Transcript Highlights:

• It's common sense and it practices.
• <02:07:31.199> of transfer and corporate practices of transfer and corporate practices of
• I think it's a good and practical idea. I think it's a good and practical idea.
• because we already have those practices because we already have those practices in<02:39:42.319>
• the state and evidence-based practices the state and evidence-based practices with<03:19:31.439>

Keywords: 1187, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• We were just having a bit of a sidebar discussion here about the practical reality of the way it's written
• You're required to have to be a practicing attorney, but You don't necessarily have to have been practicing
• The way this is worded, it says Practicing law.
• That's you meet certain residency requirements but hasn't never practiced here.
• Yeah, they could practice down in Texas.

Keywords: 914, all

Transcript Highlights:

• Arizona Medical Association's private practice physicians section governing council.
• Penhollow regularly advises on issues related to anesthesia, pain care, physician scope of practice,
• and private practice medicine.
• Penhollow regularly advises on issues related to anesthesia, pain care, physician scope of practice,
• and private practice medicine.

Keywords: 1182, all

Summary: The House convened with prayer by Paul Sorensen, the Pledge of Allegiance, and approval of the journal from January 15, 2026. Members also recognized the Doctor of the Day, Dr. Tammy Penhollow, and several guests in the gallery, including education leaders and representatives from Republic Services. Attendance was recorded at 57 present, zero absent, and two excused. The main floor business was the reading of communications and a very large slate of bills. The clerk listed numerous House bills for first reading and referral to committees, covering topics such as veterans, natural resources and water, financial services, minimum wage, commerce, education, housing, child care, health and human services, public safety, artificial intelligence, taxation, transportation, agriculture, and appropriations. The House also moved through second reading of another extensive group of bills on subjects including health care, criminal justice, transportation, education, firearms, housing, and state budget matters. No substantive debate or votes on individual bills were recorded in the transcript beyond the procedural referral and reading of measures. The House then received announcements about upcoming committee meetings, birthday wishes for Representative Aaron Márquez, and notices that some committees would not meet. The chamber adjourned on a motion until 1:15 p.m. Wednesday, January 21, 2026.

Transcript Highlights:

• of the solution, the impact practicality of the solution, the impact on<00:16:00.079> different
• that in a way that is either practical that in a way that is either practical or<00:19:41.520>
• <00:42:01.359> on the balances between the practicality on the balances between the practicality
• I mean, I we had a seems more practical.
• Well, so in practical terms, I'll use an example of one of my servers at home.

Keywords: 1189, house, all

Summary: The subcommittee work session focused on House Bill 293, which would prevent minors from accessing obscenity on certain internet-connected electronic devices. Chair Pardell opened by noting the bill had been discussed several times and that the goal was to find language acceptable to the committee. Representative Coutab argued the bill is important for child safety, said parents vary in technical ability, and pointed to Apple as evidence that filtering tools can be implemented. He asked whether the other members saw a path forward and what it might look like. Representatives McFarland and Tur both said they support the underlying concern but questioned the bill’s structure and practicality. McFarland emphasized parental responsibility and individual liberty, said any final language should avoid infringing on rights or creating indirect pressure on corporations, and suggested looking at other states’ approaches and Apple’s closed ecosystem as a limited example. Tur said the bill may solve one problem while creating others, especially by placing the burden on device manufacturers and browsers rather than on the content providers; he cited the recent Texas Paxton decision as an example of a more targeted age-verification approach aimed at websites. Both expressed concern that a broad device-level mandate may be difficult to implement consistently across different platforms. Chair Pardell responded that the bill is intended to add protective measures rather than impose a blanket ban, and compared it to existing restrictions on minors accessing alcohol, tobacco, or pornographic magazines. She said the proposal is meant to ask for the user’s age during device setup, not to require identification or database checks, and stressed that parents would still be responsible for entering accurate information. Members also discussed whether Apple’s tools are generalizable to Android and other ecosystems, whether the market is already developing solutions, and whether a parent-facing filter or device-level controls would be the best route. Pardell said the committee had received public feedback and that another work session would likely be held in October; no vote or final action was taken.

Transcript Highlights:

• With me today in support is Alyssa Scherer, Doctor of Nursing Practice, an advanced practice registered
• I'm a doctorally prepared advanced practice nurse practitioner who provides full-scope women's health
• I'm a doctorally prepared advanced practice nurse practitioner who provides full-scope women's health
• I've been practicing for over 12 years and in the state of California for four years.
• AB2664 undermines this longstanding democratic practice by restricting speech within one.

Keywords: 987, senate, all

Summary: The committee met on June 16, 2026, with a quorum present and first approved a consent calendar containing several bills, while a number of other measures were pulled and set for later hearings. The committee then heard AB 1662, which would require notice to the DMV when a defendant receives diversion in certain driving-related cases so DMV points can still be assessed. The author and supporters, including police chiefs, road safety advocates, district attorneys, cities, and AAA, said the bill closes a loophole identified in reporting on dangerous drivers; one opposition witness from the Western Center on Law and Poverty objected. The bill was moved on a due pass recommendation to Transportation and kept on call. The committee next heard AB 1741, which would allow sexual battery committed during an unlawful residential intrusion to be charged as a wobbler. The author and supporters, including district attorneys, sheriffs, and victim advocates, argued current law leaves a gap when an intruder sexually touches a victim in a home without meeting other felony elements. Public defenders opposed, saying existing burglary, attempted rape, and other statutes already cover the conduct and warning the bill was overbroad. The bill passed on a due pass as amended recommendation to Appropriations. AB 2760 followed, allowing counties with an Office of Inspector General to expand oversight to probation and animal control. The author and a San Diego supervisor’s letter framed it as optional local oversight to address capacity limits, while probation chiefs and Fresno County opposed, citing existing oversight and concerns about duplication and confidentiality. The bill passed to Local Government, with some members voting no. The committee then heard AB 1753, the Survivor Pathways to Safety Act, which would strengthen firearm relinquishment and protection-order enforcement, expand remote hearing access, and add certain offenses to firearm prohibitions. Supporters, including Giffords, prosecutors, police chiefs, emergency physicians, and victim advocates, said it would make restraining orders more effective and close enforcement gaps; gun rights groups opposed on due process and Second Amendment grounds. The bill passed to Judiciary. AB 1743, by Assembly Member Wicks, would allow local governments and certain universities to request firearm trace data from DOJ for research and policy analysis. Supporters said the data would help identify trafficking patterns and improve evidence-based policy, while NRA and gun rights groups warned about privacy, misuse, and stigmatizing lawful dealers. The bill passed to Appropriations. Later, the committee heard AB 2164, the Care Without Fear Act, which would strengthen California’s shield-law protections for abortion providers by limiting extradition cooperation and extending reciprocal protections to providers from other shield states. Health care and reproductive rights groups supported it; the California Family Council opposed, raising concerns about abortion and gender-affirming care. The bill passed to Judiciary. AB 2664, the Safe Worship Zone Act, would create an eight-foot personal buffer within 100 feet of a place of worship’s entrances and exits to prevent harassment or intimidation. Jewish organizations and the ADL supported it as a response to harassment at synagogues and other houses of worship, while the ACLU, CAIR, and others opposed on First Amendment grounds and urged narrower alternatives. The bill passed to Appropriations. Finally, AB 2122 would prohibit bench warrants for Vehicle Code infractions and allow noncustodial warrants for other infractions; the author and supporters said it would reduce criminalization of poverty and unnecessary arrests, while the transcript cuts off during support testimony and no vote is shown in the excerpt.

Transcript Highlights:

• I'm old enough attorney that I practiced before we had family court.
• <00:12:52.160> before enough attorney that I practiced before enough attorney that I practiced
• It's best practice. So I appreciate Representative Moser. Hello again.
• It's best practice. So I appreciate Representative Moser.
• It's best practice. Um evidence-based. It's best practice.

Keywords: 00:00 - Call to Order/Roll Call 01:10 - Discussion of 26RS HB 669 08:25 - Roll Call Vote on 26RS HB 669 09:25 - Discussion of 26RS HCR 36 13:15 - Roll Call Vote on 26RS HCR 36 14:05 - Discussion of 26RS HB 686 29:20 - Roll Call Vote on 26RS HB 686 30:10 - Adjournment, 958, all

Summary: The House Standing Committee on Families and Children met and first adopted a House committee substitute for House Bill 669, which would protect federal benefits belonging to children in out-of-home care. The sponsor explained the bill is intended to prevent the state from using a child’s Social Security survivor, disability, or death benefits to offset care costs, instead requiring those funds to be preserved in an account for the child and made available at certain milestones or when the child leaves care. Members asked about who would oversee the funds, how annual eligibility reviews would work, and when the child could access the money; the sponsor said the cabinet would set the review process by rule and that the funds would remain available for the child. The committee approved HB 669 15-0 with favorable expression. The committee then considered House Concurrent Resolution 36, as amended by committee substitute, which creates a child welfare and family court reform task force. The substitute changed the reporting structure to send the task force’s report to the interim joint committee on families and children and the judiciary committee, rather than a now-defunct Health and Human Services committee. Supporters said the task force should review child abuse and neglect, foster care, and family court processes, and gather input from experts and people with lived experience. Members discussed whether the work should be divided into separate family court and child welfare task forces, but the resolution moved forward and passed 15-0 with favorable expression. Finally, the committee heard House Bill 686, which would establish a Kentucky Positive Youth Development Commission and a dedicated trust and agency account to support community-based youth programming up to age 25. The sponsor and witnesses said the bill responds to rising youth mental health concerns, self-harm, and suicide, and would coordinate statewide efforts, support evidence-based out-of-school programming, and provide technical assistance to local partners. Testimony emphasized the importance of connectedness, trusted adults, community-based responses, and using settlement funds from social media-related harms to youth to support the trust. Members asked about how the bill compares with other states and how the “dose-response” language relates to adverse and positive childhood experiences. HB 686 also passed 15-0 with favorable expression. The committee announced its next meeting for Thursday, March 12 at 9:00 a.m. and then adjourned.

Transcript Highlights:

• their dream of being called up to the majors, and it doesn't benefit them to have their playing or practice
• necessary to achieve their goal of making it to the next level and eventually the majors, and this practical
• Bill allows them to preserve practical Bill allows them to preserve that<00:04:46.440> opportunity
• and we are inclusive work practices and we are there<00:16:17.440> to<00:16:17.680> give
• Just a comment: I have some practical experience with this.

Keywords: Meeting Start 00:00 Roll Call 00:13 SB 15 Discussion 00:45 SB 15 Vote 08:40 SB 103 Discussion 11:12 SB 103 Vote 29:49, 958, all

Summary: The Senate Committee for Economic Development, Tourism, and Labor heard two bills. Senate Bill 15, sponsored by Sen. Amanda Bledsoe, was presented with testimony from Major League Baseball in support of exempting minor league baseball players from Kentucky wage-and-hour treatment. Witnesses said the bill would preserve the negotiated collective bargaining structure for players, avoid impractical time-tracking requirements, and keep Kentucky aligned with other states. Senators discussed minor league salary levels, the importance of baseball to Kentucky communities, and the bill’s relationship to minimum wage law. The committee then took a roll call vote and passed the bill with unanimous support from members present. The committee next heard Senate Bill 103 from Sen. Danny Carroll, which would require the Office of Vocational Rehabilitation to adopt regulations under Chapter 13A, limit reciprocal agreements with other states until in-state provider contracts are exhausted, establish procedures for service fee memos before a new fiscal year, and require an annual report with operating and financial information. Testimony from community rehabilitation providers and disability advocates emphasized that the bill would increase transparency, protect local providers, and improve services for people with disabilities seeking competitive employment. They said Kentucky has a large disability population, that many working-age individuals with disabilities are not employed, and that better oversight could help address workforce shortages and reduce reliance on public assistance. Senators asked about the disability population, age ranges served, funding, and recent changes to provider rates and selection processes. The committee then voted to pass Senate Bill 103 unanimously.

Transcript Highlights:

• So in being a sole practitioner, I had a general practice, then a statewide criminal practice, and then
• a misdemeanor practice.
• I practiced architecture for a while but came back to New Mexico and attended law school.
• She's in Austin practicing architecture.
• The writing of legislation is as specialized a practice of law as any I've ever seen.

Transcript Highlights:

• on agricultural and smart practices on agricultural and working<00:10:08.800> lands.
• Taken together, these two guardrails can incentivize more climate-smart agriculture practices on our
• practices on our existing<00:19:08.720> farmland.
• c> can<00:19:12.000> reduce agriculture practices that can reduce agriculture practices that
• important environmental practices important environmental practices statewide,<00:19:25.919>

Keywords: 919, house, all

Summary: The committee took up House File 1669, adopting the DE2 amendment, which was described as the bill itself. The amended bill would expand Minnesota’s sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) tax credit by increasing annual allocations, extending the sunset date from 2030 to 2035, adding an extra credit for lower-carbon fuels, and adding environmental and other qualifying requirements. The chair noted the amendment aligned the bill with the governor’s proposal, and the amendment was approved on a voice vote. Testimony was overwhelmingly supportive. Commissioner Tom Peterson of the Minnesota Department of Agriculture backed the bill as a way to preserve Minnesota’s leadership in SAF, attract private investment, and keep crop and timber feedstocks processed in-state. Farmers and agricultural groups, including Minnesota Farmers Union and Minnesota Farm Bureau, said SAF could create new domestic markets for crops such as corn, soybeans, winter camelina, and pennycress while improving farm income and supporting climate-smart practices. Forestry representatives argued that wood waste and forest residue could be turned into SAF, improving forest health and reducing wildfire risk. Environmental and clean-energy groups also supported the bill, emphasizing the added guardrails. The Minnesota Environmental Partnership, Friends of the Mississippi River, and Fresh Energy said the amendments would better protect water quality, soil health, biodiversity, and climate outcomes by favoring lower-carbon SAF and limiting harmful land-use change. University of Minnesota Forever Green representatives said winter-hardy crops could scale over time, and they pointed to ongoing commercialization work and a 1 Million Acre Scaling Study. Labor and construction groups said the bill would support major infrastructure investment and create long-term jobs, with testimony citing the first Minnesota SAF facility already announced and the potential for multiple hubs statewide. No vote on final passage was taken in the portion provided, but the committee heard extensive supportive testimony and questions focused on scalability, infrastructure, and how the credit would accelerate SAF development in Minnesota.

Transcript Highlights:

• Senate Bill 18, Senator Richardson, an act relating to the practice of podiatry.
• <00:09:56.640> of act relating to the practice of act relating to the practice of podiatry
• treated as a deceptive trade practice treated as a deceptive trade practice under<00:14:48.440><
• It establishes trade practices requirements for kiosk operators.
• Speaker, I move for practices requirements for kiosk practices requirements for kiosk operators.<00:37

Keywords: 958, all

Transcript Highlights:

• And uh practically um what that amount. And uh practically um what that amount.
• across the state is I not only practiced across the state is I not only practiced as a DA after that
• the vast majority of practice in the vast majority of practice in the vast majority of jurisdictions
• What HB42 largely does practice already. What HB42 largely does practice already.
• world it don't that in the practical world it don't that in the practical world it don't work.

Bills: HB265, HB146, SB254, HB202, HB3, HB42, SB18

Keywords: resisting arrest, penalties, criminal justice, law enforcement, public safety, youthful offender, capital murder, victims' rights, SB254, Alabama, statute of limitations, civil procedure, civil action, sex offense, sexual abuse, child sexual abuse, survivor rights, tolling, disability, minor plaintiff

Transcript Highlights:

• I am in support of this because this will also help capture and document business practices that are
• That's not a business practice that would be tolerated by any other business, but yet we don't get a
• That's not a business practice that would be tolerated by any other business, but yet we don't get a
• Um, but if there's municipalities requiring it, uh, you know, that seems like unfair practices.
• Um, but if there's municipalities requiring it, uh, you know, that seems like unfair practices.

Keywords: 1187, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• Most that are practical and realistic.
• <00:12:05.800> and positive and restorative practices and positive and restorative practices
• include disability-informed practices, include disability-informed practices, not<00:15:29.640> just
• , prioritize restorative practices, prioritize restorative practices, strategic<00:17:44.560>
• something called restorative practices something called restorative practices to<00:58:15.720>

Bills: HF3493, HF4114

Keywords: safe schools, charter schools, nonpublic schools, Tribal education, funding increase, special education, funding, education finance, appropriations, budget, cross subsidy

Transcript Highlights:

• I think this, um, having the best practices now, and I will tell you that like in um all best practices
• as a result of standard practices. as a result of standard practices.
• I practice in Exeter.
• I practice<05:30:22.480> in<05:30:22.718> Exit. practice in Exit. practice in Exit.
• here are at high risk from the practice here are at high risk from the practice of<05:32:45.040>

Keywords: 1189, house, all

Transcript Highlights:

• I practiced law for 30 years and retired nine years ago.
• Not the 5% and 10% typical of our usual practices. My family is an example.
• There are no practical limits on what form a delusion can take.
• I also practice in the psychiatric emergency room at Boston Medical Center.
• Parental consent laws are not aligned with medical best practices.

Keywords: 995, all

Summary: The Joint Committee on the Judiciary held a lengthy hearing on several juvenile justice and parole-related bills, with much of the testimony focused on H. 2051/S. 1087 to end lifetime parole for juveniles and emerging adults, and H. 1923 to raise the age of juvenile court jurisdiction to include 18-, 19-, and 20-year-olds. Chairs Brandy Fluker-Reid and Lydia Edwards opened the hearing by noting the large number of bills and witnesses, the need to keep testimony moving, and special procedures for incarcerated witnesses and sensitive testimony. They also acknowledged the historic nature of the hearing being chaired by two Black women attorneys. No votes were taken during the hearing itself. Many incarcerated speakers and advocates supported ending lifetime parole, arguing that young people can change, that lifetime supervision creates constant fear of technical violations, and that it undermines rehabilitation, family stability, employment, and reintegration. Several testified about their own trauma, youth, and growth in prison programs, while others emphasized the costs of decades of supervision and the racial disparities in the system. Support also came from elected officials, UTEC, the Transformational Prison Project, United Way, CPCS’s Youth Advocacy Division, the Massachusetts Coalition to Prevent Gun Violence, and others, who said juvenile systems are better suited to developmentally appropriate treatment and that the bills would improve public safety and reduce recidivism. There was also opposition, including testimony from family members of a murder victim who argued that lifetime parole should remain for serious violent crimes and that some offenders are not sufficiently rehabilitated. One virtual witness described a family tragedy involving the kidnapping and murder of her infant nephew and warned that ending lifetime parole could remove needed long-term supervision for dangerous offenders. In addition to the juvenile justice bills, the committee heard testimony on H. 1867, a bill related to continuing care for severe mental illness, and H. 2063, which would increase penalties for assaults on correction officers and other prison staff; the correction officers’ union supported H. 2063 and related safety bills. The hearing continued with many more witnesses and bill topics, but no final committee action was announced in the portion provided.

Transcript Highlights:

• At same types of innovative practices.
• <01:39:17.360> So that um they do best practices. So that um they do best practices.
• make sure that pedagogical practices make sure that pedagogical practices that<02:19:40.960>
• It is a very powerful practice.
• I also do is a very powerful practice.

Keywords: 910, house, all

Transcript Highlights:

• I cut my teeth in the Consumer Fraud Division, and then I learned my craft in criminal appeals, practicing
• At least in my practice, I try to do this.
• At least in my practice, I try to do those remotely so that the human being whose livelihood is on the
• practice.
• And then I've got to follow my kids... ...schools and swim teams or I won't know if practice has been

Keywords: 1064, all

Transcript Highlights:

• This has led to inconsistent practices across Texas. ...diminishes the public's trust.
• His family made a decision to practice tough love and did not bail him out.
• I am currently approaching my... 30th year of practice as a full-time forensic pathologist.
• Coverage, malpractice insurance for a pathologist, for a pulmonologist to practice neurosurgery.
• No hospital would ever give surgical privileges to a psychiatrist to practice surgery.

Bills: HB2814, HB4477, HB5084, HB5108, HB5127, HB5383, HB5611, HB5663, HB5664, SB1563, HB2668, HB3841, HB4114

Keywords: juvenile justice, release documents, children, identification, Texas Juvenile Justice Department, civil service, staffing requirements, local government, positions exemption, Texas legislation, fireworks, Lunar New Year, retail permits, public safety, Texas law, holiday sales, HB 5108, deaths in custody, custodial death, jail death

Transcript Highlights:

• Providers already routinely transition patients to biosimilars in clinical practice.
• lower-cost treatment options and modernize Delaware's insurance laws to reflect current medical practice
• It's an act on Title 18 of the Delaware Code relating to unfair trade practices in automobile insurance
• The Consumer Fraud Act and the Uniform Deceptive Trade Practices Act were adopted in 1965 as companion
• We do share the goal of protecting consumers from deceptive AI practices.

Summary: The committee heard several bills, but much of the meeting focused on House Bill 306, which would require disclosure when a consumer is interacting with a chatbot rather than a human. Sponsor Senator Townsend described it as a consumer protection measure and said the bill is meant to keep pace with rapidly changing AI technology. Committee members and witnesses raised concerns about the bill’s enforcement structure, especially private rights of action and penalties that could apply even without actual consumer harm. The Department of Justice said the bill would apply where the conduct has a Delaware nexus, and that the disclosure requirement is the key consumer protection. Industry witnesses and chambers of commerce opposed the bill as drafted, arguing it would create broad compliance burdens and expose businesses to excessive litigation risk without a harm requirement or clearer safe harbor language. Earlier in the meeting, the committee discussed House Bill 429, which would update Delaware’s step therapy exception process to include biosimilars and interchangeable biologics. Senator Poore and supporters from Highmark and the Department of Insurance said the bill would modernize insurance law, improve access to effective treatments, and reduce costs; they cited national savings from biosimilars and said the bill has agency support. Members asked about Delaware-specific savings, patient switching, and how the process would work, but no vote was taken during the discussion. The committee also heard House Bill 310, which would exclude large data centers from Blue Collar Jobs Act tax credits; the sponsor said the bill is intended to ensure large energy users contribute more to state and local revenues, while supporters and opponents debated competitiveness and community impacts. House Bill 406, on allowing insureds to choose their auto repair shop, and Senate Bill 347, a cleanup bill related to medical debt collection and personal property levies, were also presented without opposition in the hearing. House Bill 253, concerning who may receive letters testamentary or of administration, was described as a cleanup to align statute with existing practice. The committee approved the meeting minutes, but the transcript does not show final votes on the bills discussed.

Transcript Highlights:

• So these were also just to clarify, condense, and modernize, and to reflect the current practice and
• best practices regarding the Senate website.
• So these were also just to clarify, condense, and modernize, and to reflect the current practice and
• best practices regarding the Senate website.
• best practices regarding the Senate website.

Keywords: 918, senate, all

Summary: The Senate Committee on Rules and Administration met virtually on January 6, 2026, and took up four administrative policy items. Darren Hoff, Senate Human Resources Director, presented updates to the Legislative Coordinating Commission benefit book, including insurance changes tied to SEGIP, mental health and substance use office visit cost sharing, dental plan updates, dependent eligibility clarifications, a new voluntary legal services benefit, a 17% increase in Medicare premiums, and multiple leave-policy revisions to conform with the new paid leave law and other employment rules. Senator Pappas moved adoption of the benefit book with the LCC’s November 10, 2025 changes and staff technical corrections, and the motion passed. Secretary Tom Bern described a proposed Senate Policy 1.56 allowing written rules of conduct for visitors in Senate spaces, aimed at setting clear expectations for behavior such as not blocking hallways or using shouting and profanity, while being developed with consultation to address First Amendment concerns. Senator Marty moved adoption, and the committee approved the policy. Council Lexi Stangle then presented a change to Senate Policy 2.47 on severe weather emergencies that would allow employees who work remotely on severe weather days to accrue compensatory time with supervisor approval; Senator Johnson moved adoption, and the motion passed. The committee also considered a modernization of the Senate information systems policy. Secretary Bern and staff explained that the policy had not been substantially updated in about 20 years and was being condensed and updated to reflect current technology and practices. The revisions reduced the policy from 29 pages to 10, removed obsolete references, added a purpose statement, clarified email inspection and hardware/software procedures, updated website rules and accessibility guidance, and removed the secondary member page option. Senator Coleman moved adoption of the Senate information systems update, and it was approved. After the Rules Committee adjourned, the Subcommittee on Committees met and approved two appointments: one public member to the Legislative Citizen Commission on Minnesota Resources through December 31, 2030, and Senator Gustafson to the Financial Crimes Advisory Board Task Force. Members asked about the task force’s scope and the public appointee’s background; staff explained the task force advises on identity theft and financial crimes, and identified the public appointee as Sha Lang of Preston, Minnesota. Senator Pappas moved adoption of the appointment list, and the subcommittee approved it before adjourning.