Video & Transcript Research : 'local amendment'
Page 73 of 500
AZ
Transcript Highlights:
- John. those locales.
- Chairman, there's an amendment I can explain. Please explain the amendment. Thank you. Mr.
- Chairman there's an amendment I can explain. Please explain the amendment thank you. Mr.
- Members, are there any questions on the amendment?
- Vice Chair, would you move the bill as amended? Mr.
Keywords:
taxpayer protection, law interpretation, transparency, public hearings, tax policies, GPLET, abatement, tax incentives, local government, property improvement, central business district, property tax, assessment, destruction, proration, Arizona Revised Statutes, Arizona tax corrections act, transaction privilege tax, sales tax, use tax
Summary:
The House Ways and Means Committee heard several tax-related bills. SB 1293 would prohibit abating Government Property Lease Excise Tax revenues attributable to school districts, while still allowing abatements for counties, cities, towns, and community college districts. Supporters, including the sponsor, Arizona Tax Research Association, and NFIB, argued that GPLET shifts costs to other taxpayers and the state general fund through school aid backfill, while opponents from the City of Phoenix, City of Mesa, Greater Phoenix Economic Council, and the League of Arizona Cities and Towns said GPLET is an important redevelopment tool that supports urban projects, housing, and long-term tax base growth. After extensive debate over tax shifts, school backfill, and local redevelopment impacts, the committee passed SB 1293 on a 5-3 vote.
The committee then considered SB 1294, a clarification to property tax classification rules for property destroyed by fire, flood, or other verifiable accident. The bill would allow assessors to keep the pre-destruction classification in place for up to five years or until a verifiable change in use occurs. The sponsor and Arizona Tax Research Association said the measure restores the prior intent of the law and corrects an inadvertent change. The committee approved SB 1294 with a due pass recommendation by a 6-1 vote, with one present and one absent.
Finally, the committee took up SB 1430, an annual technical corrections bill for tax statutes administered by the Department of Revenue. An amendment was adopted to remove a disputed unclaimed-property limitations provision after the sponsor said he would strip out any nontechnical item that drew concern. The Department of Revenue supported the bill and the amendment, and the committee passed SB 1430 as amended by a 7-0 vote, with one present and one absent.
NM
New Mexico 2026 Regular Session
Senate - Health and Public Affairs Feb 6th, 2026 at 05:13 pm
Senate Health & Public Affairs
Transcript Highlights:
- That is the first set of amendments. There is one further amendment unrelated to those.
- All right, is there any opposition to this amendment? You have your first amendment to seven.
- Any other questions on the amendment? Is there any opposition to the amendment? Madam Chair: Vocal.
- What I will also state is that it was twice amended. Yes, twice amended.
- the amendments and a point two.
Keywords:
prior authorization, pharmacy benefits manager, PBM, health insurer, prescription drugs, step therapy, formulary, auto-adjudication, electronic portal, appeals, medical necessity, serious mental illness, mental health, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression, substance use disorder, addiction treatment, cancer, autoimmune disorder
HI
Hawaii 2026 Regular Session
AEN-HHS, AEN DEFER Public Hearings 02-02-2026
Agriculture and Environment
Transcript Highlights:
- So maybe amending this to allow for off-business-hours meetings, which seems to me local people would
- >> on SB 2093 passing with amendments. >> on SB 2093 passing with amendments.
- >> any pass with amendments. >> any pass with amendments.
- amendments of the five members present. amendments of the five members present.
- Pass with amendments. >> All right. Recommendation on 2243 is to pass with amendments.
Keywords:
fuel tank, environmental impact, groundwater, health and safety, military facilities, local communication, advisory committee, Hawaii legislation, PFAS, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, forever chemicals, toxic chemicals, environmental contamination, water pollution, drinking water, surface water, soil contamination, fish consumption, food safety, public health
Summary:
The joint Senate Agriculture and Environment and Health and Human Services hearing opened with SB 2093, which would require the fuel tank advisory committee to meet at least quarterly and provide funding. The Department of Health offered written testimony, and multiple supporters, including the Honolulu Board of Water Supply, Sierra Club, and a public member of the advisory committee, said more frequent meetings were needed to keep Red Hill cleanup, water testing, and public engagement front and center. Senators asked about public participation and whether the bill should also require meetings outside business hours; testifiers urged at least one evening or weekend meeting to improve access. No vote was taken during the discussion shown.
The committee then heard SB 2095, creating a PFAS working group within the Department of Health to study PFAS and related chemicals and report to the Legislature. DOH supported the concept but requested amendments and funding, while the Department of Agriculture and Biosecurity deferred to DOH. The Board of Water Supply supported the measure and asked to be included in the working group. Members asked about the bill’s reference to “other residuals,” and DOH explained it could refer to remaining PFAS components in soil, water, or other media. The discussion emphasized the widespread and long-lasting nature of PFAS contamination.
Next, the committee considered SB 2046 on underground storage tanks and Red Hill-related cleanup. DOH and the Board of Water Supply testified, and a long list of community and environmental groups supported the bill. Testifiers argued the Navy caused the problem and should be held accountable for cleanup, while one witness said the bill was necessary because the Navy had delayed meaningful remediation. Senators asked whether the bill’s “large landowner” language could include the state or counties under existing statutes; DOH said it would check and later explained that cleanup responsibility generally falls first on the responsible party, then on large landowners if no responsible party exists, with the Navy currently understood to own Red Hill.
The hearing then moved to SB 2096 on wastewater management, which the Department of Land and Natural Resources supported, noting PFAS can harm marine resources, and DOH’s wastewater branch offered comments. SB 2127 on water pollution drew support from Agra Business Development Corporation and opposition from the Hawaii Cattlemen’s Council, Hawaii Farm Bureau, and others. The main debate centered on runoff, NPDES permitting, and whether the bill could unfairly affect agricultural and public entities; senators and witnesses discussed how heavy rainfall, cesspools, and mixed land uses complicate responsibility and compliance. The transcript ends with the committee still in discussion on SB 2127, with no final votes or actions shown in the excerpt.
AZ
Transcript Highlights:
- For regular amendments, our deadline is Tuesday at noon, and for striker amendments, our deadline is
- All those in favor of the amendment say aye. Aye. Any against? The amendment is carried.
- The amendment is adopted. Let's move the bill as amended. Mr.
- We need local; we need farmers.
- And we also ask that you respect local autonomy in the expenditure of local dollars. Mr.
Keywords:
brackish water, groundwater, desalination, water resources, feasibility study, environmental impact, dementia care, telementoring, healthcare education, rural communities, grant funding, braille, disability access, education funding, state corrections, inclusion, produce incentive, agriculture, economic support, funding
Summary:
The Appropriations Committee met on January 28 and heard several bills, beginning with member and staff introductions and a reminder about amendment deadlines. HB 2056 would appropriate $100,000 to the Arizona Department of Water Resources for a feasibility study of brackish groundwater desalination sites; the sponsor said Arizona should explore potential water supplies amid Colorado River concerns. A witness opposed the bill, and members debated whether brackish groundwater should be treated as a resource or a threat to aquifers. The committee approved HB 2056 on an 11-6 vote, with one member not voting.
The committee then considered HB 2798, as amended, which would provide $100,000 to the University of Arizona/Arizona Geological Survey to compile data on materials related to nuclear energy, including thorium and other non-uranium fuels. The sponsor framed the bill as an economic development and national security effort, while opponents questioned whether Arizona has enough of the material to justify public spending. The University of Arizona supported the work as within the Geological Survey’s mission. The committee adopted the amendment and passed the bill 11-5, with one member present and one not voting.
HB 2303 would codify investment rules for the State Treasurer, requiring safety and principal preservation ahead of return and prohibiting speculative investments and insider-benefit conduct. The Treasurer’s Office said the bill reflects current policy and ethics rules already in place, and members asked about how “speculative” would be defined and whether the bill would affect other investment-related statutes. The committee passed the bill 15-0, with two members present and one not voting. HB 2344 would require the Treasurer to manage the local government investment pool and allow a third-party backup only in emergencies; the Treasurer’s Office argued this preserves a low-cost, high-liquidity service for local governments, while some members questioned whether it limited future Treasurers’ discretion. The committee passed HB 2344 12-2, with three present and one not voting.
Later, the committee heard HB 2759, which would appropriate $500,000 to the Department of Veterans’ Services to partner with an educational institution in Yavapai County for veteran programs. A retired Navy SEAL and campus veterans coordinator described emergency housing, equipment, and professional-development needs for student veterans at Embry-Riddle, while several members supported the effort and others objected to using state funds for a private institution or a county-specific program. The bill passed 11-6, with one not voting. The committee also passed HB 2207, appropriating $300,000 for the prison Braille transcription program, after testimony that the program trains inmates in a skilled trade and has had no recidivism among released participants; it passed 17-0, with one not voting. Finally, HB 2224, as amended to reduce the appropriation from $2 million to $1 million, would fund the Double Up Food Bucks produce incentive program through SNAP. Supporters said it helps families, farmers, and local economies and can improve health outcomes, while members discussed budget constraints; the committee approved the amended bill after testimony from program advocates and farmers.
AL
Alabama 2026 1st Special Session
Alabama House Ethics and Campaign Finance Committee Jan 28th, 2026
Ethics and Campaign Finance
Transcript Highlights:
- any foreign nationals can make campaign contributions to our ballot referendums or constitutional amendment
- Thank you all. amendment elections in the state of amendment elections in the state of Alabama.
Keywords:
law enforcement, false information, criminal penalty, public safety, identification, school psychology, interstate compact, licensure, professional services, education, HB252, Class IV municipality, Class IV municipalities, municipal audit, audit rotation, certified public accountant, CPA, municipal accounting, Section 11-43B-9, county and municipal government
FL
Florida 2026 Regular Session
Appropriations Committee on Criminal and Civil Justice Jan 21st, 2026
Appropriations Committee on Criminal and Civil Justice
Transcript Highlights:
- We have amendments. Yes, there is an amendment. Take up Amendment 936-954.
- Yes, there is an amendment. Take up Amendment 936-954 by Senator Burgess. Thank you, Madam Chair.
- Are there any questions on the amendment? Are there any appearance forms on the amendment?
- All in favor of the amendment say yay. All opposed say nay. The amendment is adopted.
- Back on the bill as amended, are there any questions on the bill as amended? Appearance forms.
Keywords:
injunctions, protection orders, domestic violence, serious violence, court procedures, enforcement, risk protection, statewide communication system, public records, violence protection, confidentiality, defamation, code inspector, code enforcement, body camera, body-worn camera, police body cam, municipal code enforcement, local government, video recording
Summary:
The Appropriations Committee on Criminal and Civil Justice met with a quorum present and considered several bills. The committee heard and approved SB 504, allowing local governments to adopt standardized policies for code enforcement officers to use body cameras, and SB 506, which creates a related public records exemption for certain body camera recordings, including protections for minors and private information. Senator Smith raised questions about notice to property owners and use limitations, and Senator Osgood asked whether cameras must be on at all times; the sponsor said he would follow up on specifics. Both bills had support from local government and code enforcement groups and were reported favorably after adoption of an amendment to SB 504 clarifying training and familiarity with camera rules.
The committee also approved CS/SB 32, creating a new injunction for protection against serious violence by a known person, and SB 210, the companion public records exemption for petitions involving that injunction. Senator Sharif said the bills fill a gap for victims who do not qualify under existing injunction categories, and supporters waived in favor. SB 676, by Senator Arrington, was also reported favorably; it creates a graduated penalty structure for contributing to the delinquency of a minor when the underlying conduct involves certain animal cruelty offenses, and increases penalties for fighting or baiting animals. Senator Osgood spoke in support, tying the bill to protecting children and animals, and several law enforcement and animal welfare groups waived in support.
The committee further approved SB 432, which adds certain concentrated 7-OH to Schedule I, exempts FDA-approved veterinary xylazine products, creates a first-degree felony with a mandatory minimum for certain candy-like xylazine products, and establishes trafficking penalties for xylazine. Senator Osgood spoke at length in support, emphasizing overdose risks and the impact on people with substance use disorder. Finally, the committee passed SB 524, which revises duties and appointments related to the Medical Examiners Commission and district medical examiners, clarifies responsibilities within Chapter 943, and changes notification and curriculum approval provisions for criminal justice standards. All measures were reported favorably, and the committee adjourned without objection.
TX
Keywords:
sexual assault, healthcare facilities, forensic examination, survivor support, emergency contraceptive, online impersonation, civil liability, social media, identity theft, defamation, counseling damages, injunctive relief, public health, safety regulations, community health, state standards, healthcare access, HB 3336, alcoholic beverage tax credit, spent grain
MN
Transcript Highlights:
- Um, the oral amendment will make a technical change to the A31 amendment to make sure that that amendment
- Senator France moves to amend the A31 Senator France moves to amend the A31 amendment<00:01:09.840>
amendment and the amendment first, Mr. amendment and the amendment first, Mr. Chair?- Um, did you want to go through the amendment or do you want to adopt the oral amendment and the amendment
- Opposed. amendment to the A31. amendment to the A31.
Bills:
HF2438
Keywords:
transportation finance, transportation policy, MnDOT, Minnesota Department of Transportation, Department of Public Safety, Metropolitan Council, highway funding, trunk highway fund, county state-aid highway fund, municipal state-aid street fund, state aid roads, local roads, bridge funding, road construction, transit funding, passenger rail, freight rail, aviation, airport development, safe routes to school
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- The first bill was a rescission of all previous calls except the balanced budget amendment.
- The other point I would make is that the Ninth and Tenth Amendments of the U.S.
- An amendment to say give D.C. statehood.
- For all 27 amendments, states and Congress have rejected a dangerous Article V Convention.
- New York is going to propose amendments too. California is going to propose amendments too.
Keywords:
public school funding, education, budget allocation, financial transparency, state law, local control, fiduciary responsibility, public retirement systems, investment management, proxy voting, financial factors, insurance, political shareholder proposals, fossil fuels, greenhouse gas emissions, environmental regulation, discrimination, credit extension, social credit, value-based standards
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- We will be coming back after the local calendar, but at this time, with deep thanks to each member and
Keywords:
public school funding, education, budget allocation, financial transparency, state law, local control, fiduciary responsibility, public retirement systems, investment management, proxy voting, financial factors, insurance, political shareholder proposals, fossil fuels, greenhouse gas emissions, environmental regulation, discrimination, credit extension, social credit, value-based standards
Summary:
The Senate Committee on State Affairs was called to order and a roll call showed most members present, with one absent. The chair explained that the committee had arranged witnesses for a later meeting but had received responses from some parties declining to testify, prompting Senator Bettencourt to offer a written motion for subpoenas.
The motion authorized the committee chair, under Senate Rule 11.20, to issue subpoenas to BlackRock, State Street, or other financial services companies affecting Texas public pension investments, along with their subsidiaries, affiliates, officers, employees, agents, or representatives. The subpoenas would require testimony and production of records concerning investment practices, the impact on Texas public pension funds, and any investments intended to further political or social causes.
Members discussed the importance of obtaining testimony and the limited but necessary use of subpoena power. The committee then voted, with 10 ayes, no nays, and one absent, to adopt the motion. With no further business, the committee recessed until the call of the chair, planning to return after the local calendar.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- Amendment number three is withdrawn, and Senator Midland sends up amendment committee, amendment number
- Any questions on Amendment Number Four? Very well, Amendment Number Four is withdrawn.
- And Senator Middleton sends up Amendment Number Six, Committee Amendment Number Six...
- And Senator Middleton sends up Amendment Number Six, Committee Amendment Number Six.
- Any questions for the author on Amendment Number Six? Amendment Number Six is withdrawn.
Keywords:
public school funding, education, budget allocation, financial transparency, state law, local control, fiduciary responsibility, public retirement systems, investment management, proxy voting, financial factors, insurance, political shareholder proposals, fossil fuels, greenhouse gas emissions, environmental regulation, discrimination, credit extension, social credit, value-based standards
Summary:
The committee heard Senate Bill 945, 946, 2044, 2819, 2403, 2337, and 312, with all bills left pending after testimony. SB 945 would restrict insurance companies from denying or limiting coverage based on oil and gas activity or ESG-related goals, and supporters argued it would protect Texas energy producers from politically motivated shareholder activism and insurance discrimination. SB 946 would bar creditors from using social credit, ESG, DEI, or religious/political affiliation as a basis for denying or limiting credit; witnesses said it would prevent viewpoint-based financial discrimination and protect access to capital for Texas businesses. SB 2337 would require proxy advisory firms to disclose when recommendations are based on non-financial factors or when they give conflicting advice to different clients; supporters said the measure would increase transparency and curb ESG-driven influence over shareholder voting. SB 312 would direct public retirement systems to focus on financial returns rather than social or political objectives, with the author saying the bill responds to activist pressure on pensions and would reinforce fiduciary duty.
The committee also took up election and ethics measures. SB 2044 would strengthen electioneering restrictions for publicly funded education institutions and personnel, prohibiting use of official resources to promote political agendas; testimony focused on alleged school district electioneering in bond and tax elections. SB 2819 would prohibit county elections administrators from holding certain officer positions appointed by elected officials, addressing potential conflicts of interest. SB 2403, the Texas Ethics Commission sunset bill, would restructure complaint handling with a three-tier violation system, risk-based complaint prioritization, longer response times, bipartisan preliminary review panels, and expanded hearing options; members discussed amendments aimed at dismissing minor complaints, clarifying categories, and adjusting lobbying and penalty provisions, but the amendments were withdrawn during committee consideration.
Across the ESG and finance bills, invited witnesses from the American Energy Institute, Heartland Impact, Consumers Research, ADF Action, Texas Civil Justice League, and related groups generally supported the measures, arguing that banks, insurers, proxy advisors, and asset managers have used ESG or reputational-risk standards to discriminate against energy, agriculture, firearms, and religious organizations. No opposition testimony was presented in the excerpt, and the committee closed public testimony on each bill and left them pending.
MN
Transcript Highlights:
- Representative Freiberg, there's an A-20 amendment. Did you want to move your amendment?
- Chair Gomez and I spoke about this amendment briefly.
- encourage members to not support the amendment today.
- The funny thing is, the Senate is the language in the amendment here.
- The motion does not prevail, and the A20 amendment is not adopted.
Bills:
HF2438
Keywords:
transportation finance, transportation policy, MnDOT, Minnesota Department of Transportation, Department of Public Safety, Metropolitan Council, highway funding, trunk highway fund, county state-aid highway fund, municipal state-aid street fund, state aid roads, local roads, bridge funding, road construction, transit funding, passenger rail, freight rail, aviation, airport development, safe routes to school
MN
Transcript Highlights:
- Representative Freiberg, uh, there's an A20 amendment. Did you want to move your amendment? Sure.
- Representative Freiberg, uh, there's an A20 amendment. Did you want to move your amendment? Sure.
- spoke about this uh amendment briefly. spoke about this uh amendment briefly.
- Representative Fryberg A20 amendment.
- I uh not support uh the amendment today.
Bills:
HF2438
Keywords:
transportation finance, transportation policy, MnDOT, Minnesota Department of Transportation, Department of Public Safety, Metropolitan Council, highway funding, trunk highway fund, county state-aid highway fund, municipal state-aid street fund, state aid roads, local roads, bridge funding, road construction, transit funding, passenger rail, freight rail, aviation, airport development, safe routes to school
MN
Minnesota 2025 1st Special Session
House Transportation Finance and Policy Committee 4/11/25
Transportation Finance and Policy
Transcript Highlights:
- . amendment. amendment.
- The local road improvement program, the local bridge replacement program on page 11, and the local road
- If I could amending We're amending that. If I could amending We're amending the<01:45:35.199>
DE. - . amendment. amendment.
- So, we need to vote on the DE amendment. DE1 amendment.
Bills:
HF2438
Keywords:
transportation finance, transportation policy, MnDOT, Minnesota Department of Transportation, Department of Public Safety, Metropolitan Council, highway funding, trunk highway fund, county state-aid highway fund, municipal state-aid street fund, state aid roads, local roads, bridge funding, road construction, transit funding, passenger rail, freight rail, aviation, airport development, safe routes to school
MN
Minnesota 2025 1st Special Session
House Transportation Finance and Policy Committee 4/10/25
Transportation Finance and Policy
Transcript Highlights:
- Then you can see two one-time appropriations for other local roads on lines 165 and 166 for the local
- /c><00:15:10.720>
on <00:15:11.040>line local grants uh starting on line local grants uh - also contained in the DE amendment. also contained in the DE amendment.
- in a in a technical author's amendment. in a in a technical author's amendment.
- <00:59:30.640>
Chair delete all amendment. Uh that Mr. Chair delete all amendment.
Bills:
HF2438
Keywords:
transportation finance, transportation policy, MnDOT, Minnesota Department of Transportation, Department of Public Safety, Metropolitan Council, highway funding, trunk highway fund, county state-aid highway fund, municipal state-aid street fund, state aid roads, local roads, bridge funding, road construction, transit funding, passenger rail, freight rail, aviation, airport development, safe routes to school
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- Second, it requires each local...
- As localized data shows, for opportunity youth between the ages of 20 to 24, you can see that between
- Those dollars are distributed to the 28 local workforce development boards to help opportunity youth
- Requiring local workforce development boards to develop strategies with clear goals, objectives, and
- This keeps those jobs local and contributes to the community.
Keywords:
healthcare, Medicare, insurance, financial assistance, families, wage theft, employers, penalties, Texas Workforce Commission, employee rights, employer database, worker rights, death investigation, emergency services, medical benefits, exposure claims, public safety, workforce development, TWC, youth workforce
MN
Minnesota 2025 1st Special Session
House State Government Finance and Policy Committee 3/18/25
State Government Finance and Policy
Transcript Highlights:
- The amendment is adopted.
- Be adopt The amendment is adopted. Be adopt The amendment is adopted.
- explain your oral amendment. explain your oral amendment.
- Members, any questions to the oral<00:35:53.960>
amendment? oral amendment? oral amendment? - your bill as amended. your bill as amended.
Keywords:
CPA, certified public accountant, public accounting, accountancy, licensure, license mobility, substantial equivalency, interstate practice, out-of-state accountant, NASBA, Uniform CPA Examination, board of accountancy, attest services, audit, tax preparation, financial advisory, consulting, accounting education, master's degree, bachelor's degree
MN
Minnesota 2025 1st Special Session
House Judiciary Finance and Civil Law Committee 2/27/25
Judiciary Finance and Civil Law
Transcript Highlights:
- What are the amendments?
- I believe you have an author's Amendment I believe you have an author's Amendment first<00:02:47.879
- The next amendment that we will take up is the A14, and that's my amendment. we took the words waste
- <00:05:05.880>
does <00:05:06.080>any the amendment does any the amendment does any - local local pieces aren't some of those local local pieces aren't necessarily<01:45:55.639>
there
Keywords:
pregnancy support, women's health, maternity homes, nonprofit organizations, grant funding, abortion, family services, Office of Inspector General, inspector general, legislative audit, fraud prevention, waste and abuse, public funds, grant oversight, state grants, grant management, whistleblower protection, retaliation, subpoena power, data practices
AL
Alabama 2025 Regular Session
Alabama House Ways and Means General Fund Committee Feb 12th, 2025
Ways and Means General Fund
Transcript Highlights:
- All right, I understand we have an amendment. Mr.
- But I would move we amend the bill with the YLS FN 26-1 amendment to... ...the YLS FN 26-1 amendment
- We do have a friendly amendment for that.
- Any questions on the amendment? All right, got a motion he's... ...amendment.
- All right, the amendment has been accepted. We're back on HB72 as amended.
Keywords:
elections, post-election audit, election audit, risk-limiting audit, ballot audit, election integrity, voter confidence, Secretary of State, judge of probate, canvassing board, poll watchers, ballot containers, manual tally, recount, county election, statewide election, general election, absentee ballots, provisional ballots, election transparency
NM
New Mexico 2026 Regular Session
Senate - Tax, Business and Transportation Feb 5th, 2026 at 04:18 pm
Senate Tax, Business & Transportation
Transcript Highlights:
- a friendly amendment.
- Any other discussion on the bill as amended? Thank you.
- I'm the president of Carpenter's Local 1319.
- So is there any discussion on the amendment? Senator Figueroa. Madam Chair, move amendment.
- Now, any discussion from the committee on the amendment? Is there any opposition to the amendment?
Bills:
SB190, SB152, SB77, SB150, SB151, SB156, SB172, SB182, SB185, SB212, SB170, SB133, SB174, SB163
Keywords:
cancer treatment, revenue bonds, Gila Regional Medical Center, Nor-Lea General Hospital, healthcare funding, telecommunications, low-income assistance, lifeline, broadband, rural broadband, universal service fund, public regulation commission, PRC, 911 surcharge, telecommunications relay service, VoIP, mobile service, internet affordability, digital equity, digital inclusion