Video & Transcript Research : 'rape kit'

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TX

Texas 89th Regular

State Affairs (Part II) Apr 3rd, 2025

State Affairs

Transcript Highlights:
  • Also in 2021, in Rikers prison, a male transgender-identifying inmate was convicted of raping a female
  • The reason he was an inmate was because he horrifically raped...
  • The reason he was an inmate was because he horrifically raped a three-month-old infant 10 years prior
  • a player on the women's team and also be in their locker room for close to a year, was using a tuck kit
  • together, and she walked into the bathroom and stumbled across his backpack, and there was the tuck kit
Summary: The committee first heard Senate Bill 1183, by Senator Creighton, which would require Lone Star Cards used for SNAP and TANF benefits to display the recipient’s name and photo, add fraud-reporting information, and require HHSC to track replacement-card requests. Creighton argued the bill would reduce fraud and protect taxpayer dollars, citing Texas SNAP theft and overpayment data. HHSC testified that photo IDs on the card are technically possible and explained how authorized secondary users are added. Dr. Amber O’Connor of Every Texan testified against the bill, saying SNAP fraud is a small share of expenditures, that the proposal would be costly and ineffective, and that federal rules limit mandatory photo requirements. Public testimony closed and SB 1183 was left pending. The committee then heard Senate Bill 1184, also by Senator Creighton, which would lower from 20 years to 10 years the minimum age of collectible wine that Texas collectors may sell to permitted restaurants. Supporters said the change would help Texas restaurants access desirable vintages, keep collectible wine in-state, and align with market demand; invited witnesses from the wine industry testified in favor. No opposition was heard, public testimony closed, and SB 1184 was left pending. Next, Senator Birdwell laid out Senate Bill 2051 and Senate Joint Resolution 68, both aimed at revising Texas impeachment procedures in response to issues identified during the 2023 impeachment process. The measures would clarify constitutional and statutory impeachment authority, require sworn testimony, extend review periods for House members, address conflicts of interest and presiding officers, require cost reporting, and modify rules for impeaching the governor or lieutenant governor. A committee substitute added protections for the accused, longer review periods, and a fallback presiding-officer option. Witnesses generally supported stronger accountability but raised questions about whether the language should also cover retired or visiting judges. Both measures were left pending after testimony. The committee also heard Senate Bill 1577, which would expand Texas Motor Speedway’s alcohol sales authority to include distilled spirits and remove certain event and concession limits; the Speedway’s representative supported the bill and it was left pending. Later, the committee heard Senate Concurrent Resolution 42 and Senate Bill 240, which would recognize only two sexes and restrict access to sex-designated private spaces in public facilities based on biological sex. Supporters argued the measures were needed to protect women’s privacy and safety, including in schools and shelters, while opponents warned about enforcement problems, privacy concerns, and impacts on transgender Texans and others who do not fit stereotypical sex traits. After extensive testimony, both measures were left pending. The committee then took up multiple pending bills and reported several favorably, including SB 511, SB 33, SB 510, SB 871, SB 2024, SB 2166, SJR 27, SJR 40, SB 1313, SB 1314, SB 1316, SB 1541, SB 2420, SB 1999, SB 2309, SB 1860, and SB 2429, with some also certified for the local and uncontested calendar.
TX

Texas 89th Regular

Homeland Security, Public Safety & Veterans' Affairs Apr 30th, 2025

Homeland Security, Public Safety & Veterans' Affairs

Transcript Highlights:
  • We've had a backlog of rape kits, and so people are not being able to access justice because that data
  • I think did a really good job of making sure that those kits are more readily available.
  • But then if you don't have the analysts who can actually process those kits, then you still have a backlog
TX
Transcript Highlights:
  • In this Criminal Justice Committee this session, we have heard numerous examples of rape kit backlogs
  • We're currently only solving around 53 percent of homicides and less than 20 percent of rapes and sexual
TX

Texas 89th Regular

Criminal Justice (Part II) Apr 29th, 2025

Criminal Justice

Transcript Highlights:
  • In this criminal justice committee this session we have heard numerous examples of rape kit packages.
  • We're currently only solving around 53% of homicides and less than 20% of rapes and sexual assaults,
LA

Louisiana 2026 Regular Session

Administration of Criminal Justice May 12th, 2026

Administration of Criminal Justice

Transcript Highlights:
  • We've had a few bills on the crime lab handling the rape kit tracking system, and, you know, over the
  • We've had a few bills on the crime lab handling the rape kit tracking system, and, you know, over the
Summary: The Criminal Justice Committee met on May 12 and took up a series of bills, mostly on juvenile justice, gaming-related background checks, bail/electronic bonds, and corrections policy. Early in the meeting, the committee reported favorably SB 258 on juvenile traffic violations, SB 321 on electronic bonds, SB 134 on limiting certain child sexual abuse material offenses for juveniles under 17 in specific circumstances, HB 75 on promotional play for racetracks as amended, and SB 422 on unsupervised probation for certain fourth-offense impaired driving cases. Later, the committee also advanced SB 440 on the Renaissance District board membership, SB 393 on explosives regulation, SB 487 on charitable gaming rental arrangements, SB 339 and SB 288 on criminal background check procedures in the gaming and related regulatory systems, and SB 325 on excluding certain persons from sports wagering. A major portion of the hearing focused on SB 201, which would change juvenile homicide sentencing procedures, including first- and second-degree murder cases, and how reviewing courts consider parole eligibility and prior death sentences converted to life. Supporters said the bill aligns sentencing with existing Supreme Court precedent and gives courts clearer guidance; opponents from children’s rights and civil liberties groups argued it weakens the “rarest and uncommon” safeguard for juvenile life-without-parole sentences and could expand harsh sentencing beyond constitutional limits. After debate and testimony, the committee adopted an amendment and reported SB 201 favorably by a 7-3 vote, with Representatives Adams, Knox, Moore, and others voting no. The committee also heard SB 523 on clemency and sentencing considerations for defendants who are victims of domestic abuse, human trafficking, or sexual assault. Survivors’ advocates and domestic violence organizations supported the bill’s overall purpose but objected to the mandatory pre-sentence investigation language, warning it could introduce biased information and harm survivors; the Board of Pardons and Parole said its staff and trauma-informed victim assistance coordinators are trained to handle these cases. The committee adopted an amendment narrowing the bill and then reported SB 523 favorably. Finally, SB 320 on DNA detection and crime lab reporting was advanced without opposition, and SB 470 on pregnant women in custody passed after testimony from the Louisiana Sheriffs’ Association and discussion of pregnancy testing, bonding options, and prohibiting shackling during delivery and postpartum periods.
CA
Transcript Highlights:
  • So now we're gonna provide swab kits to the employees as well.
  • So we'll be able to to reduce that cost basically and administer swab kits within the facilities Thank
  • considering how long to provide funding, providing limited term funding is kind of a important tool kit
  • We are a local rape crisis center that serves eastern Los Angeles and western San Bernardino counties
Keywords: 988, house, all
LA
Transcript Highlights:
  • For alleged rape or sexual assault protocol, that parallels with domestic violence as well as with human
  • Evidence handling: this slide is on the Louisiana kit tracking system.
  • So when a survivor gets a sexual assault kit, they get that little card with the kit tracking.
  • You would never know that a sexual assault kit was being done in that room to somebody who is sitting
Summary: The first meeting of the Human Trafficking and Emergency Department Task Force focused on implementing Act 267, which created the body to develop a statewide human trafficking protocol to be incorporated into Louisiana’s sexual assault response plans. Chair Rep. Kelly Hennessy Dickerson and Office of Human Trafficking Prevention Director Mary Kate Andropont emphasized that the goal is a practical, transferable, survivor-centered protocol that can be adapted across regions and health systems. The task force also noted its timeline: use today’s presentations and member feedback to draft a protocol before the next meeting, then refine it into a final version. Presenters from hospitals, SANE programs, and advocacy organizations described current practices and gaps. Ochsner LSU Health Shreveport’s Operation Rahab and FMOLHS’s human trafficking policies highlighted staff education, badge buddies, anonymous admissions, hotline and law enforcement reporting, and coordination with community partners. SANE and forensic nursing presenters described red-dot privacy alerts, trauma-informed interviewing, and the need to train all hospital staff, not just ED clinicians, because trafficking victims may present repeatedly or in non-ED settings. LaFASA described statewide advocacy and legal support, while Unbound Now and BCFS/Common Thread explained Louisiana’s juvenile trafficking response under Act 662, including 24/7 crisis response, relational advocacy, and care coordination for minors. Members repeatedly raised the lack of safe housing, transportation, and placement options after identification, especially for adults, male survivors, and adults with special needs. Several presenters said that identifying victims is only the first step and that Louisiana still lacks enough resources for discharge and long-term stabilization. The task force also discussed the need for broader training across emergency departments, residency programs, nursing, housekeeping, maintenance, student health, mental health, and law enforcement, with members stressing that protocols should be clear, trauma-informed, and usable statewide. No votes were taken; the main action was to gather testimony, identify gaps, and begin drafting the statewide protocol.
WA

Washington 2025-2026 Regular Session

House Community Safety Dec 4th, 2025

Transcript Highlights:
  • We are not saying, for example, that statutory rape is a non-forcible offense.
  • When it comes to rape, more or less tracking the national average throughout the 10-year period.
  • also requires finishing the work that’s already begun in a lot of states on eliminating the massive rape
  • kit backlog that we’ve got.
  • that are unsolved, 28,000 aggravated assaults that occurred that are still unsolved, nearly 7,000 rapes
Summary: The House Committee on Community Safety held a December 4, 2025 work session focused first on crime trends and then on policing effectiveness. Adam Gelb of the Council on Criminal Justice reviewed long-term national data showing major declines in reported crime and victimization since the early 1990s, a pandemic-era spike in homicide and some violent crime, and a recent drop back toward pre-pandemic levels. He also highlighted a sharp decline in juvenile arrests and incarceration, a substantial reduction in racial disparities in imprisonment, and noted that much of the disparity reduction appears tied to changes in arrest patterns. James McMahon of the Washington Association of Sheriffs and Police Chiefs then presented Washington’s 2024 crime report, saying total crime fell 8.4% from 2023, with decreases in violent crime, property crime, murders, robberies, aggravated assaults, hate crimes, and vehicle theft, while crimes against society rose. He emphasized that domestic violence makes up about half of crimes against persons, that Washington remains above its 2019 levels in several categories, and that underreporting affects the data. Marshall Clement of the Council of State Governments Justice Center added that Washington remains one of the states still above 2019 violent-crime levels, with homicide and juvenile victimization especially concerning, and noted wide variation in juvenile arrests and violent-crime trends across cities and counties. Jeff Asher of the Real Time Crime Index said his near-real-time data through September 2025 suggests continued national and Washington declines in murder, violent crime, and property crime, with Washington’s murder trend likely continuing downward into 2025. The second half of the work session shifted to policing methods and clearance rates. Richard Hahn of the Niskanen Center argued that disorder and neighborhood conditions affect public safety perceptions, that environmental design and street lighting can reduce crime, and that police agencies need better deployment, investigative capacity, and clearance rates, especially amid staffing shortages. Mark Kropanski of Arnold Ventures summarized research finding that police staffing matters, hotspots and problem-oriented policing reduce crime, and better investigations increase deterrence and trust; he stressed that homicide clearance rates remain only around 60% in Washington and that property-crime clearance is much lower. Marshall Clement returned to focus on Washington’s solve rates, saying only 44% of violent crimes reported to police are solved, with 62% of homicides, 51% of aggravated assaults, 25% of rapes, and 31% of robberies cleared in 2024, and that large numbers of serious crimes remain unsolved over a three-year period. He urged state leaders to set goals, improve data collection, strengthen investigative resources, and support victims and witnesses. No votes or formal actions were taken; the session was informational and included extensive member questions about juvenile crime, domestic violence, underreporting, detective staffing, and how to improve clearance rates.
CA

California 2025-2026 Regular Session

Assembly Floor Session May 21st, 2026

California House Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • In 2015, our community was shaken to its core by the brutal rape and murder of 8-year-old Madison 'Maddie
  • In 2015, our community was shaken to its core by the brutal rape and murder of 8-year-old Madison 'Maddie
  • rise to present AB 1906, which requires health care plans to cover at-home cervical cancer screening kits
  • EPA-approved E-85 conversion kits, limiting access to this affordable fuel option.
  • AB 2046 would allow these approved conversion kits to operate in California, giving families greater
Keywords: 988, house, all
Summary: The Assembly met on May 7, 2026, after an initial delay due to lack of quorum, then proceeded through a long House of Origin deadline session focused mainly on floor votes for dozens of bills. The day opened with prayer, a moment of silence for victims of a hate-motivated shooting at an Islamic Center in San Diego, and a warning to visitors about disrupting proceedings. Leadership repeatedly urged members to be on time and at their desks as the chamber worked through a large daily file. The bills considered covered a wide range of topics, including artificial intelligence, community college trustee compensation, transit camera enforcement and privacy, taxation and excess proceeds claims, HOA rules, hepatitis C treatment access, child care planning, greenhouse energy standards, consumer lending, housing and homelessness, pet spay/neuter access, local financing for workforce housing, student financial aid, DUI penalties, senior housing, foster youth, behavioral health licensing, transit stop data, disaster response for child welfare, elections notices, safe surrender for infants, college enrollment and leave policies, insurance regulation, fair funding, school safety, environmental labeling, cash rounding, park passes through libraries, grocery access, pregnancy protections in education, swatting, domestic violence protective orders, farmworker housing, juvenile justice, cervical cancer screening, Medi-Cal transitions, disability certification, and home protection products. Most authors described their bills as cleanup measures, consumer protections, access expansions, or targeted fixes to existing law. Testimony from authors and supporters emphasized access, safety, affordability, and administrative simplification, while a few bills drew policy concerns or opposition, especially AB 1751 on townhome development and labor standards. That bill prompted extended debate over wages, prevailing wage, and stakeholder engagement, but it ultimately passed. Other notable discussion included AB 1628 to extend California’s safe surrender window for infants, AB 1902 on juvenile detention extension hearings, and AB 1925 on permanent disability certification, each framed as addressing difficult real-world gaps in current systems. The chamber took many roll-call votes, with most measures passing overwhelmingly and several by unanimous or near-unanimous margins. A few bills were temporarily passed, retained on file, or moved to the inactive file, and AB 1534 required the call to be lifted and then passed on a 54-8 vote. Overall, the session was dominated by floor action on the daily file rather than committee reports or gubernatorial messages, and the Assembly advanced a large number of bills on a deadline day.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
  • If I committed, say, 34 counts of felony business fraud, would I deserve to be raped?
  • If you want to protect women, why not prosecute people who are committing rape?
  • Why not make more funding to ensure that rape kits are tested?
  • Since then, 216 people have become pregnant as a result of rape in Texas.
  • However, this person was raped multiple times. ...by her brothers.
TX

Texas 89th 2nd C.S.

Human Services Mar 4th, 2025

Human Services

Transcript Highlights:
  • Uh, COVID, uh, test kits, COVID test kits, the, uh, current policy allows for the, Uh, dispensation of
  • 4 COVID test kits to any patient, uh, and Medicaid will pay for, for those 4, but for the 5th or further
  • To justify dispensing additional COVID test kits.
  • needs, like, human trafficking victims or a youth that has a diagnosis of IDD and autism, we have rape
WA

Washington 2025-2026 Regular Session

Senate Law & Justice Jun 4th, 2025

Transcript Highlights:
  • They were being raped by sexually aggressive youths who DHS Known alcoholics.
  • They were being raped by sexually aggressive youths who DHS improvidently put together with nine- and
  • Barty Ranch, where children were being horrifically raped.
  • Children were being raped.
  • That group home has staff members and sexually aggressive youths who are raping the kids.
Summary: The committee held a work session on tort liability and parole, with the chair explaining that the topics were linked because criminal justice reform and state liability often intersect, especially in cases involving child welfare and corrections. Staff first outlined Washington’s tort liability framework, including the state’s broad waiver of sovereign immunity, statutes governing mandatory reporting and investigation of abuse, the childhood sexual abuse statute of limitations, and the lack of caps on non-economic damages. Staff and presenters also compared Washington to other states and noted that Washington remains among the broadest states for state liability and childhood sexual abuse claims. Presenters from the Attorney General’s office, Washington State Association for Justice, DCYF, DSHS, and DOC discussed how tort exposure has grown, especially in claims involving DCYF, historical child abuse, juvenile rehabilitation, vulnerable adults, employment discrimination, medical negligence, and negligent supervision. DCYF and AG staff said claims and payouts are rising, with many claims tied to older abuse and new theories of liability, while defense counsel emphasized the human harm behind the claims and argued that tort cases have historically driven accountability and reform. Agency witnesses said they face large volumes of old claims with limited records, rising verdicts and settlements, and staffing and systems challenges, and they highlighted efforts such as early resolution programs, electronic health records, medication-assisted treatment, and improved incident review processes. The committee then shifted to parole. Sentencing experts reviewed Washington’s move from indeterminate sentencing to the current determinate sentencing system under the Sentencing Reform Act, and explained how parole could be integrated with sentencing guidelines through different models used in other states. They also summarized Criminal Sentencing Task Force recommendations related to a determinate-plus approach for three-strikes and persistent offender laws and a second-chance review process, noting there was no consensus on those ideas. Judges from the Minority and Justice Commission and the Superior Court Judges Association said a parole system could support rehabilitation and reduce disparities if it includes data collection, fairness, transparency, due process, and meaningful judicial review; they also pointed to research suggesting parole and structured reentry can reduce recidivism and costs, while warning that access and outcomes can vary by geography and other factors.
CA
Transcript Highlights:
  • So now we're going to provide swab kits to the employees as well.
  • So we'll be able to reduce that cost basically and administer swab kits within the facilities.
  • We are a local rape crisis center that serves eastern Los Angeles and western San Bernardino counties
  • We are a local rape crisis center that serves eastern Los Angeles and western San Bernardino counties
Summary: The subcommittee heard May Revision presentations for the Office of Emergency Services, Judicial Branch, CDCR, and the Department of Justice, with the LAO offering comments and recommendations throughout. For Cal OES, the administration outlined funding for relocating the Red Mountain communications site, increased FEMA reimbursement authority, cybersecurity grants, next-generation 911 support, and a reduction to the Flexible Cash Assistance for Survivors of Crime program. Members raised concerns about VOCA backfill and disaster reimbursement, while the LAO recommended approving the 911 request with reporting, adding contingency planning for cybersecurity grants, clarifying the FEMA reimbursement language, and increasing reporting on emergency spending. For the Judicial Branch, the May Revision included funding for implementation of the Trial Nations Access to Justice Act, reductions tied to court facilities and employee benefits, and General Fund solutions such as a reduction to the pretrial release program, a reversion from the Trial Court Trust Fund, and elimination of the jury duty pilot program. The LAO cautioned that the pretrial reduction could affect detention and release decisions and recommended tighter legislative oversight over the trust fund transfer and reallocation language. Members questioned the impact of the pretrial cut, the lack of Prop. 36 court funding, and the rationale for the jury pilot elimination; the Judicial Branch said it was generally supportive of the budget as proposed. CDCR presented requests for roof repairs, fire alarm replacements, CalAIM-related costs, and trailer bill changes on incarcerated college students, mental health hiring, and tuberculosis testing, along with a planned prison closure by October 2026. The department also proposed reducing or delaying several items, including radio replacement, ADA improvements, COVID mitigation, and some facility upgrades, while adding a $125 million placeholder for consultant-driven operational savings. The LAO recommended rejecting or reducing several San Quentin-related proposals, questioned the staffing and contract medical requests, and urged more transparency on the consultant savings plan; members expressed concern about the realism of the savings targets and the potential legal or operational risks from delaying ADA and radio projects. For DOJ, the May Revision proposed ongoing funding and 44 positions to defend against federal actions, IT and accounting system upgrades, implementation funding for AB 1877, and a special fund loan. The LAO supported the KLETS connection but asked for a contingency plan if the new DMV link is delayed, noted that AB 1877 would not be fully implemented without additional funding, and recommended limiting and reporting on the federal accountability workload. Members questioned the size and permanence of the DOJ request, the use of the earlier $25 million special session appropriation, and the pace of federal litigation; DOJ said the new request would support ongoing litigation, expert assistance, and coordination across multiple cases and states.
AL

Alabama 2026 1st Special Session

Alabama Senate Judiciary Committee Feb 3rd, 2026

Judiciary

Transcript Highlights:
  • 00:08:19.840> would<00:08:20.080> provide<00:08:20.319> that<00:08:20.720> rape
  • <00:08:21.039> in<00:08:21.199> the this bill would provide that rape in the this bill
  • would provide that rape in the first<00:08:21.520> degree,<00:08:21.919> sodomy<00:08:
  • the underlying offense, which is<00:13:56.240> uh<00:13:57.199> the<00:13:57.600> rape
  • of a child under 12, is uh the rape of a child under 12, let's<00:13:59.360> say,<00:14:00.160
NM
Transcript Highlights:
  • were to compare it to something that we've done recently, it was when we had these 300 unprocessed rape
  • kits.
  • were not prosecuting and victims did not have their day in court because we were not able to process kits
  • issue that we're still behind on processing, by the way, but we appropriated money to process those kits
Keywords: 996, all
NM
Transcript Highlights:
  • Officers have sample kits to be able to take samples.
  • This funding is specifically for sexual assault service providers or rape crisis centers across the state
NH

New Hampshire 2026 Regular Session

Senate Judiciary (02/03/2026)

Judiciary

Transcript Highlights:
  • On the night of December 9th, 2020, I was incapacitated and later raped.
  • That same morning, during my rape kit, a tampon was removed from my body.
  • I have no memory of leaving the raped.
  • <03:09:17.279> kit,<03:09:17.600> a same morning, during my rape kit, a same morning
  • , during my rape kit, a tampon<03:09:18.240> was<03:09:18.479> removed<03:09:18.800>
Keywords: 1191, senate, all
NH

New Hampshire 2025 Regular Session

Fiscal Committee (10/17/2025)

Transcript Highlights:
  • The one I want to address specifically are the protocols for rape kits and domestic violence protocols
  • protocols<01:22:48.239> uh<01:22:48.639> for<01:22:48.880> for<01:22:49.520> rape
  • <01:22:49.840> kits are the protocols uh for for rape kits are the protocols uh for for rape
  • kits and<01:22:50.320> domestic<01:22:50.639> violence<01:22:51.040> protocols.
Keywords: 1189, house, all
Summary: The committee first adopted the September 5 minutes and then approved the remaining consent calendar items after removing several bills for separate consideration, including 25-252, 25-248, 25-251, and 25-253. The committee then took up 25-252 from the Department of Natural and Cultural Resources, where members asked about the arts tax credit program, staffing, and volunteer coordination. Department representatives said the program had recently been authorized, forms had been finalized, three of six laid-off staff had been rehired through a federal grant, and the agency was now trying to recruit participants. Members also discussed whether tax-credit-raised funds could count as federal match; the department said they could not, because federal rules require state dollars. The item was adopted. The committee next considered 25-248 from the Department of Safety, which was described as a technical correction moving funds from equipment to hardware and software after consultation with the Department of Administrative Services. A member asked about “buy American” waivers, and the department said it would follow up with more information. The item was adopted. The committee then approved 25-251 from the Department of Administrative Services, which included discussion of ongoing problems with Anthem’s retiree health plan mail-order pharmacy. Department staff said many issues were tied to implementation changes and prescription renewal rules, that some complaints were being resolved through the vendor and the retiree health office, and that the contract would be rebid in the coming year, likely causing further changes. On 25-253 from the Department of Health and Human Services, members questioned the department’s September 5 health alert and whether it diverged from CDC guidance. DHHS said the alert was an annual evidence-based guideline for respiratory virus season and immunizations, largely aligned with CDC recommendations, and that some differences reflected timing and population-specific guidance. The item was adopted. The committee then heard 25-237 from the Department of Justice on the annual litigation fund request. Attorney General John Formela said the request was about $4.3 million, roughly 40% below last year and below the five-year average, with major costs tied to YDC civil and criminal litigation and some DHHS class actions. A member criticized the large increase over the budgeted $350,000 and said the budgeting approach should be corrected in the next cycle. Another member asked about YDC settlement reductions; the attorney general said confidentiality limited specifics, but explained that under the new statute the office had accepted well over half of administrator awards, rejected some, and negotiated lower amounts in others while still resolving most cases. The item remained under discussion at the end of the excerpt.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
  • the aborted child can sue for... wrongful death, unless, of course, the little baby was conceived in rape
  • Currently, we are now providing CARE kits.
  • CARE stands for Chemical Abortion Recovery and Evaluation Kits. the last few weeks to both figuratively
  • taken the first pill and are not interested in the abortion pill reversal, at the very least, these kits
  • Exemptions in the event of rape, incest, or fatal fetal anomalies should be accounted for.