Video & Transcript Research : 'Native Hawaiian practices'
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CA
California 2025-2026 Regular Session
Senate Natural Resources and Water Committee Apr 21st, 2026
Natural Resources and Water
Transcript Highlights:
- So this is a practical approach.
- The Australian Code of Practice was The Australian Code of Practice was developed after years of research
- Australian practices are the gold standard.
- And in practice, many are left ...required to make reasonable efforts to find them, and in practice,
- practice.
Summary:
The committee heard SB 1393, an omnibus update to the Fish and Game Code covering steelhead trout and Dungeness crab management. The author and supporters said the bill would strengthen the steelhead trout report card program, extend and refine Dungeness crab management, and clarify vessel transit rules in closed crab fishing areas. The Nature Conservancy, Trout Unlimited, and other supporters said the measure implements long-standing task force recommendations and supports both conservation and coastal fishing communities. There was no opposition, and the bill was moved forward on a 4-0 vote to Appropriations.
The committee also heard SB 1250, which would require Caltrans to incorporate wildlife connectivity into transportation planning and asset management, set performance targets, and coordinate with wildlife agencies. Supporters from conservation, animal welfare, land trust, and local government groups said the bill would reduce wildlife-vehicle collisions, improve public safety, and better integrate crossings, culverts, and fencing into routine highway projects. The California Building Industry Association moved to a neutral position after amendments clarified the bill would apply to transportation right-of-way planning and not create exactions on private property. Members discussed the bill’s relationship to Caltrans planning authority and existing funding, and it was passed to Appropriations on a 4-0 vote.
Senator Gonzalez’s SB 1268, which would codify the state’s Outdoors for All initiative, also received broad support from environmental justice, conservation, parks, and recreation groups. Testimony emphasized inequitable access to parks and nature, especially for low-income communities and communities of color, and said the bill would make the initiative more durable by placing it in statute. The chair and members spoke in favor of expanding outdoor access, and the bill was approved on a 3-0 vote with some members not yet voting.
The committee then heard three Western Joshua tree bills from Senator Ochoa Bogh. SB 1061 would streamline relocation of limited numbers of trees without fees in certain cases; SB 1062 would require proportionate or tiered mitigation fees for public utilities and agencies; and SB 1063 would create an expedited, fee-free permitting path for basic residential utility and wildfire-hardening projects. Supporters, including local water agencies, counties, and farm and business groups, said the current law imposes heavy costs on desert residents and ratepayers. Opponents, including wildlife and conservation organizations, argued the bills would weaken protections for a species they said is threatened by climate change and habitat loss, and noted that existing administrative processes are already addressing fees and permitting. After amendments, opposition was withdrawn on SB 1061 and SB 1062, and both bills advanced on 3-0 votes to Appropriations; SB 1063 remained under discussion in the portion provided.
VT
Vermont 2025-2026 Regular Session
Senate Session - 2026-02-27 - 11:30AM
Vermont Senate Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- We now have S. 163, an act relating to the role of advanced practice registered nurses in hospital care
- Listen to the third reading of the bill. >> S. 163, an act relating to the role of advanced practice
- Listen to the third reading of the bill. >> S. 163, an act relating to the role of advanced practice
- registered nurses in hospital practice registered nurses in hospital care. care. care.
- And we even heard, native language.
US
US Federal 2025-2026 Regular Session
US House Floor Proceedings (Tuesday, February 4, 2025)
US Federal House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- to aged, blind, or disabled Alaska Natives or descendants of Alaska Natives from being used to determine
- in need in our Alaska Native communities.
- H.R. 43, the Alaska Native Village Municipal Lands Restoration Act, would amend the Alaska Native Claims
- payments to Alaska Natives.
- Under current law, when an Alaska Native village corporation receives land pursuant to the Alaska Native
AZ
Arizona 2026 Regular Session
01/28/2026 - Senate Health and Human Services
Health and Human Services
Transcript Highlights:
- The same harmful practices remain active today.
- The impact on Native communities has been especially severe.
- I'm a native of Arizona, and I'm a registered nurse at a very busy local hospital.
- And with that, I vote aye. ...here at the state to ensure that this horrendous practice is ended.
- This legislation aligns with many of Paragon's recommended best practices for program integrity.
Bills:
SB1051, SB1114, SB1115, SB1122, SB1132, SB1162, SB1169, SB1171, SB1172, SB1173, SB1174, SB1175, SB1179, SB1188, SB1233, SB1236, SB1242, SB1316, SB1368
Keywords:
SB1051, Arizona hospitals, immigration status, patient intake, admission forms, registration forms, health care reporting, uncompensated care, emergency department, lawfully present, undocumented immigrants, noncitizen patients, hospital funding, Arizona Department of Health Services, ADHS, border security, health care institutions, patient privacy, medical access, immigration policy
MA
Massachusetts 2025-2026 Regular Session
Joint Committee on State Administration and Regulatory Oversight Jun 21st, 2026 at 11:00 am
Joint Committee on State Administration and Regulatory Oversight
Transcript Highlights:
- Let's recognize the contributions of Native Americans.
- We’re not talking about a historical Massachusetts Native American Day.
- It impacts not only our Native children, in particular, but frankly non-Native people generally, to pretend
- We are not anti-American with Natives.
- Native Americans also.
Summary:
The hearing covered a wide range of bills, with substantial testimony on commemorative days and several local development measures. Early testimony focused on competing proposals about Indigenous Peoples’ Day: Senator Comerford and others supported redesignating the second Monday in October as Indigenous Peoples’ Day, while several Italian American legislators and advocates opposed changing Columbus Day and instead urged a separate Indigenous Peoples’ Day on August 9 or another date. Committee members noted the long-running debate, discussed the state flag and motto review process, and emphasized that any changes would require legislation. No votes were taken during the hearing.
The committee also heard strong support for a Fred Korematsu Day bill, with testimony from advocates, legal organizations, community leaders, and Korematsu’s daughter. Witnesses described Korematsu’s resistance to Japanese American incarceration during World War II, argued that his story remains relevant amid current immigration and civil liberties concerns, and said the designation would help educate students and the public. A separate bill to designate September as PCOS Awareness Month drew testimony from Senator Miranda and health advocates, who described the disorder’s prevalence, frequent misdiagnosis, fertility and pregnancy risks, and the value of public awareness and education.
Other bills discussed included a Domestic Workers’ Rights Day proposal, supported by Representative Garcia and Representative Sousa, who spoke about the invisibility and vulnerability of domestic workers and the importance of recognizing their labor. The committee also heard support for a veteran suicide awareness and remembrance day, a Boston branch library and affordable housing project in Dorchester, and a Fall River waterfront redevelopment bill transferring land to the local redevelopment authority for a major mixed-use project. In addition, Senator Miranda testified in favor of a memorial portrait for former Representative Doris Bunty, highlighting her pioneering role in the legislature and Boston public housing. The hearing was hybrid and lengthy, with the chair repeatedly asking witnesses to be concise and noting that testimony would be public record.
HI
Transcript Highlights:
- Deem surveillance pricing an unfair and deceptive practice.
- Deem surveillance pricing an unfair and deceptive practice. Provide certain exemptions.
- Deem surveillance pricing an unfair and deceptive practice. Provide certain exemptions.
- Deem surveillance pricing an unfair and deceptive practice.
- Provide certain exemptions. >> First up is the Office of Hawaiian Affairs.
Summary:
The committees heard testimony on several personnel and employment bills. SB 2119 would require the state or counties to reimburse public officers and employees for approved work-related travel costs within 30 days; testifiers from the State Procurement Office, UPW, HGA, the University of Hawaii Professional Assembly, and others supported the measure, citing delayed reimbursements. SB 3131 would update state position titles by changing “private secretary” to “executive assistant” and “secretary” to “administrative assistant” where applicable, and it drew support from DEED and comments from the State Librarian. SB 3069 would permanently exempt a limited number of specialized positions in DAGS Public Works and the Comptroller’s office from civil service; DAGS, HCDA, and DEED supported it, while UPW opposed it. Committee members questioned whether the exemption should be narrower and whether the positions should be consultants or actual employees, and DAGS said the roles were narrowly tailored, highly specialized, and intended to help manage complex projects such as Aloha Stadium, the convention center, and other major redevelopment work.
The committee then heard SB 3180, which would repeal the limit on temporary employment in a single position for two 89-day terms. Testimony included support from the Procurement Office, DOE, DHRD, the State Librarian in opposition, UPW written comments, HGA, the Grassroots Institute of Hawaii, and others. Discussion focused on whether the bill was needed to address abuse of repeated 89-day hires and whether it would affect recruitment and career pathways. Finally, SB 2137 would allow departments, divisions, and agencies to assume hiring and recruitment functions from DHRD under certain conditions. DHRD opposed the bill, saying existing law already allows delegation and that agency-level recruitment often lacks the expertise and staffing to do the work; UHPA supported it, and UPW submitted written support. In questioning, DHRD said it had reduced backlog and was now current on screening, while also offering programs like Operation Hire Hawaii for faster agency-led recruitment.
NM
New Mexico 2026 Regular Session
House - Chamber Meeting Feb 6th, 2026 at 11:19 am
New Mexico House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- Native Americans that we grew up with, that are our brothers and sisters.
- It has been 73 years ago that Native Americans legally won the vote It has been 73 years ago that Native
- communities as well as Native people across the state.
- Pretty Plume is a Native American champion powwow dancer.
- Welcome to Native American Day, Indian Day. Crownpoint rocks.
Bills:
HB111, HJR1, HB61, HB8, HB30, HB43, HB156, HJM2, HM7, HM17, HM4, HM22, HM23, HM24, HM26, HM2, HM16, HM11, HM14, HM21, HM34, HM50, HB70, SB3, HJM3
Keywords:
water law, state engineer, civil penalty, compliance order, water rights, overdiversion, illegal diversion, groundwater storage and recovery, well license, permit violation, water enforcement, New Mexico water code, irrigation district, conservancy district, water diversion, unauthorized water sales, measuring device, district court appeal, water resources, water compliance
CO
Colorado 2026 Regular Session
Colorado Senate 2026 Legislative Day 112 May 6th, 2026
Colorado Senate Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- <01:50:16.480>
pollinating a few years ago the native pollinating a few years ago the native - <01:51:02.239>
plants gallons a month because native plants gallons a month because native - <02:08:52.560>
and promoting good business practice and promoting good business practice and - And among practices that in 1969 we categorized as deceptive trade practices and proscribed and made
- You can fair information practices.
NM
New Mexico 2026 Regular Session
House - Government, Elections And Indian Affairs Feb 6th, 2026 at 08:32 am
House Government, Elections & Indian Affairs
Transcript Highlights:
- I'm a survivor of the government boarding school, the government relocation, and a victim of a Native
- The government utilized the Indian Health Service as a primary channel for the practice.
- The government utilized the Indian Health Service as a primary channel for these practices.
- Sterilization impacted Native families and communities, causing Native women to bear the heaviest burden
- And happy Native American Day. It's a pleasure to be with you this morning.
WY
Wyoming 2026 Regular Session
Select Committee on Tribal Relations, June 15, 2026 - AM
Select Committee on Tribal Relations
Transcript Highlights:
- and needs of Native students.
- April 12th and 13th will be the Native April 12th and 13th will be the Native American<00:50:06.920
- <00:50:21.800>
American <00:50:22.200>students Native American students Native American - challenges and needs of of Native challenges and needs of of Native students.<00:50:29.840>
So - exclusive to just our native children. exclusive to just our native children.
CA
California 2025-2026 Regular Session
Assembly Natural Resources Committee Jun 23rd, 2025
Transcript Highlights:
- Moreover, the burning of agricultural waste, while an established practice, results in massive amounts
- People sometimes get us confused with the California Native Plant Society.
- Invasive plants harm native plants.
- We're trying to protect native plants and native habitat for wildlife.
- We work to support... ...and native habitat for wildlife.
Summary:
The Assembly Natural Resources Committee met with some initial delay while waiting for quorum, then approved the consent calendar items SB 234, SB 484, and SB 839. The committee heard several bills focused on wildfire mitigation, biomass use, climate resilience, and geologic hazard mapping. Members and witnesses repeatedly emphasized the need to balance climate, air quality, public health, and land management goals, with testimony both supporting and opposing biomass-related proposals.
SB 88 (Caballero) would direct state agencies to support beneficial uses of forest and agricultural biomass, including biochar and low-carbon energy. Supporters argued it would reduce open burning, improve air quality, and create rural economic opportunities; opponents, including environmental groups, argued woody biomass energy is costly, polluting, and harmful to forests and communities. The bill passed as amended to Appropriations. SB 653 (Cortese) defining environmentally sensitive vegetation management also passed, with supporters describing it as a voluntary framework to align wildfire fuel reduction with biodiversity and habitat restoration; no opposition was heard, and a member requested to be added as a coauthor.
The committee also approved SCR 50 (Stern), which urges state climate agencies to define maladaptation and develop criteria for reviewing climate-related policies and investments, and SB 567 (Limón), a pilot program to study converting idle oil wells into gravity energy storage wells. SB 567 drew support from the sponsor and labor/local government witnesses, while the Water Replenishment District opposed unless amended, citing groundwater protection concerns in key basins and asking for additional safeguards. Finally, SB 831 (Limón) passed, clarifying the scope of geologic hazards to include conditions tied to climate change and natural disasters such as post-fire debris flows, subsidence, and coastal erosion. All measures were reported out of committee, with several absent-member votes later added to complete the roll.
NM
New Mexico 2025 Regular Session
IC - Legislative Health and Human Services Aug 19th, 2025
Legislative Health & Human Services Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- And 35.5% worked in other health facilities, which included private practice or smaller clinics. 80.6%
- He was in a private practice in a rural area.
- The report highlights Native harms but fails to center tribal solidarity.
- I would like to say that I was in Billing and Collections as a practice management person for over 30
- This is unheard of in any kind of practice management.
HI
Transcript Highlights:
- They see children who profiles clearly fit for medical alcohol exposure, but there are few practical
- exposure, but there are few practical exposure, but there are few practical tools<00:26:59.240><
- And all these wonderful evidence-based practices are not being applied to this population.
- Integrated care models are nationally recognized best practice for addressing complex patient needs.
- Integrated care models are nationally recognized best practice for addressing complex patient needs.
Keywords:
hospice, health care, aging population, regulations, Medicare, working group, fraud prevention, quality of care, mental health, recidivism, civil commitment, Hawaii State Hospital, justice system, shelter, treatment pathways, biomarker testing, health insurance, precision medicine, healthcare access, medical necessity
Summary:
The committee heard testimony on SCR 21 SD1, which asks Hawaii Health Systems Corporation’s East Hawaii Regional Health Care System to study the feasibility of a rural health clinic or similar access point for the Volcano community. Testimony in strong support came from HHSC representatives, Volcano residents, the Volcano Health Collaborative, the Rotary Club of Volcano, and others, who said the area has a clear need and that local primary and urgent care would align with regional plans. HHSC said it had already looked at the area, found no suitable temporary buildings, and would need a longer-term, capital-intensive solution, but that the study could help accelerate next steps.
The committee then took up SCR 50 SD1, proposing a Hawaii Health Plan Working Group to design a basic affordable health plan for residents. Dr. Jack Lewin of SHIPTA said the state faces a growing uninsured population and argued for a short-term, lower-cost plan focused on preventive and primary care, drawing on the old State Health Insurance Plan as a possible model. Members asked about whether that prior program still exists and whether the working group should include the Hawaii Medical Association and Hawaii Primary Care Association; Dr. Lewin said the statute still exists but is unfunded, and that the group should be inclusive. The Department of Labor and other organizations also provided comments.
For SCR 75 SD1, which urges a coordinated interdepartmental effort to reduce fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, Dr. Lewin and others said prevention, prenatal screening, and early intervention are needed because FASD is often hidden until later problems appear. Amanda from Hawaii FASD Action Group said current implementation under Act 192 is still largely a landscape analysis and that Hawaii lacks the infrastructure and specialists for a full system. Darlene Chance Govor urged adding the judiciary as a partner so juvenile justice and probation staff can be trained and referral pathways improved, while the Department of Health said it supports prevention but prefers a broader, systems-based approach focused on child needs and upstream care. The Disability Rights Center supported the resolution and asked for an earlier reporting date.
The committee also heard SCR 149 SD1, which seeks an informal working group to address complex patients with multiple diagnoses involving substance use, mental health, or chronic physical illness. The Hawaii Substance Abuse Coalition and Ke Nui Malo strongly supported the measure, saying current siloed systems leave people bouncing between medical, mental health, and substance use providers without coordinated care, often ending up in crisis, emergency rooms, or the justice system. They said integrated residential care and a coordinated working group could improve outcomes and align with federal funding opportunities. The transcript ended before any final vote or action on the measures was announced, and SCR 109 was noted as withdrawn from the agenda.
NM
New Mexico 2025 Regular Session
IC - Legislative Education Study Sep 3rd, 2025
Transcript Highlights:
- So 4,200 were Native American and local. Native American.
- Chair, any best practices training besides...
- Index, is funding formula related to the education for Native American students.
- We spent a lot of time in my building on the math practices, the eight math practices.
- It highlights, actually, a majority of the Native American population.
CA
California 2025-2026 Regular Session
Assembly Water, Parks, and Wildlife Committee Mar 25th, 2025
Transcript Highlights:
- These birds are highly territorial and aggressive, often displacing native waterfowl species like ducks
- They drive out native waterfowl, and they also, frankly, degrade wetland habitat.
- So essentially what we're considering today would be consistent with what has already been practiced
- Well, there's standard mitigation practices for every industry. I don't know that there's a path.
- Well, there's standard mitigation practices for every industry.
Summary:
The committee heard several water, parks, and wildlife bills. AB 764 would expand the list of exotic non-game birds that can be managed in California to better control mute swan populations; the author and California Waterfowl said swans are invasive, aggressive, and rapidly increasing, while no opposition testified. The bill passed to Appropriations. AB 616 would make the State Library Parks Pass program permanent by allowing state parks to transfer annual day-use passes to the State Library free of charge; supporters said it improves equitable access to parks, especially for low-income families, and the bill passed unanimously to Appropriations.
AB 293 would require groundwater sustainability agencies to post board membership and a link to Form 700 filings online. Supporters, including the Community Alliance with Family Farmers, argued it would improve transparency and public trust, while opponents said the requirement was redundant and could discourage service on GSA boards. The bill passed, but with some no votes. AB 639 would narrow the definition of dams so certain weirs used for irrigation would not be subject to dam regulations; the author and technical witnesses said the structures pose no safety risk and are already closely managed, while members urged the bill be narrowed further to the Kings River area. It passed as amended to Appropriations.
AB 679 would streamline land transfers for Big Basin Redwoods, Año Nuevo, and Butano State Parks by exempting those acquisitions from the Public Works Board process. Supporters said it would speed conservation and park rebuilding after the CZU fire, while one member opposed it over cost and broader state land-management concerns; it passed as amended. AB 454 would remove the sunset on the California Migratory Bird Protection Act, making state protections for migratory birds permanent after federal rollback concerns; it passed as amended to Appropriations. The committee also adopted its 2025-26 rules and approved the consent calendar, and the meeting adjourned after add-on votes were taken for absent members.
MN
Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session
House Floor Session 5/17/26 - Part 1
Minnesota House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- That has not yet become statutory law, but it does align with the practice from last session as well
- This aligns with our past practice on facilities and a necessary housekeeping step as well.
- <00:13:52.920>
communities injustices faced by native communities injustices faced by native - Whereas Native American communities continue to demonstrate resilience and leadership in areas such as
- encourages all Minnesotans to honor and celebrate the histories, cultures, and contributions of the Native
Summary:
The House convened with prayer, the Pledge of Allegiance, roll call, and a quorum present. The journal of the previous day was approved, Senate File 4515 was read for a second time, and House Files 5156 through 5160 were introduced and given first reading. The chamber also received a Senate message regarding Senate File 2077, which had been taken from the table and assigned new Senate conferees.
The House agreed to the Senate’s request for a conference committee on Senate File 2077, and the Speaker later appointed Representatives Heinsman, McDonald, Vang, and Fischer to that committee. The Rules and Legislative Administration Committee brought forward resolutions to authorize continued House operations in advance of organization, direct correction and approval of the final House journal, and retain parking for members and employees between sessions; each was adopted. Members briefly discussed the continued operations resolution, with support noted as a housekeeping measure aligned with prior practice.
The House also adopted a resolution recognizing May as American Indian Month in Minnesota. The resolution highlighted Minnesota’s 11 federally recognized tribes, the state’s long recognition of American Indian Month, and the contributions and resilience of Dakota and Anishinaabe peoples, while urging collaboration with tribal nations. During announcements, Representative Vang noted the death of former Representative Michael Nelson and asked for a moment of silence. Representative Long asked about Senate File 4067, the gun violence prevention package, and was told it was being reviewed with other omnibus bills. The House then adopted a motion to adjourn until 10:00 a.m. Monday, May 18, 2026, and stood in recess.
US
US Federal 2025-2026 Regular Session
US House Floor Proceedings (Monday, March 16, 2026)
US Federal House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- religious school, or simply practicing religious school, or simply practicing their<00:12:19.640
- In practice, the very different.
- <04:47:09.080>
in wild wildfire mitigation practices in wild wildfire mitigation practices - crabs, striped bass, and other native crabs, striped bass, and other native fish<04:57:54.960>
- This program has native species.
MN
Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session
Cmte on Rules - Subcommittee on the Federal Impact on Minnesotans and Economic Stability - 01/29/26
Transcript Highlights:
- <01:29:02.960>
Americans Native Americans Native Americans unconscionable.<01:29:05.520>Thank - When enforcement operations intensify in Native homelands and urban Native centers, which are part of
- And yes, native people have detained. And yes, native people have been<02:35:40.479>
detained. - have been the majority of the native have been the majority of the native detainees<02:38:54.960
- So practices to protect the whereabouts again of our most vulnerable Native people are either not happening
Summary:
The hearing of the Minnesota Senate Select Subcommittee on Federal Impacts on Minnesotans and Economic Stability focused on federal immigration enforcement in Minnesota, especially ICE and CBP operations, and their alleged constitutional and civil-rights impacts. Opening remarks from both parties emphasized the need for calm, cooperation, and public safety, though they sharply differed on the causes of the current situation. Republican members argued that violent criminal undocumented immigrants should be removed and that state and local officials should cooperate with federal authorities. Senator McEwen and other Democrats described the federal presence as abusive and terrorizing, citing deaths, family separations, and community fear, and called for accountability and truth-telling. The chair also held a moment of silence for Renee Mlin Good and Alex Prey before testimony began.
Testimony from the ACLU of Minnesota and the Immigrant Law Center of Minnesota described what they said was a large-scale federal enforcement operation, including Operation Metro Surge, with widespread alleged violations of the First, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Tenth, and other constitutional amendments. Witnesses cited alleged racial profiling, warrantless arrests, excessive force, denial of counsel, detention out of state, and failure to comply with court orders. They referenced specific cases involving Susan Tinure, Abdi Khadir Nure, Victor Manuel Diaz, and others, as well as reports of journalists and community members being threatened or detained while documenting ICE activity. The witnesses also said the federal government’s lack of transparency makes it difficult to know how many people have been detained or deported and argued that the harm extends to both immigrants and citizens.
Committee members asked questions about ICE entering homes without judicial warrants, federal claims about constitutional limits, and access to counsel for detainees moved out of state. The witnesses said that out-of-state detention, poor locator systems, paid phone access, and lack of privacy make legal representation difficult or impossible, and that civil-rights remedies often come too late because people are removed before cases are resolved. No votes or formal committee actions were taken during the portion of the hearing provided; the committee moved from opening statements into testimony and member questions.
CA
California 2025-2026 Regular Session
Assembly Select Committee on Native American Affairs May 6th, 2026
Transcript Highlights:
- We need stronger protections for Native children in foster care.
- We need stronger protections for native children in foster care.
- families, and the difference between a Native family and a non-Native family, and where's the accountability
- And it allowed the taking of Native children.
- And it allowed the taking of Native children.
CA
California 2025-2026 Regular Session
Assembly Budget Subcommittee No. 6 on Public Safety Mar 24th, 2025
Transcript Highlights:
- Consistent with its typical practice for administering competitive grants.
- They also identified that knowing more Native American organizations, providers, agencies, that could
- provide services for Native youth would be helpful to them.
- Our Tribal Corps is led by Chief Judge Abby Abinanti, who is a Yurok tribal member, the first Native
- We also have a brief on our website about how to serve Native youth in the juvenile justice system.