said hate is undercounted in law enforcement data and cited a survey suggesting about 2.6 million Californians experienced at least one hate act in a year, including more than half a million potentially criminal incidents. It recommended permanent data infrastructure, mandatory law enforcement training, and continued funding for community-based prevention and victim support. The committee then heard testimony from representatives of the NAACP, LULAC, Jewish Public Affairs Committee of California, CHIRLA, Asian Americans Advancing Justice Southern California, CARE, Equality California, and the Racial Equity Commission. Witnesses described systemic racism, anti-immigrant enforcement, antisemitism, Islamophobia, anti-Asian bias, and anti-LGBTQ+ hate, often linking these harms to political rhetoric, social media, and federal actions. They urged the Legislature to fund programs such as California vs. Hate, Stop the Hate, nonprofit security grants, language access, school and mental health supports, and legal assistance, while also protecting civil rights, due process, and free speech. No formal votes or committee actions were taken during the hearing, but members indicated they would request additional recommendations and continue the discussion in future hearings.

Transcript Highlights:

• THEY ARE PAYING TUITION. THEY AND THEIR FAMILIES ALSO PAY TAXES. THEY ARE EARNING THIS EDUCATION.
• IF YOU OWN A BUSINESS, YOU ARE PAYING TAXES. IF YOU USE OUR TOLLWAYS, YOU PAY TAXES.
• IF YOU BUY SOMETHING AT ANY STORE, YOU ARE PAYING TAXES. IF YOU WORK, YOU ARE PAYING TAXES.
• WE ARE ALLOWING THEM TO PAY THE SAME RATE THAT OTHER STUDENTS BORN HERE ARE PAYING, OF COURSE NO FAULT
• THESE ARE FAMILIES WHO PAY TAXES.

Keywords: immigration enforcement, unauthorized alien entry, death penalty, capital felonies, 287G agreements, in-state tuition, undocumented students, DACA, TPS, Venezuelan immigrants, law enforcement funding, immigration detention, federal preemption, equal protection, constitutional challenges, immigration status determination, school resource officers, conscientious objection, clergy protection, teacher protection

Summary: The Florida House passed two immigration enforcement bills during a special session. Senate Bill 4C creates new state offenses for unauthorized alien entry/reentry into Florida and mandates the death penalty for unauthorized aliens convicted of capital felonies. Senate Bill 2C establishes a state immigration enforcement board, provides $300+ million for local law enforcement immigration cooperation, creates a $1,000 bonus program for officers participating in federal immigration enforcement, and repeals in-state tuition for undocumented students effective July 1, 2025. Multiple amendments were proposed but failed, including protections for Venezuelan TPS holders, DACA recipients, students in critical professions, and conscientious objection provisions for clergy and teachers. Debate included constitutional concerns about federal preemption, equal protection violations, and mandatory death penalty provisions. The session also included a memorial urging DHS to provide 287G agreement training opportunities.

Transcript Highlights:

• I understand the concerns raised by some members of the committee. I appreciate the conversation.
• I think back to my days as a prosecutor in Pinellas.
• I was assigned as a domestic violence prosecutor, and we were instructed that, you know, you have to

Transcript Highlights:

• You may answer later all the questions I would like to raise. What are the intent of this bill?
• And I do just want to touch upon some of the concerns that were raised by the Secretary of State's office
• In fact, we're not aware of another circumstance where a prosecutor is given statutory standing to attempt
• A prosecutor cannot be vested with authority to foreclose the exercise of a judicial power, and doing
• while this won't be happening this year, by doing this bill this year and allowing this to happen to raise

Summary: The committee heard several election and democracy-related bills. AB 1116 would expand California’s online voter registration system to allow eligible voters without a DMV-issued ID to register using the last four digits of their Social Security number and an uploaded signature image. Supporters said it would improve access, reduce paper processing, and save money; opponents, including the Secretary of State’s office and county officials, raised concerns about cybersecurity, implementation, and identity verification. The bill was moved on a 2-1 vote to the Committee on Appropriations. AB 1539 would require political party representatives to certify, under penalty of perjury, that presidential and vice presidential nominees meet constitutional term-limit requirements. Supporters framed it as a safeguard against attempts to place ineligible candidates on the ballot, while opponents called it unnecessary and politically motivated. The committee voted 2-1 to send the bill to the Committee on Public Safety. The committee also approved AB 1562, which would let counties randomly select registered voters to serve as poll workers if their board of supervisors approves, and AB 1664, which would require prompt notice to the Secretary of State and Attorney General when election records or voting systems are subject to warrants, subpoenas, or investigations. AB 1562 passed 2-0 to the Committee on Transportation, and AB 1664 passed 2-1 to the Committee on Public Safety despite opposition from sheriffs’ representatives who argued it raised separation-of-powers concerns. Later, AB 1853, which would restrict candidate statements in voter information guides to factual background and qualifications and bar hateful or misleading content, passed 2-1 to the Committee on Rules for further consideration in Judiciary. AB 1919, allowing voters in the Santa Cruz Metro district to decide on transit funding procedures, and AB 2484, allowing San Diego MTS voters to authorize a local transit tax through initiative, also advanced on 3-1 votes to the Committee on Transportation. The committee additionally approved a consent agenda containing AB 1789, AB 2592, AB 2655, and AB 2785.

Transcript Highlights:

• We've had some real frustrations with the police department, the prosecutors.
• There's been some tools that the police would like to have, but they can't because the prosecutor would
• That the police officers have every tool in their toolbox and that the prosecutor is not the hindrance
• Yeah, be quick: 'Hey, don't raise your voice. Don't, you know, this thing would scare this person.
• I think I wanted to raise the issue of, you know, you don't want to criminalize parents.

Committee: House Children and Families

Summary: The Committee on Children and Families met in executive session first and approved two measures by roll call vote. House Committee Substitute for House Bill 2610, relating to the Missouri State Legal Expense Fund, was amended to cap the fund for that bill at $1 million and then voted do pass by a 17-0 vote. The committee also adopted a substitute combining House Bills 1839, 29, 21, and 3015, described as age verification legislation, and voted the combined House Committee Substitute do pass by a 17-0 vote. The committee then held a lengthy public hearing on House Bill 1840, which would create a statewide Purple Alert system for missing persons with developmental disabilities. Representative Sherry Gallick and numerous supporters testified that the bill would fill a gap between Amber and Silver Alerts and help law enforcement and the public respond faster when vulnerable individuals wander or go missing. Family members, advocates, service providers, and first responders described personal tragedies involving autistic children and adults, emphasized the risks of water, traffic, exposure, and exploitation, and said specialized training for responders was important. No one testified in opposition. After a brief recess, the committee heard House Bill 2170, which would update Missouri child passenger restraint laws to require rear-facing seats for children under age three and tighten other child restraint requirements. The sponsor and supporters from MoDOT, pediatric, medical, and emergency physician groups said the bill would codify best practices and improve child safety, while committee members raised questions about enforcement, exceptions for larger children, and the cost of fines and car seats. The hearing ended with no opposition testimony and no final vote taken on HB 1840 or HB 2170 during the transcript.

Transcript Highlights:

• We're hoping that that's an incentive that they don't raise it more than 1%. We will see.
• We're hoping that that's an incentive that they don't raise it more than 1%. We will see.
• </c><00:57:10.880><c> were</c> didn't know if their raises were didn't know if their raises were actually
• </c> talked about that they may have to raise talked about that they may have to raise tuition<00:58:
• </c> penalties available uh for prosecutors penalties available uh for prosecutors based<01:09:12.400

Bills: HF2431 , HF2438 , HF2783 , HF1943

Committee: House Ways and Means

Transcript Highlights:

• Brady-Giglio refers to a list of law enforcement officers that prosecutors keep who have allegations
• There have been varying criteria prosecutors use to determine who gets put on a Brady-Giglio list.
• It makes sure that prosecutors of that.
• I'm wondering where um how prosecutors.
• and the law enforcement prosecutors and the law enforcement agencies<00:21:19.840><c> first.

Transcript Highlights:

• So then how are Chama and Santa Rosa paying for that?
• Padilla, who's paying for it? Mr. Chair, oh, sir. Mr.
• Please indicate by raising your hand. All right.
• Thank you, because it was raised. Thank you, Mr.
• Okay, nobody has raised their hands.

Bills: SB23 , SB73 , SB210 , SB234 , SB243 , SB244 , SM16

Committee: House House Education

Keywords: student use, wireless devices, public schools, policy implementation, education technology funding, driver education, driver's ed, driving school, motorcycle safety, traffic safety, vulnerable road users, pedestrian safety, bicycle safety, cyclist, bike lane, micromobility, scooter, moped, motorcycle training, DWI prevention