Video & Transcript Research : 'rule interpretation'
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WA
Washington 2025-2026 Regular Session
House Finance Dec 4th, 2025
Transcript Highlights:
- And in ruling that way, they pointed back to a ruling in 1986, O'Leary v. Department of Revenue.
- As always, taxpayers may also email our ruling requests inbox.
- But otherwise, a tax ruling by the department is binding. Thank you so much.
- But otherwise, a tax ruling by the department is binding. Thank you so much.
- As they come up, I just want to go over some ground rules.
Summary:
The House Finance Committee held a work session that began with welcoming new member Rep. Janice Zahn, who introduced herself as representing the 41st Legislative District. The Department of Revenue then gave an update on the Antio-related legislation following the Washington Supreme Court decision and the 2025 session changes. DOR explained its voluntary disclosure program and the new expanded voluntary disclosure agreement for taxpayers with unreported investment income, including broader eligibility and interest/penalty relief, but said utilization has been minimal so far because additional implementation questions remain unresolved.
The committee next received the annual update on the Working Families Tax Credit. DOR reported record participation in 2025, with about $205 million refunded through October and a major increase in applications after TurboTax added the credit to its filing software. Officials said most dollars went to households with children, outreach efforts remained important, and community partners and state agencies helped increase uptake. Members focused heavily on fraud concerns, especially tax preparers allegedly filing claims without applicants’ knowledge or diverting refunds; DOR said it is using fraud detection tools, training preparers, and trying to make applicants whole, but current law does not provide direct penalties against preparers.
The final portion covered implementation of engrossed substitute Senate Bill 5814, which expanded sales tax to certain services. DOR described the new tax framework, its guidance process, and the large volume of ruling requests and outreach since the law took effect October 1. Committee members asked about fiscal assumptions, the scope of taxable services, and whether the department had revised its implementation estimates; DOR said the fiscal note assumed broad application absent explicit exemptions and that no expenditure revision had been made. In stakeholder testimony, Expedia and T-Mobile argued the law creates complexity and competitive disadvantages for Washington businesses, while a construction training provider said the tax raises tuition for workers seeking required certifications. School and nonprofit representatives said the tax will increase costs for special education services, arts programming, and other public-facing activities, and urged exemptions or further legislative fixes. The chair closed by noting the committee would revisit 5814 in the next session and then adjourned the meeting.
CA
California 2025-2026 Regular Session
Senate Floor Session Apr 27th, 2026
California Senate Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- She was approved by the Rules Committee on April 15th.
- And was approved by the Rules Committee on April 22nd. I respectfully asked for your aye vote.
- He was approved by the Rules Committee on April 22nd, and I respectfully ask for your aye vote.
- He was approved by the Rules Committee on April 22nd. I respectfully ask for your aye vote.
- suggested a survivor's clothing could be interpreted as consent.
Summary:
The Senate convened with a quorum, offered prayer and the Pledge of Allegiance, and then moved through privileges of the floor recognizing Fresno State Ag Leadership Development Program students and members of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc. The body also approved the Senate journals and took up several gubernatorial appointments, including confirmations to the Court Reporters Board and the California Law Revision Commission, each approved by roll call vote.
The chamber then considered SCR 136 marking the 50th anniversaries of the California Coastal Act, Coastal Commission, and Coastal Conservancy. Supporters emphasized coastal access, habitat protection, public trails, and resilience, while one senator argued the commission can overrule local control and slow development. The resolution passed 27-4. The Senate also adopted SR 68 for Denim Day and Sexual Assault Awareness Month, with broad support focused on survivor advocacy and accountability, and SCR 130 recognizing Child Abuse Prevention Month, which passed unanimously. Several bills were then approved on unanimous roll call, including SB 1058 on school nutrition procurement, SB 930 on encryption for school exam proctoring, SB 917 on winery sales at farmers’ markets, SB 1002 on continuity of out-of-state telehealth care, SB 1036 on mitigation fee credits for redevelopment, SB 1285 on juvenile record dismissals, and SB 969 on remote developmental services.
Later, SCR 131 called for an urgent, coordinated response to unsheltered homelessness, emphasizing interim shelter, permanent housing, and supportive services. Supporters said the state must stop normalizing encampments and better coordinate resources; one senator objected that the resolution did not sufficiently address self-sufficiency or alternatives to housing-first approaches. The resolution passed 34-0. The Senate also adopted SCR 157 honoring school bus drivers, approved the consent calendar, heard committee announcements, and adjourned in memory of Sandy Steers, a conservation advocate and longtime executive director of Friends of Big Bear Valley.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- However, their interpretation of legislation from 2019 has prevented CEICO from adopting the latest energy
- Certain attorneys have interpreted your bill incorrectly, which is why we need this fixed.
- Not to stand against 1A rules or anything of that sort.
- Islam is dualistic with one set of rules for Muslims and one set of rules for Kaffirs. Members.
- It's a freedom of religion, not laws and rules about practices.
Bills:
HB 346, HB 1360, HB 1510, HB 1606, HB 1804, HB 1805, HB 2156, HB 2391, HB 2767, HB 3022, HB 3044, HB 3272, HB 3293, HB 3493, HB 3809, HB 3824, HJR 110, HB 2463
Keywords:
expedited service, business records, veteran-owned businesses, franchise tax, fee schedule, Texas Ethics Commission, election reporting, campaign finance, violation categorization, penalties, public disclosure, Texas Utilities Code, electric utility, retail electric provider, municipally owned utility, electric cooperative, vegetation management, tree trimming, line clearance, transmission line
NH
Transcript Highlights:
- So this is a divergence from the state law, which would concurrently, depending on how one interprets
- >> I would always want more clarity because unavailable could be interpreted in different ways.
- So this is a divergence from the state law, which would concurrently, depending on how one interprets
- >> I would always want more clarity because unavailable could be interpreted in different ways.
- because unavailable could be interpreted because unavailable could be interpreted in<00:33:56.880
UT
Utah 2025 Regular Session
Government Operations Interim Committee - November 19, 2025
Government Operations Interim Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- All of those things are potential negative outcomes if the current court ruling stands.
- not know how they went from that to the need to use Black's Law Dictionary and to pontificate in a ruling
- You know, it starts out and it talks about, you know, this is a question of statutory interpretation.
- But you still have to interpret the statute according to what was there.
- And whether or And that's a big red flag on our Supreme Court and whether they're actually interpreting
NH
Transcript Highlights:
- attorney general, special rules for selling condominium units, and rules around special attorney general
- people had different interpretations people had different interpretations because<00:35:56.560><
- It's in the rules. Got it. It's in their administrative rules. It is. Thank you. Okay.
- It's in the rules. Got it. It's in their administrative rules. It is. Thank you. Okay.
- It's in the rules. Got it. >> Okay. It's in the rules. Got it.
US
US Federal 2025-2026 Regular Session
US House Floor Proceedings (Monday, March 3, 2025)
US Federal House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- II of the Rules of the U.S.
- two of the rules of the US House of rule two of the rules of the US House of Representatives<02:13:07.679
- II of the Rules of the U.S.
- Guidance documents come in the form of interpretive rules, which describe an agency's interpretation
- The rules are suspended.
NH
New Hampshire 2026 Regular Session
Senate Election Law and Municipal Affairs (01/27/2026)
Election Law and Municipal Affairs
Transcript Highlights:
- Senator, um, the way I interpret the Senator, um, the way I interpret the bill,<00:39:54.960>
um,< - <00:40:14.000>
it separate override, I would interpret it separate override, I would interpret - So I would interpret it as for do this.
- So I would interpret it as for every<00:41:18.720>
question <00:41:19.040>of <00:41:19.200 - Um, the rules of the Senate talk about holding public hearings, and if you held a public hearing on it
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- legislation that unilaterally grants one person the authority to adopt, amend, repeal, or modify a rule
- They all align to SBEC rules.
- the experience that those candidates are having, and that is dictated through the requirements and rules
- One is educational interpreters. There's a specific reason for that for our students who are deaf.
- The student and the interpreter are a super critical acknowledgment in the service group for students
Keywords:
public education, teacher compensation, certification, funding, school finance, educator rights, education funding, charter schools, staff compensation, state aid, retention allotment, disaster preparedness, emergency management, flooding, mass fatality, mass casualty, fatality tracking, body recovery, autopsy, justice of the peace
MD
Transcript Highlights:
- over under the rule for now? over under the rule for now?
- lie over under the rule. lie over under the rule.
- Um so, the California statute was ruled Um so, the California statute was ruled unconstitutional
- ways that could be broadly interpreted. ways that could be broadly interpreted.
- these rules in over 20 25 years. these rules in over 20 25 years. 20<02:46:00.600>
25 <02:
Summary:
The Senate first handled routine announcements, including welcoming a new group of pages and noting donations of donuts and chicken from local businesses, along with a citation planned for Mr. Herman’s Bakery, which is closing after 103 years. The chamber then took up Senate Bill 858, establishing a Department of Budget and Management Audit and Finance Compliance Unit. A senator moved to send the bill back to second reading to add an amendment, which was adopted without objection, and the bill was reprinted for third reading.
The Finance Committee then reported several bills. Senate Bill 84, concerning collective bargaining for graduate assistants at UMCP and UMBC, was laid over after questions about whether graduate assistants are employees or students. Senate Bill 455, creating a transformational project financing program tied to tax increment financing districts, had two committee amendments adopted and was ordered printed for third reading. Senate Bill 623, creating a premium cigar lounge alcoholic beverage license, also received two committee amendments and was ordered up, but a later Howard County amendment was proposed and the bill was laid over. Senate Bill 777, directing workforce development support in hospital closures and related events, was adopted and sent to third reading. Senate Bill 831, addressing child labor penalties, private-sector labor relations, and state labor standards, was adopted with two amendments and sent to third reading. Senate Bill 932, requiring social media platforms to display users’ general geographic location, was laid over after questions.
The committee also advanced Senate Bill 340, requiring at least $2 million annually for the Long-Term Care Ombudsman office, with two amendments adopted and the bill sent to third reading. Senate Bill 489, creating a limited license pathway for physicians trained abroad and repealing the fifth pathway program, was adopted with two amendments and sent to third reading. Senate Bill 496, expanding Medicaid coverage for obesity treatment, prompted extended debate over the fiscal note and who would bear the costs; the sponsor argued the estimate was overstated and did not account for likely lower utilization or health-care savings, while an opponent pressed concerns about the state share and structural deficit. The discussion continued without a final vote in the excerpt provided.
NH
New Hampshire 2025 Regular Session
House Education Policy and Administration (05/20/2025)
Transcript Highlights:
- ,<00:46:18.560>
but 100% compliant with rules, but 100% compliant with rules, but apparently - I don't know how to interpret this. relating to their child and the school relating to their child and
- I I don't know how to interpret this. I I don't know how to interpret this.
- It's in the madam chair is making<01:28:02.160>
the <01:28:02.319>ruling, <01:28:02.640> - making the ruling, right? making the ruling, right?
Summary:
The committee took up Senate Bill 206, which requires public schools to adopt policies limiting student cell phone use. Supporters argued that cell phones and personal devices contribute to student mental health problems, bullying, distraction, and disruptive behavior, and said teachers and administrators want a clear statewide rule rather than having to enforce policies themselves. Opponents raised concerns about local control, the breadth of the term “personal communication device,” and whether the bill would interfere with instructional uses of devices, especially in schools that rely on bring-your-own-device or have limited access to school-issued laptops.
Members debated Amendment 2249H, which added an exception for teacher-led instruction and clarified that superintendent-approved exceptions could still apply for medical, disability, or language-proficiency needs. After discussion about whether the amendment was too restrictive or too broad, the committee adopted the amendment on a 9-8 vote, with one member not voting. The committee then voted 9-8, with one not voting, to recommend Senate Bill 206 ought to pass as amended.
The committee then moved to Senate Bill 96, concerning mandatory disclosure by school district employees to parents. The sponsor offered Amendment 2199H to replace language that would have required referral to DCYF whenever an educator withheld information due to concern about possible abuse at home. The amendment instead allows a district to withhold information if a reasonably prudent person would believe disclosure would result in abuse, abandonment, or neglect, and requires the decision to be documented in the student record. The amendment was discussed as a narrower, more workable safeguard, and the committee was still in discussion on the bill at the end of the transcript.
KY
Kentucky 2025 Regular Session
Make America Healthy Again Kentucky Task Force (8-20-25)
Transcript Highlights:
- <00:08:10.240>
and recently promulgated a rule and recently promulgated a rule and indicated - So we don't interpret it.
- <00:26:02.640>
We so we don't we don't interpret it. - We so we don't we don't interpret it.
- <01:01:05.280>
it, get a mammogram, not to interpret it, get a mammogram, not to interpret
Summary:
The task force met for its third meeting, approved the minutes, and heard testimony from Dr. Jack on behalf of the American Beverage Association and Kentucky Beverage Association. Dr. Jack argued that the “totality of the science” supports low- and no-calorie sweeteners as safe and useful tools for reducing sugar and calories, citing FDA and other domestic and international reviews, clinical trials, and the FDA’s recent healthy-label rule. He also described the industry’s transparency efforts, including a “Good to Know” database compiling ingredient and safety information, and said the beverage industry has voluntarily worked to offer more choices with less sugar.
Members questioned him about whether beverage ingredients are restricted in other countries, possible health effects beyond weight and cancer, concerns about metabolic issues and gut microbiome effects, whether sweeteners are addictive, and why companies do not simply remove sweeteners. Dr. Jack responded that most ingredients are permitted in many jurisdictions, that broad food-safety reviews have looked at multiple endpoints and found the ingredients safe, that the gut microbiome is still being studied, and that recent clinical evidence does not show increased sweetness preference. He also said business decisions about formulations are up to companies and noted that cane sugar and high-fructose corn syrup are metabolically similar.
The committee also discussed consumer apps and ingredient-scoring tools; Dr. Jack said the industry’s website presents facts without interpretation and is based on food-safety agency assessments. At the end of his testimony, the chair accepted additional fact sheets for the committee. The meeting then moved on to introduce Dr. Gary Huber, who began testimony by emphasizing integrative medicine, metabolic syndrome, and the role of diet, exercise, sleep, and stress in health, but his full presentation was not included in the excerpt.
KY
Kentucky 2026 Regular Session
House Legislative Session Day 35 (2-26-26) - Reupload
Kentucky House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- would move for a suspension of the rules would move for a suspension of the rules in<00:51:03.440
- voting I motion to suspend the rules voting I motion to suspend the rules fall<01:01:37.520>
- <01:14:28.480>
Roll suspension of the rules vote I. Roll suspension of the rules vote I. - We've followed the rules. every level. We've followed the rules.
- on Committees and Rules Committee. on Committees and Rules Committee.
Keywords:
Several minutes after the convene vote and before the introduction failed to properly steam.
This version was pulled from a local back up., 958, all
Summary:
The House convened with 97 members present, declared a quorum, approved excusing absent members, and suspended the rules to allow co-sponsorships and vote modifications. The journal for February 25, 2026 was approved. The clerk also reported that the Senate had passed Senate Bills 98 and 122 and requested concurrence. The House then received second-reading reports on a range of bills, including measures on prison educational programs, respiratory care, dietitians, wildlife depredation, temporary structures, military families, civil rights, local boards of education, light pollution, controlled-substance prescribing licenses, youth health services, class sizes for exceptional children, the athletic trainer compact, limited commercial driver’s licenses, and Senate Bill 145 relating to the Department of Agriculture and Alcohol Beverage Control.
Committee reports moved several bills forward, including the main budget bills House Bill 500 and House Bill 504, along with measures on workforce investment, data centers, domestic violence, guardians ad litem, domestic relations, health delivery and “food is medicine” initiatives, state personnel, open records, and fish and wildlife resources. House Bill 500 and House Bill 504 were taken from the Rules Committee and placed on the orders of the day. House Bill 500, the executive branch budget bill, was then taken up for third reading and explanation.
Members presented extensive floor explanations of House Bill 500 and House Committee Substitute 1, describing it as a “good first draft” of the executive budget. Supporters said the proposal emphasizes restrained spending growth, base reductions with exemptions for key areas, employee salary increments, and deposits to the Budget Reserve Trust Fund for future one-time investments. They highlighted funding for K-12 education, postsecondary aid and workforce training, Medicaid and behavioral health, public health infrastructure, pensions, veterans, public safety, economic development, tourism, and state technology and facility maintenance. The budget substitute was adopted by voice vote, and the discussion continued with detailed descriptions of the bill’s provisions; no final passage vote was shown in the excerpt.
WY
Wyoming 2026 Regular Session
Select Committee on School Finance Recalibration, June 25, 2026 - AM
Select Committee on School Finance Recalibration
Transcript Highlights:
- And how you want to read that, how you want to... ...want to interpret that.
- Each district sets its own rules.
- It's sort of how I interpreted that. That kind of makes sense, right?
- And, like anything, it takes time to adjust to the new rules.
- I am currently on the superintendent emergency draft on the superintendent emergency draft rules for
NH
Transcript Highlights:
- <01:02:22.319>
Um, their own rules. Um, their own rules. - education rules, I saw that changes in education rules, I saw that as<01:15:45.440>
giving <01: - rule making process?
- <01:25:36.000>
We to know how much this rule costs. We to know how much this rule costs. - . interpretation. interpretation.
NH
Transcript Highlights:
- <01:16:15.520>
as not be subject to the same rules as not be subject to the same rules as - >> No<01:46:56.800>
rules. >> No rules. >> No rules. - that would be interpreted. that would be interpreted. >> Thank<04:37:04.080>
you. - court and asking a court to interpret court and asking a court to interpret it.<05:17:09.360>
- now we've got kind of a bright line rule now we've got kind of a bright line rule and<05:21:19.280
WA
Washington 2025-2026 Regular Session
House Local Government Oct 15th, 2025
Transcript Highlights:
- We'll then do an explanation of some of the recent categorical exemptions in the SEPA rules pertinent
- Ecology acts as the SEPA rules administrator, adopting and amending the SEPA rules.
- Ecology also provides training and technical assistance for interpreting the SEPA rules.
- What SEPA covers is defined in the elements of the environment listed in the SEPA rules.
- The minor new construction exemption is one example of exemptions in the SEPA rules.
Summary:
The Local Government Committee met in work session and heard a series of presentations on SEPA, permitting reforms, and building code implementation. Department of Ecology staff gave an overview of the State Environmental Policy Act, explaining its role in state and local decision-making, common exemptions, planned actions, and recent housing-related statutory changes such as transit-oriented development exemptions and SEPA appeals protections for certain local ordinances. Committee members asked about repeated SEPA reviews, cultural and historic resource review, and how SEPA relates to NEPA; Ecology responded that repeated reviews usually occur when proposals change and that programmatic EISs can help front-load analysis. Seattle’s Department of Construction and Inspections described how recent SEPA exemptions reduced residential review volume and supported more housing permits, and said the city is considering raising thresholds further.
The State Building Code Council provided an update on code adoption timelines and legislative tasks tied to the 2024 codes, including single-stair housing, multiplex housing, dwelling unit size, and temporary emergency shelter standards. Council staff said the content of the codes is largely set, but administrative timelines have been delayed, prompting a motion to postpone final adoption while pursuing ways to preserve the planned implementation schedule. Members asked about the timing of code changes and the impact on housing costs, and staff said the legislative topics remain on track for inclusion in the 2024 code package.
Committee staff then reviewed recent permitting legislation, including SB 5290’s permit decision deadlines and fee-refund provisions, later bills limiting pre-application meetings and clarifying that building permits are excluded from those timelines, and project-specific changes affecting middle housing, ADUs, lot splits, passive house projects, self-certification, transit-oriented development, and parking requirements. Commerce’s Dave Anderson reported on SB 5290 implementation, including guidance on permit fees, studies on staffing and statewide permitting systems, grants to local governments, and the first annual performance report, which showed mixed results and highlighted the importance of digital tools, clear checklists, staff training, and coordination across departments. Local officials from Issaquah and Kitsap County described their own process improvements, including code updates, optional pre-application meetings, new staffing, reporting systems, and a phased “Two by Six” review model in Kitsap, while also noting challenges from staffing shortages, agency coordination, and the burden of implementing multiple new mandates.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- active military member, either as an owner of the vehicle or in the vehicle, however they may need to interpret
- military member, either as an owner of the vehicle or in the vehicle, however, they may need to interpret
- Mitch, you know the rules. Yes, sir, Mr. Chairman, Senators.
Keywords:
military status, vehicle registration, veterans, Texas transportation, state records, discrimination, employment rights, spouses of service members, labor code, SB 2543, Texas veterans cemeteries, state veterans cemetery, Texas Veterans Commission, Veterans Land Board, Natural Resources Code, veterans land fund, veterans housing assistance fund, veterans burial, burial eligibility, cemetery location
Summary:
The Senate Committee on Veteran Affairs heard several bills focused on veterans’ mental health, criminal justice coordination, cemetery expansion, housing, vehicle registration, and anti-discrimination protections. SB 2926 would transfer administration of veterans’ mental health initiatives from HHSC to the Texas Veterans Commission, create a community-based mental health grant program, require a statewide veteran suicide prevention action plan, and add annual reporting requirements. SB 2938 would require county jails to verify and report veteran status at intake, help veteran inmates apply for federal benefits, and provide access to county veteran services and free visitation with service coordinators. Both bills were described as joint or practical efforts to improve coordination and service delivery for veterans, and both were left pending after no public testimony was offered.
The committee also heard SB 2543, which would give more flexibility to expand the Texas veterans cemetery system, and SB 2545, which would explore using manufactured homes as another affordable housing option for veterans through the Veterans Land Board. SB 2545 drew questions about how manufactured-home loans would work; a Texas Veterans Land Board witness said implementation would likely require closing at a title company rather than through a retail bill of sale, and the Texas Manufactured Housing Association testified in support. Both cemetery and housing bills were left pending.
Members then heard SB 2007, which would let vehicle registration applicants voluntarily designate military status so the DMV could record it and help with benefits and towing/impound issues involving deployed service members. Witnesses from the towing industry and DMV supported the bill, saying the current system lacks enough identifying information to run military-status checks and that the indicator could help prevent vehicles from being sold while owners are deployed. SB 2104 would add military status as a protected class under state anti-discrimination laws for employment, housing, and utilities; the author said it would address ongoing discrimination against service members, veterans, and military families. The Texas VFW supported the bill, citing the Leroy Torres case as an example of why additional state protections are needed. After discussion about overlap with federal law and existing state protections, SB 2104 was also left pending.
MN
Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session
Governor's education policy bill discussed 3/11/26
Minnesota House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- of a ruling from the Minnesota Court of Appeals on this issue.
- of a ruling from the Minnesota Court of Appeals on this issue.
- of a ruling from the Minnesota Court of Appeals on this issue.
- <00:25:32.640>
without <00:25:33.039>bother under federal rules without bother under - federal rules without bother without<00:25:34.080>
interfering <00:25:34.480>with <00:25
CA
California 2025-2026 Regular Session
Joint Hearing Health Committee and Privacy Committee and Consumer Protection Committee May 28th, 2025
Transcript Highlights:
- This does not serve as an interpreter.
- Serve as an interpreter.
- I think those rules can be applied here. I think courts will get there.
- “I think those rules can be applied here. I think courts will get there.
- That’s the exception, not the rule.
Summary:
The joint informational hearing of the Assembly Health and Privacy Committees focused on generative AI in health care, with opening remarks emphasizing both its potential to improve care and its risks around privacy, bias, liability, workforce impacts, and unequal access. Chair Bauer-Kahan and Chair Bonta framed the discussion around how California can encourage beneficial innovation while protecting patients, especially given the sensitivity of health data and the possibility that AI could worsen existing disparities if not carefully governed.
The first panel featured representatives from Cedars-Sinai, Kaiser Permanente, Penguin AI, and Google, who described current uses of AI such as ambient clinical scribes, nursing documentation tools, imaging triage, maternal-fetal risk prediction, and administrative automation. Speakers said these tools can reduce clinician burden, improve patient experience, speed treatment, and in some cases improve outcomes, including a reported mortality benefit from a Kaiser predictive model and faster thrombectomy times at Cedars-Sinai. Members raised concerns about accuracy with accents and multilingual visits, whether predictive tools could reinforce bias or lead to more interventions such as C-sections, and how to ensure a human remains in the loop for important decisions.
The second panel, including representatives from the California Health Care Foundation, UC Berkeley, and Stanford, focused on policy and governance challenges. Testimony highlighted examples of AI supporting homelessness outreach and community health work, but also warned that biased algorithms can encode inequities, especially when trained on data that reflect under-treatment of Black, rural, or low-income patients. Witnesses urged clearer standards for trustworthy AI, stronger monitoring and governance structures, better data access for accountability, and attention to the safety net’s limited resources. Several speakers argued that states should require health systems to have AI governance processes, clarify liability between developers and deployers, and regulate downstream uses of AI while preserving access to data for lifesaving research and oversight.