Video & Transcript : 'interjurisdictional practice' :
Page 74 of 500
CA
California 2025-2026 Regular Session
Assembly Human Services Committee Feb 24th, 2026
Transcript Highlights:
- Patel's questions about best practices.
- We want to move an organization into practices that yielded great results and double down on that.
- And we need to double down on best practices, right? So appreciate it. Thank you very much, Mr.
- , and learned practical strategies to prevent and respond to unsafe situations.
- Three examples of some of what I would say are best practices, Grant program.
Summary:
The Assembly Human Services Committee held an informational hearing with members of the API Legislative Caucus on California’s Stop the Hate Program and broader efforts to address hate incidents. Opening remarks emphasized the rise in hate during and after the COVID-19 pandemic, the importance of culturally and linguistically competent services, and the program’s role in serving not only AAPI communities but also Latino, Black, Jewish, Muslim, LGBTQ+, immigrant, and other impacted communities. Legislators and presenters repeatedly highlighted the value of trusted community-based organizations (CBOs) in reaching people who may not report to law enforcement or seek traditional services.
The first panel included the California Commission on Asian and Pacific Islander American Affairs, the Department of Social Services (CDSS), and the Commission on the State of Hate. They described the program’s origins in the state’s equity budget, its funding structure, and its service model: direct victim services, prevention, and intervention. CDSS said 180 organizations statewide have participated, with grantees selected based on experience, capacity, and service to priority populations. The Commission on the State of Hate reported that hate remains widespread and underreported, citing survey data showing about 3.1 million Californians experienced at least one hate act in a year and that many victims need mental health, legal, and other supports beyond police response. Members asked about best practices, youth impacts, administrative costs, and the role of regional leads; CDSS said it would provide more detail on funding distribution and that the final evaluation is still in progress.
The second panel featured grantees from Jewish Family Service San Diego, Inland Chinese American Association, Center for Empowering Refugees and Immigrants, and Equality California. They gave examples of how Stop the Hate funding supported culturally specific response teams, counseling, language-access services, self-defense and safety workshops, youth and elder programming, legal navigation, and reporting tools. Several speakers said the program helped build trust, reduce isolation, and connect people to services they otherwise would not use. Legislators pressed the panel on lessons learned, whether the model should be reauthorized, and what would be lost if funding ends. Panelists emphasized that the program’s flexibility, regional convenings, and support for small, trusted organizations were key strengths, while also noting the need for more direct funding to frontline providers and more data on what interventions work best.
KY
Kentucky 2026 Regular Session
House Budget Review Sub. on Primary & Secondary Education & Workforce Development (2-10-26)
Transcript Highlights:
- We also have practice exam requirements for that national certification.
- We also have to have three hours of ethical practice trainings in that three-year period.
- </c> have three hours of ethical practice have three hours of ethical practice trainings<00:08:05.840
- retired and no longer practicing within our schools.
- </c> that I'm using evidence-based practices that I'm using evidence-based practices and<00:14:20.399
Summary:
The House Budget Review Subcommittee on Primary and Secondary Education and Workforce Development met for an information-gathering session and opened by clarifying that the subcommittee would not be voting on budget requests. Because there was no quorum at first, the committee did not take up approval amendments. The first presentation focused on a budget request to incentivize national certification for school social workers and school psychologists. Rep. Vanessa Gracal, along with Amy Oats and Leslie Gilpin, argued for a $500,000 annual appropriation to provide $2,000 salary supplements to nationally certified school social workers and school psychologists working primarily in their certification areas. They said the stipend would help recruit and retain professionals amid shortages, noted that current Kentucky certification numbers are low, and explained the rigorous certification and renewal requirements. In response to questions, they said there is currently no appropriation for this purpose in HB 500 and none they were aware of in HB 6 in 2024.
The next topic was school facility funding needs, led by Rep. Bob McCool, Johnson County Superintendent Tom Cochran, Commissioner of Education Robert Fletcher, and other district representatives. They described the “gap funding” issue for school construction projects that had already started before COVID-era inflation sharply increased costs. Johnson County and Harrison County were highlighted as examples of districts that had already committed local funds, passed nickel taxes, and begun construction but now need additional state support to finish projects. Speakers emphasized that many projects were audited and approved, that the state has already funded about half of the gap, and that roughly $130 million more is being sought in HB 500 to complete the remaining work. They stressed that unfinished projects would leave districts with half-built schools and that completing them would bring long-term savings and better facilities for students.
The committee then turned to testimony from KASA representatives on the impacts of HB 500 as introduced. The witnesses discussed the importance of school psychology and school social work certification, the benefits of advanced training for student services, and the need to recognize and support highly qualified staff. A member asked whether HB 500 or HB 6 included an appropriation for the certification stipend, and the witnesses answered no. The meeting also included a motion to approve the minutes from the prior meeting once a quorum was present, and the minutes were approved by voice vote.
MN
Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session
Workforce committee approves HF1355 3/11/25
Transcript Highlights:
- I wanted to focus in on the practical aspects of that as quickly as I can.
- I wanted to focus in on the practical aspects of that as quickly as I can.
- I wanted to focus in on the practical aspects of that as quickly as I can.
- These are just practical reasons. I can talk to you about how much I love Brady.
- </c> benefits these are just practical benefits these are just practical reasons<00:35:47.320><c> I</
CA
California 2025-2026 Regular Session
Assembly Budget Subcommittee No. 6 on Public Safety Apr 28th, 2025
Transcript Highlights:
- And notably counties are expected to spend those funds on evidence based practices.
- And finally, it's unclear whether counties are actually using these evidence-based practices.
- But we do find benefits of the program, or the state continuing to fund practices that research has shown
- For example, the maintenance is not connected to any specific practice.
- So convening a group of experts to identify which practices would allow the state to reduce the most
NM
New Mexico 2025 Regular Session
IC - Legislative Finance Nov 21st, 2025
Transcript Highlights:
- At the same time, as Slide 16 will show, each of these mechanisms carries practical constraints that
- Let's see what this looks like in practice.
- And then how do we intervene with best practices that we already know exist.
- While you gave a snapshot of the participation, and maybe some that may have appreciated the practice
- Second, language best practices Who defines what those best practices are?
MN
Transcript Highlights:
- Uh, right now if you are a practicing physician in another country, you could have been practicing for
- not because they don't know how to practice medicine.
- Uh, right now if you are a practicing physician in another country, you could have been practicing for
- not because they don't know how to practice medicine.
- not because they don't know how to practice medicine.
Committee:
Senate Finance
HI
Hawaii 2025 Regular Session
CPC Public Hearing- Wed Feb 5, 2025 @ 2:00 PM HST
Consumer Protection & Commerce
Transcript Highlights:
- </c><00:25:49.279><c> consists</c> Thompson Booth um our practice consists Thompson Booth um our practice
- </c><00:30:09.440><c> unfair</c><00:30:09.840><c> unfair</c><00:30:10.159><c> practices</c> trade practice
- unfair unfair practices trade practice unfair unfair practices but<00:30:10.679><c> it</c><00:30:10.919
- Uh, that's common practice, you know. We have limited supply of housing.
- </c><00:57:33.400><c> um</c> chapter 55-3 discriminatory practices um chapter 55-3 discriminatory practices
Committee:
House Consumer Protection & Commerce
Summary:
The committee on Consumer Protection and Commerce met on February 5, 2025, and heard testimony on several bills. HB 918, relating to labeling, drew support from the Department of Health, INDA (the nonwoven fabrics industry), and Hawaii Realtors. INDA said the bill aligns with do-not-flush labeling laws in other states but raised a concern about the six-month compliance deadline tied to FIFRA approval. In response to committee questions, witnesses explained that the bill is aimed mainly at disinfecting wipes, that most products are already labeled nationally, and that the proposed timing issue could be addressed by using Oregon’s approach. No vote was taken on the measure during the portion shown.
The committee also heard HB 1482, relating to controlled substances. HPD supported the bill, and Aloha Green Holdings and the Department of Health both said they supported the intent but recommended technical amendments. Their testimony focused on clarifying the treatment of Delta-8 THC, distinguishing synthetic or artificially derived cannabinoids from naturally occurring forms, and avoiding confusion in the hemp law. Members asked whether Delta-8 would show up on drug tests; witnesses said it would test positive for THC and would not be distinguished from Delta-9. The bill was then set aside as the committee moved on.
HB 981, relating to attorney’s fees, drew opposition from a law firm representing homeowners and associations, which argued the bill would limit access to legal services, favor developers and contractors, and make settlement harder. The witness suggested instead using existing consumer-protection fee-shifting concepts, and committee members explored whether a capped fee award or a broader attorney-fee rule would be more appropriate. The committee then took up HB 807 and HB 336, both relating to condominiums. HB 807 received support from the Green Infrastructure Authority and the Hawaii Bankers Association, while one testifier urged deferral over unresolved questions about commercial PACE financing; the bank association asked for more time to work with HGIA, and the chair indicated decision-making could be deferred to allow that discussion. On HB 336, the Community Associations Institute opposed the bill as removing checks and balances, while the Hawaii Workers Center and others supported it as a step toward clearer enforcement of health and safety issues in condominiums and rental housing.
MN
Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session
Committee on Health and Human Services - 03/26/25
Health and Human Services
Transcript Highlights:
- But as we know, best practices in the real world might not be the practical practices, so we started
- It can be in practice.
- It can be in practice.
- It can be in practice.
- It can be in practice.
Committee:
Senate Health and Human Services
NH
New Hampshire 2026 Regular Session
House Commerce and Consumer Affairs (02/17/2026)
Commerce and Consumer Affairs
Transcript Highlights:
- ,</c> It prevents primary care practices, It prevents primary care practices, specifically<00:41:30.640
- practices, from specifically independent practices, from collaborating<00:41:33.280><c> with</c><00:
- </c> >> practicing a criminal act. >> practicing a criminal act.
- </c> ghosts instead of practicing medicine. ghosts instead of practicing medicine.
- </c> provider and is actively practicing. provider and is actively practicing.
Committee:
House Commerce and Consumer Affairs
MO
Missouri 2026 Regular Session
Substance Abuse Prevention and Treatment Task Force Jun 24th, 2026
Substance Abuse Prevention and Treatment Task Force
Transcript Highlights:
- Medications, behavioral supports, and practical supports.
- The next best practice is public health.
- And then my fifth best practice model is methadone.
- My primary care practice, ...mentioned that you integrate with your practice, that behavioral health
- My primary care practice My primary care practice of 23 years has been with a federally qualified health
Summary:
The task force meeting opened with a brief organizational update, including new leadership, roll call, and an explanation of the task force’s statutory duties: to study current and future drug and substance use in Missouri, explore solutions, draft or modify legislation, and report recommendations on prevention and treatment. The chair outlined the summer hearing plan, which would feature field experts, with future sessions expected to cover alternative therapies such as psilocybin and ibogaine and testimony from the Department of Mental Health. Members were encouraged to think about legislative ideas and policy recommendations for the upcoming session.
The first major testimony came from Dr. Rachel Winograd, who described Missouri’s overdose crisis as evolving into a “fourth wave” marked by fentanyl mixed with animal tranquilizers such as xylazine and medetomidine, along with methamphetamine and other synthetic drugs. She said overdose deaths have declined for a third straight year, with preliminary 2025 data around 1,200 deaths, but emphasized that the crisis remains severe. Her main recommendations were to focus on demand reduction rather than repeated supply crackdowns, expand evidence-based treatment—especially methadone and buprenorphine—broaden naloxone access, and improve practical supports like housing, transportation, and case management. She also said peer services are valuable but should not be used as a substitute for clinical care, and noted that Missouri Medicaid generally covers evidence-based treatment but reimbursement for peer recovery services remains a gap.
Dr. Heidi Miller, the state medical director at the Department of Health and Senior Services, reinforced the call for integrating substance use disorder care into whole-person health care. She highlighted the state naloxone standing order, which supports more than 11,000 Medicaid naloxone prescriptions annually, and urged five best practices: integrating SUD treatment into primary care, maternal health, general medical training, EMS initiation of buprenorphine after overdose, and expanded methadone access. She also argued for team-based reimbursement, stronger parity enforcement between behavioral health/SUD and physical health, and caution in regulating emerging substances so policy does not outrun the science.
Dr. Doug Burgess of University Health in Kansas City echoed the integration theme, arguing that Missouri’s system is too fragmented and that patients are often stabilized and then left to coordinate their own next steps. He compared ideal SUD care to the coordinated response used for heart attacks, with seamless transitions from emergency care to inpatient treatment, rehab, and outpatient follow-up. He said treatment courts can be effective when they are well coordinated and informed by addiction science, and he stressed the importance of discharge planning, peer recovery coaches, information-sharing, and maintaining Medicaid coverage during justice involvement. No formal votes or committee actions were taken during this portion of the meeting.
HI
Hawaii 2025 Regular Session
WTL Public Hearing 02-05-2025
Transcript Highlights:
- </c> associations with cultural practices associations with cultural practices once<00:02:17.360><c>
- You know, our customary and traditional practices is catching fish. That's what it is.
- </c> your customary and traditional practices your customary and traditional practices okay<00:13:49.279
- You know, our customary and traditional practices is catching fish. That's what it is.
- Preparing fish for our families in our backyard is our traditional and customary practice.
Summary:
The committee heard several water, land, and natural resources measures. SB 5 would narrow the definition of historic property to properties eligible for the Hawaii Register of Historic Places or with important Native Hawaiian or ethnic cultural value. The State Historic Preservation Division said the bill would tighten the definition and could reduce or streamline reviews, while one testifier warned it could add another layer of review and delay. Support and opposition were both noted. SB 19 would appropriate funds to DLNR’s Division of Aquatic Resources to establish positions, and it drew strong support from DLNR and multiple ocean and reef advocates.
SB 145, concerning declarations of water shortage and emergency, was supported by the Commission on Water Resource Management and the Board of Water Supply, which said rulemaking would improve transparency and public input. The chair also noted broader public concern about water use and pricing, especially on Maui. SB 44 would prohibit commercial sale of parrotfish caught by spearing and ban spearing them at night; DLNR supported the measure, while several fishers and gathering-rights advocates opposed it, arguing it would restrict traditional gathering and that resource management should focus on fish populations rather than methods. The committee noted 26 communications in support and opposition combined.
SB 427 would bar the state from leasing or extending public land leases to parties in arrears, out of compliance with environmental obligations, or convicted of a crime, and would require gubernatorial certification for certain federal leases. DLNR said existing law and BLNR procedures already address compliance and cure periods, while supporters argued the bill would help ensure accountability for contaminated or poorly managed lands. The committee also began SB 457, dealing with submerged land reclamation and leasing of submerged/tidal lands; DLNR again said current statutes and BLNR protocols were already adequate, describing existing review and enforcement practices for shoreline structures and easements. No votes were taken in the portion provided.
VT
Vermont 2025-2026 Regular Session
Senate Session - 2026-05-12 - 10:00AM
Vermont Senate Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- . practices. practices.
- So, this is an to practice in Vermont.
- Again, the ARPN practice requirements.
- It is not really it's general practice.
- Families current practice of using Families current practice of using pregnancy<02:45:01.280><c> calendar
CA
Transcript Highlights:
- Meaning, remember, under the current practice, families are being hurt by the current practice.
- Meaning, remember, under the current practice, families are being hurt by the current practice.
- What are the best practices to both do two things?
- It's not the practice.
- The current practice is what was already occurring.
Committee:
House Public Safety
AR
Transcript Highlights:
- And whereas the Arkansas chapter of Thank you. for the discussion of medical and practice-related problems
- Dermatology Training Advocacy Group is the organization consisting of dermatology trainees and practicing
- physicians dedicated to promoting the highest standards of clinical practice, education, and research
- , and dermatology, to advocating for policies that improve patient care and the practice of dermatology
- And whereas the University of Arkansas University of discussion of medical legislative and practice-related
Summary:
The House convened to finish items from an adjourned resolution and spent most of the meeting recognizing individuals, teams, and organizations through a series of House resolutions. One resolution designated May as Skin Cancer Awareness Month, with the sponsor emphasizing that skin cancer is the most diagnosed cancer in the U.S., that early detection greatly improves outcomes, and that public education on prevention and sun safety is important. Another resolution honored Frederick Henry Middleton of Arkadelphia for 50 years of service to the city’s street department and his long record of community involvement.
The chamber also recognized the Rolling Razorbacks wheelchair basketball team for winning its sixth Division II national championship, and several Arkansas high school athletic programs for state titles, including Parkview Arts and Science Magnet High School boys basketball, Rogers High School teams in girls cross country, baseball, boys tennis, girls wrestling, and boys golf, Mountain Home High School boys and girls cross country, Mount St. Mary Academy girls golf, and North Little Rock High School girls basketball. Members highlighted team records, championships, coaches, and individual achievements, and many resolutions were adopted by title only after brief presentations.
Additional resolutions honored the Central Arkansas Christian High School choir for its state festival success, Arkansas Tech University women’s cross-country team for winning the Great American Conference championship, and Arkansas Tech women’s basketball coach Dave Wilbers upon his retirement after a highly successful career. No substantive debate or roll-call votes were recorded in the transcript; the meeting ended after the final recognition with notice that the House would reconvene later in the day.
MN
Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session
House Judiciary Finance and Civil Law Committee 3/11/25
Judiciary Finance and Civil Law
Transcript Highlights:
- Elling, the other part of your question was what's the practical outplay of this.
- </c> like just practically like just practically speaking<00:10:06.760><c> Falcon</c><00:10:07.200><c
- So, we—I spoke with our data practices specialist at the League.
- So, we—I spoke with our data practices specialist at the League.
- I think that's a best practice. Thank you.
Committee:
House Judiciary Finance and Civil Law
Keywords:
data practices, public official, transparency, government accountability, employment data, domestic abuse, domestic violence, battered women, victim advocate, advocacy, confidentiality, privilege, evidence law, witness privilege, court-ordered disclosure, shelter, crisis intervention, sexual assault counselor, victim services, protective services
MO
Missouri 2026 Regular Session
Children and Families May 11th, 2026 at 01:00 pm
Children and Families
Transcript Highlights:
- Regardless of your stance on the practice of abortion, you cannot deny... ...in Missouri.
- Regardless of your stance on the practice of abortion, you cannot deny that a baby who is born alive
- I appreciate that this body might be confused about the practice... ...could do.
- Again, it's practically unprecedented to have that in a bill.
- What does your practice standards require of you? What does your hospital require of you?
Committee:
House Children and Families
MO
Transcript Highlights:
- Regardless of your stance on the practice of abortion, you cannot deny... ...in Missouri.
- Regardless of your stance on the practice of abortion, you cannot deny that a baby who is born alive
- And then they have to second-guess with attorneys who cover their medical practice...
- Again, it's practically unprecedented to have that in a bill.
- What does your medical, what does your practice standards require of you?
Committee:
House Children and Families
Summary:
The Committee on Children and Families heard Senate Bill 999, sponsored by Sen. Brad Hudson, which was presented as a revised “Born Alive Abortion Survivors Protection Act” combined with language from other bills on domestic violence/no-contact orders, pregnancy-associated mortality review, and cyber harassment. Hudson argued the bill would ensure that any child born alive during or after an abortion attempt receives the same legal protections and medical care as any other child, and he said Missouri’s current infanticide law contains a carve-out that leaves such children insufficiently protected. Committee members questioned him about the Canadian study he cited, Missouri mortality concerns, the scope of the infanticide statute, and whether medical providers already understand themselves to have a duty of care.
Public testimony was split. Missouri Right to Life supported the bill, saying it was needed to prevent confusion and ensure care for babies born alive after an abortion attempt. Abortion Action Missouri opposed it, calling it a “trap law” designed to restrict abortion access and warning it could delay life-saving care; the group also said major medical organizations oppose such legislation and that no abortion-after-delivery procedure exists. Campaign Life Missouri testified only for informational purposes, supporting the born-alive language but warning that the added provisions and a nonseverability clause could make the entire bill vulnerable to a court challenge and potentially invalidate unrelated sections.
In executive session, several members explained their votes. Opponents said they supported children and medical providers but believed the bill was unnecessary, duplicative, or harmful to medical practice; supporters said the bill was needed to protect babies born alive and to clarify duties in law. The committee then voted 12-4 to report Senate Substitute No. 2 for Senate Bill 999 do pass.
FL
Florida 2026 4th Special Session
February 11, 2026 - 09:30 AM
Transcript Highlights:
- As I mentioned, it describes what that scope of practice is, which we've clearly defined.
- And there's a whole host of areas that they practice in.
- Naturopathic doctors are trained to practice within a different ...care teams.
- I am a psychiatric physician assistant, a clinic practice owner, and U.S.
- This bill does not expand scope of practice.
Summary:
The Health Professions and Program Subcommittee met with a quorum and considered seven bills, all of which were reported favorably. HB 497 would create a neurofibromatosis research grant program within the Department of Health; an amendment removed automatic recurring funding and made the program subject to annual appropriations. Proponents described the disease burden and the need for Florida-based research support. The bill passed 14-0.
The committee also approved HB 223, which creates a licensing and regulatory framework for naturopathic medicine, including a Board of Naturopathic Medicine under the Department of Health. Supporters argued licensure would improve patient safety, transparency, and access, while the Florida Osteopathic Medical Association and Florida Medical Association waived in opposition. The bill passed 15-0. HB 683 modernizes physician assistant and APRN prescribing rules by removing certain administrative notice and prescription-labeling requirements and allowing a 30-day course of psychotropic medication; an amendment removed language that would have allowed practice without physician supervision during declared emergencies. It passed 15-0.
The committee then approved CS for HB 121, which updates Florida’s seizure action plan law by extending protections to charter school students, requiring schools to accept physician-submitted plans, clarifying training duration, expanding training to regular bus drivers, and requiring seizure-response posters in schools. HB 353 adds sickle cell disease education to existing pain-management continuing education for health professionals, prompted by extensive testimony from patients and advocates about bias, delayed treatment, and lack of provider knowledge; it passed 15-0. HB 1175 directs the Florida Building Commission and State Fire Marshal to develop updated safety design standards for office surgery suites, with an amendment delaying the effective date to January 1, 2027; it passed 14-0. Finally, HB 251 creates a public records exemption for current emergency physicians and their families, narrowed by amendment to current physicians and children up to age 26 and made subject to sunset review; it passed 15-0. The meeting adjourned after all agenda items were completed.
FL
Florida 2026 5th Special Session
Governmental Oversight and Accountability Jan 26th, 2026
Transcript Highlights:
- National best practices, whether you're a local government, a hospital, who, by the way, gets sued the
- But you don't get the protection unless you're instituting the best practices as they change along the
- National best practices, whether you're a local government, a hospital who, by the way, gets sued the
- But you don't get the protection unless you're instituting the best practices as they change along the
- These are practical burdens. There are practical burdens as well.
Summary:
The Committee on Governmental Oversight and Accountability met with a quorum present and first postponed SB 1650. The committee then heard and favorably reported SB 308, which implements the Florida Museum of Black History task force recommendations by designating St. Johns County as the museum site and creating a board to work with a supporting nonprofit. It also favorably reported SB 7020, which reenacts a public records exemption for certain Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services aquaculture and shellfish production records.
Members then considered SB 692 on cybersecurity standards and liability. The bill creates a presumption against liability for private businesses that follow updated cybersecurity frameworks and reporting requirements, and a similar protection for local governments that comply with state standards. An amendment was adopted to prevent local governments from imposing separate cybersecurity standards on vendors and to clarify vendor definitions and effective dates. The Florida Justice Association opposed the bill, raising concerns about local government immunity, the practical effect of the presumption for private entities, and retroactivity, while business and industry groups supported it. After debate, the committee reported the bill favorably as amended.
The committee also favorably reported SB 572, which updates ethics law to include legally recognized foster parents and foster children in the definition of relative; SB 1442, which revises the long-range program plan to require more specific performance metrics and agency-specific measures; SB 1106, which replaces references to the West Bank with Judea and Samaria in state agency and educational materials; SB 474, which revises military leave and related benefits for public employees and officials, with three amendments adopted; and SB 350, which revises public records protections for crime victims and law enforcement officers who are victims, including a 72-hour confidentiality period for officers in certain cases. Finally, the committee approved SPB 7032 as a committee bill to shift more fleet management responsibility from DMS to state agencies while preserving reporting to DMS. The meeting ended after members recorded additional votes and the committee adjourned.
ID
Transcript Highlights:
- It proposes no restrictions on the private practice of any religion and is therefore in support of the
- I'm not trying to prevent anybody from engaging in their private practice of religion.
- Senator Foreman, so practically speaking, what does this change?
- People are free to practice whatever they wish to practice, and I wholeheartedly support that.
- People are free to practice whatever they wish to practice, and I wholeheartedly support that.
Committee:
Senate Judiciary and Rules