Transcript Highlights:

• for fish.
• Thank you for being here today and for this critical panel on the outlook for the 26-27... Dr.
• I've been working for the Salmon Council for 32 years.
• He is so good for the North Coast and for the state.
• He is so good for the North Coast and for the state.

Committee: House Joint Committee on Fisheries and Aquaculture

Summary: The Joint Committee on Fisheries and Aquaculture held its annual Zeke Grader Fisheries Forum, focusing on the state of California fisheries and the environment. Secretary Wade Crowfoot and CDFW Marine Region Manager Dr. Craig Schumann described the sector as economically important but under pressure from drought, climate change, wildfire, warm oceans, and federal uncertainty. They highlighted progress under the state salmon strategy, including barrier removal, habitat restoration, flow protections, hatchery modernization, and technology improvements, while noting that salmon closures in recent years reflected the state’s driest period on record. Schumann reported 2025 commercial landings of about 217 million pounds worth $212 million, led by market squid, Dungeness crab, groundfish, and spiny lobster, and said the state’s marine protected area network had received international recognition. He also discussed salmon season openings, in-season management, hatchery release strategies, parentage-based tagging, kelp restoration planning, domoic acid closures, and expected future opportunities for rebuilt groundfish stocks such as yelloweye rockfish and cow cod. A major portion of the hearing was devoted to the Klamath River dam removal and salmon recovery. CDFW’s Crystal Robinson reviewed the project timeline, from the 2002 fish kill through dam decommissioning and full barrier removal in October 2024, and said fish returned to historic habitat within days. Yurok Chairman Joseph James, Karuk Chairman Russell “Buster” Attebery, and Dr. Craig Tucker described the dam removal as a historic tribal and state partnership and emphasized that salmon are central to tribal culture, food, and sovereignty. They said the river is already showing recovery, including the return of spring-run Chinook above Upper Klamath Lake for the first time in over a century, but stressed that continued restoration, funding, and protection of cold-water tributaries like the Scott and Shasta Rivers are still needed. Speakers also raised concerns about federal efforts to reinterpret the Endangered Species Act and rewrite the Klamath irrigation biological opinion, and urged the state to remain actively involved. The committee discussed AB 263 and AB 2218, which relate to minimum stream flows and Indigenous water rights, respectively. Members also questioned the agencies about Sacramento River salmon management, Shasta Reservoir cold-water releases, enforcement capacity, and federal disaster funding delays. Crowfoot and Schumann said the Sacramento remains the state’s most important salmon river and that the Bay-Delta Plan update and hatchery and flow actions are critical to recovery. They said marine enforcement remains limited, with about 50 officers covering the 1,100-mile coastline, and relies on technology, federal partnerships, and public tips. The committee indicated it would follow up on the federal biological opinion rewrite and on salmon-related policy issues. The final panel addressed the 2026–27 Dungeness crab season outlook. CDFW’s Joanna Grable said the season will be shaped by the “four horsemen” of whales, domoic acid, meat quality, and fleet dynamics, and warned that warm ocean conditions and a possible strong El Niño could increase domoic acid risk and whale entanglement concerns. She said the department will likely take a conservative approach, including possible season delays or gear reductions, while using new tools such as crab evisceration authority. PCFFA Executive Director Lisa Damrosch argued that the fishery has been built too much on fear and litigation, but acknowledged that RAMP now provides a framework to avoid a repeat of the 2016 crisis while still protecting whales and supporting fishing communities.

Transcript Highlights:

• Nonprofit home developers like Habitat for Humanity, Self-Help Enterprises, and others are prohibited
• Nonprofit home developers like Habitat for Humanity, Self-Help Enterprises, and others are prohibited
• I'm here on behalf of Habitat for Humanity of California, whose affiliates are working to make the dream
• for Humanity.
• I know in Altadena as well, some of the things we've worked out with Habitat for Humanity is, you know

Summary: The Senate Committee on Housing met without a quorum at first and operated as a subcommittee, then later established a quorum and took up several housing-related bills. Early presentations included AB 2390, a cleanup bill on housing streamlining and project modifications, which was described as clarifying that minor and subsequent modifications are reviewed under the standards in effect when the original application was filed; there was no opposition, and the bill was moved on a due pass motion but held on call for absent members. AB 1890, which would increase state matching support for Napa County farmworker housing centers from $250,000 to $500,000 annually and extend the program through 2036, drew strong support from Napa County officials, the Farm Bureau, hospitals, and vintners, and was also moved to Appropriations and held on call. AB 956, an ADU bill allowing more flexibility in how accessory dwelling units are built and clarifying application of ADU law in common interest developments, drew support from housing advocates and opposition from the League of California Cities over density, infrastructure, and local control concerns; the committee discussed amendments to avoid triggering density bonus law, then passed the bill as amended to Local Government, with some members expressing reservations or abstaining. The consent calendar, including AB 739, AB 2162, AB 2320, and AB 2692, was also acted on and held on call for absent members. Later, the committee heard AB 939, which would remove a 180-day resale restriction for certain income-restricted ownership units when a nonprofit affordable housing organization is ready to buy and sell them to qualified low-income buyers. Supporters, including Habitat for Humanity and California YIMBY, said the bill would reduce vacancy, carrying costs, and delays in getting affordable homes to buyers; the California Association of Realtors opposed unless amended, arguing the bill could limit buyer choice, codify first-right-of-refusal provisions, and reduce wealth-building opportunities. Members questioned those concerns, and the author said amendments were being worked on; the bill was moved to Appropriations and held on call. AB 1165, the California Housing Justice Act, would require state housing agencies to develop a fiscal analysis and long-term financial plan for ending homelessness and addressing housing affordability; it received broad support from supportive housing, civil rights, and homelessness organizations, with no opposition filed, and was moved to Appropriations and held on call. AB 1184, an HOA transparency bill requiring more notice and access around litigation and recordings, was moved to Judiciary after discussion about whether it duplicated existing HOA law and whether the proposed amendments were too broad. AB 2035, a narrowly tailored bill for Laguna Woods Village to lower the vote threshold needed to petition a court to amend outdated CC&Rs, was supported as a one-time fix and moved to Judiciary. Finally, AB 1573, pulled from consent, would add survivors of domestic violence, sexual assault, and human trafficking to housing element target populations; supporters said these groups are overrepresented among people experiencing housing instability and should be explicitly included in local housing planning.

Transcript Highlights:

• What kind of chemicals that we use for cloud seeding and do we have any data on its effect on humans?
• Well, your for the good of humanity by pushing this bill forward in Tennessee and that's why we want
• It's really important to note here on this slide is that bureau provides protection habitat for some
• Availability sites are located throughout the state and provide habitat for tortoises sites must commit
• adverse health from infectious agents, exposure to toxins and pollutants for habitat for inherited congenital

Transcript Highlights:

• For that reason, SB 6241 is an appropriate stopgap to support both human and ecosystemic food supplies
• Pollution at its source and protect habitat conditions essential for trout and salmon recovery.
• That means there's less water for irrigation, livestock, and other uses, habitat loss for fish and wildlife
• their salmon habitat, for their water retention, for their climate resilience to wildfire, that we limit
• their salmon habitat, for their water retention, for their climate resilience to wildfire, that we limit

Summary: The Senate Agriculture and Natural Resources Committee held public hearings on several bills and a joint memorial, with testimony largely focused on steelhead recovery, agricultural viability, wildfire funding, and shellfish fees. On SB 6241, which would create a wild broodstock conservation program for steelhead, staff described a statewide program with a fiscal note of about $14.6 million in FY 2027, while sponsor Sen. Braun argued the concept could boost wild populations and fishing opportunity at lower cost than the fiscal note suggests. Proponents, including anglers and conservation groups, said broodstock programs could improve fisheries, preserve genetics, and support local economies; opponents, including Trout Unlimited, argued the bill was too broad, not sufficiently science-driven, and should be left to agency and co-manager discretion. The public hearing closed with a strong pro/con sign-in count in favor of the bill. The committee then heard SB 6104, a broad agriculture-protection bill that would require agricultural impact statements for certain agency actions, annexations, and zoning changes, and would direct mitigation measures when actions harm agricultural or natural-resource-based commercial activities. Sponsor Sen. Muzzall said Washington agriculture is under severe pressure and losing farms, while supporters from farm groups said the bill would force agencies to consider ag viability and compensate for impacts. Opponents, including a small farmer and environmental advocates, said the bill was too procedural, could burden modernization or conservation efforts, and might create uncertainty around existing conservation funding accounts. The hearing ended with more testimony in opposition than support. The committee also heard SJM 8015, urging the federal government to ensure wildfire-response consolidation does not reduce capacity or firefighter safety. Sponsor Sen. Short and many testifiers, including private forest owners, tribes, students, conservation groups, and local officials, emphasized the importance of maintaining and fully funding Washington’s wildfire response and forest-restoration investments, especially the 1168 account. Testimony highlighted fuel breaks, early detection, community protection, and the economic costs of wildfire. The memorial drew overwhelmingly pro testimony. Finally, the committee suspended the five-day notice rule to hear SB 6318 on commercial shellfish fees; staff explained it would cap Department of Health fee increases after a recent fee review, and shellfish growers strongly supported the bill as necessary to keep small farms viable. The committee also took a work session on beaver relocation and habitat restoration, where presenters described beavers as a water-retention and wildfire-resilience tool and discussed coexistence, relocation, and possible future management changes.

Transcript Highlights:

• example, like for the in-holdings, that ought to be a, For example, like for the in-holdings, that ought
• , including $1.9 million for habitat linkages, $2.2 million for the acquisition of 134 acres along Buena
• Extending the Habitat Conservation Fund helps project proponents strategize for long-range projects,
• In addition to providing habitat for wildlife, HCF-funded projects provide many other public benefits
• Thank you for the feedback. Thank you for the feedback. Thank you for the feedback.

Summary: The committee heard and advanced several natural resources and water-related bills. SB 224 by Senator Hurtado would require the Department of Water Resources to implement audit recommendations, improve climate-informed water supply forecasting, and provide annual updates to the Legislature; supporters emphasized the need for better transparency and more accurate water planning, and the bill passed as amended to Appropriations. SB 556, also by Senator Hurtado, would fund floodplain restoration in the Tulare Basin to reduce flooding, recharge groundwater, and provide habitat and other community benefits; local officials and conservation groups supported it, some initial concerns about Proposition 4 were resolved, and the bill passed as amended. SB 630 by Senator Allen would streamline State Parks and other state real property acquisitions by raising review thresholds and reducing duplicative approvals; conservation groups and park advocates supported the measure, while some members raised oversight and fiscal concerns, and it passed as amended. SB 718 by Senator Allen would reduce hunting and fishing license costs for low-income Californians, framed as helping subsistence users and disabled veterans and seniors, and it passed as amended. The committee also approved SB 427 by Senator Blakespear, which extends the sunset of the Habitat Conservation Fund from 2030 to 2035. Supporters said the fund has protected more than 1.2 million acres, leverages other funding, and supports habitat, recreation, and climate resilience; members highlighted its importance for areas like the Salton Sea and the need to protect the funding stream from future sweeps. SB 586 by Senator Jones, an e-moto off-highway vehicle bill, was taken up with little discussion and passed as amended. SB 639 by Senator Ashby would extend the deadline for Sacramento-area flood protection projects in the Natomas Basin and Beach Lake subareas from 2025 to 2030 to allow completion of remaining work and avoid delays to infill housing; city, county, and flood agency representatives supported it, and it passed as amended. Throughout the hearing, witnesses and members repeatedly emphasized water reliability, flood protection, conservation funding, and reducing bureaucratic delays. Several bills drew broad support from local governments, water agencies, tribes, and conservation organizations, and multiple members requested to be added as coauthors. All of the measures discussed were reported out of committee, generally with amendments and with some items left open for add-on votes.

Transcript Highlights:

• Next, we have Greta Gates, Director of Government Affairs with Twin Cities Habitat for Humanity.
• My name is Greta Gates, and I am the Director of Government Affairs at Twin Cities Habitat for Humanity
• Next, we have Drew Cabeza, Advocacy Director for Habitat for Humanity Minnesota.
• I am the Advocacy Director with Habitat for Humanity of Minnesota, the statewide support organization
• for the 24 Habitat affiliates across the state.

Committee: House Housing Finance and Policy

Transcript Highlights:

• Colleagues, please help me welcome Habitat for Humanity of Colorado.
• As you know, Habitat for Humanity focuses on affordable homeownership opportunities for people all over
• Colleagues, please help me welcome Habitat for Humanity of Colorado.
• As you know, Habitat for Humanity focuses on affordable homeownership opportunities for people all over
• So, thank you Habitat for state.

Transcript Highlights:

• Johnson for being there today and moved that House File 688 be referred to the Committee on Human Services
• Thank you for listening. I'll yield for any questions.
• I'm the CEO of Habitat for Humanity of Minnesota.
• This program would allow them to apply for about 50% of their infrastructure costs, and the Habitat affiliate
• </c> you chair I go for your comments and for you chair I go for your comments and for uh<00:41:04.680

Committee: House Housing Finance and Policy

Transcript Highlights:

• I'm the habitat connectivity and wildlife vehicle collision subject matter expert for the agency.
• thank you for...
• I was scared, not just for the deer in my literal headlights, but for myself and my dad as well.
• For us, that's heartbreaking.
• Well, that was important for your testimony. It was important for us to hear.

Summary: The House Transportation Committee met on February 18 and heard several Senate transportation bills, then announced it would caucus after the public hearings. Engrossed Senate Bill 5081, concerning unattended motor vehicles and remote starter systems, was briefly introduced and described as having no fiscal impact; the sponsor framed it as a public-safety and anti-theft measure, but no substantive testimony followed before the hearing was closed. The committee then heard Engrossed Substitute Senate Bill 5203 on wildlife habitat connectivity and safe wildlife crossings, which would require WSDOT and WDFW to develop and update a statewide connectivity strategy, create dedicated wildlife corridors and crossings accounts, and report regularly to the legislature. Supporters emphasized reduced wildlife-vehicle collisions, better habitat connectivity, and access to federal matching funds, while opponents from southwest Washington argued the bill lacked local landowner and county input and could push wolves or other wildlife into agricultural areas. No vote was taken. The committee also heard Engrossed Senate Bill 5705, which would double penalties for using a personal electronic device while driving in school, playground, and crosswalk speed zones and direct the additional revenue to school zone safety accounts. Testimony from the Traffic Safety Commission and the sponsor stressed rising distracted-driving fatalities, the vulnerability of children and pedestrians, and the need for stronger deterrence; members asked about messaging, enforcement, and how the new penalties would be used. Finally, Engrossed Senate Bill 5581 was heard, a broad active transportation and complete streets bill that would update roundabout and crosswalk definitions, integrate shared-use paths into highway planning, and allow WSDOT to use local or tribal facilities as mitigation when they provide equal or better access. Supporters from transportation advocacy groups and local governments said it would improve safety and clarify existing law, while one Lake Forest Park official warned that complete streets mandates can create unfunded costs that delay needed maintenance. The committee closed public testimony on all bills and adjourned without taking final action.

Transcript Highlights:

• Nonprofits like Habitat for Humanity, Self-Help Enterprises, and many others are prohibited during the
• Nonprofits like Habitat for Humanity, Self-Help Enterprises, and many others are prohibited during the
• And with me to testify in support of AB 939 is Debbie Arichelle, CEO of Habitat for Humanity of California
• A.K.L. with Habitat for Humanity, California, and I'm here representing our Habitat chapter statewide
• Private, large-scale builders came to Habitat for Humanity seeking our help in identifying lower-income

Committee: House Appropriations

Transcript Highlights:

• My name is Ryan Donahue, and I'm the Chief Advocacy Officer at Habitat for Humanity, Seattle, King, and
• At Habitat for Humanity, our vision is to build a world where everyone has a safe, decent, and affordable
• I have the honor of serving as the CEO of Habitat for Humanity of Washington State, representing 25 Habitat
• We are prioritizing salmon habitat for threatened Chinook and steelhead, work for local contractors,
• We are prioritizing salmon habitat for threatened Chinook and steelhead, work for local contractors,

Summary: The Ways and Means Committee held its first meeting of the 2026 session to hear Governor Ferguson’s proposed supplemental capital budget from OFM. Budget staff said the proposal uses nearly all of the roughly $400 million in available bond capacity, leaving about $5.4 million unused, and includes additional funding from the Common School Construction account, the Climate Commitment Account, and federal funds. OFM described housing as the largest priority, with $237 million total, including $225 million for the Housing Trust Fund for affordable rental housing, homeownership, preservation, and manufactured home community acquisition; it also highlighted urgent state facility needs, climate and clean energy investments, natural resource projects, and education funding for school seismic safety, small district and tribal compact school modernization, lead pipe remediation, and higher education preservation projects. Committee members asked about the timing of housing production, and OFM said the proposed supplemental projects would not be completed within the biennium. Public testimony in the housing section strongly supported the governor’s housing investments, especially the Housing Trust Fund, manufactured housing preservation, and homeownership programs, while several speakers asked for larger appropriations for workforce housing, community land trusts, right-to-counsel, and specific local projects such as Thrive Center Tacoma, Alliance Place, Casa Mia, and Native and immigrant community facilities. One testifier criticized overall state tax policy, but the chair clarified that the capital budget is bonded and does not directly raise taxes. Testimony on K-12 education generally supported the proposed funding for small school modernization, seismic safety, and Healthy Kids, Healthy Schools lead remediation, with rural districts emphasizing the importance of planning and construction grants for aging facilities. Higher education witnesses supported preservation and deferred maintenance funding but asked for additional support for projects at Cascadia College, WSU Spokane, UW’s decarbonization work, and other campus infrastructure needs. Natural resources testimony backed Salmon Recovery Funding Board and community forest investments, while asking for more funding for ranked RCO projects. In the final section, local governments and utilities opposed a proposed $75 million transfer from the Public Works Assistance account to the operating budget, warning it would reduce infrastructure lending capacity; other speakers supported the Washington State Green Bank, public works financing, and several local economic development and utility projects. No votes or formal committee action were taken at the meeting.

Transcript Highlights:

• I am with Tacoma Pierce County Habitat for Humanity.
• I'm here on behalf of Habitat for Humanity, Seattle, I don't know.
• I'm here on behalf of Habitat for Humanities, Seattle, I don't know.
• However, when we look at the model of, for example, Habitat for Humanity, when you're selling the homes
• , we are selling the improvements on the home, and the land is still owned by Habitat for Humanity, for

Bills: HB1717 , HB1859

Committee: House Finance

Keywords: affordable housing, sales tax, housing programs, tax incentives, economic development, religious organizations, development, housing opportunities, land use

Transcript Highlights:

• I'm the habitat connectivity and wildlife vehicle collision subject matter expert for the agency.
• thank you for...
• and human vulnerability.
• For us, that's heartbreaking.
• Well, that was important for your testimony. It was important for us to hear.

Committee: House Transportation

Transcript Highlights:

• What kind of chemicals are they use for cloud seeding, and do we have any data on its effect on humans
• He is a pioneer and a brave warrior for the good of humanity by pushing this bill forward in Tennessee
• habitat remaining on site, that's when we issue permits for off-site relocations.
• Sites are located throughout the state and provide habitat for tortoises.
• So a big important part for us is investigation and surveillance. Like humans, fish and wildlife.

Committee: Senate Environment and Natural Resources

Summary: The committee first heard SB 200, which would implement recommendations from DEP’s 2020 Recycling Goal Final Report by creating a technical assistance group to develop a comprehensive waste reduction and recycling plan by 2026. The bill focuses on recycling education and outreach, evaluating the former recycling grant program, and developing markets for recyclable materials. Supporters from the waste and recycling industry and counties said the bill would finally create a real plan to help Florida move toward its recycling goals. The bill was reported favorably. The committee then considered SB 50 on nature-based coastal resilience, which would promote green, gray, and hybrid infrastructure, direct USF’s Flood Hub to develop guidelines, require DEP rulemaking on erosion and mangrove protection, and study whether nature-based flood reduction could help lower insurance costs. Supporters appeared in favor, and the bill was reported favorably. The committee also passed SB 7000 as a committee bill to continue a public records exemption protecting site-specific location information for threatened and endangered species. Members next took up SB 56 on weather modification activities. The bill would prohibit the release of chemicals or substances into the atmosphere to affect weather or sunlight, define geoengineering, increase penalties through an amendment, and create a DEP reporting hotline with possible referral to DOH or emergency management. The sponsor and several supporters argued the bill was needed to address public concerns and lack of oversight, while several senators questioned the evidence, the role of state agencies, and whether the bill was ready for passage. Despite opposition from some members, the committee adopted the amendment and reported the bill favorably. The committee also approved CS for SB 62 creating a resilient building tax credit program, after amending it to shift agency references from DEP to DBPR and add university advisory members, and CS for SB 80 to clarify state park management as conservation-based, require public notice and advisory input for plan changes, and improve reporting on park repairs; both bills were reported favorably after testimony from supporters and conservation groups who sought tighter language to prevent incompatible uses. Finally, the committee received presentations from the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission on gopher tortoise relocation, wildlife disease surveillance, and the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. FWC described tortoise relocation and recipient-site programs, ongoing monitoring of wildlife diseases such as chronic wasting disease and feline leukomyelopathy, and efforts to address fish die-offs and update sanctuary agreements amid state-federal jurisdiction issues. No votes were taken on the presentations.

Transcript Highlights:

• For that reason, SB 6241 is an appropriate stopgap to support both human and ecosystemic food supplies
• That means there's less water for irrigation, livestock, and other uses, habitat loss for fish and wildlife
• Now, of course, those are potentially very important as refugial habitats for all kinds of wildlife,
• their salmon habitat, for their water retention, for their climate resilience to wildfire, that we limit
• their salmon habitat, for their water retention, for their climate resilience to wildfire, that we limit

Bills: SB6104 , SB6241 , SJM8015 , SB6318

Committee: Senate Agriculture & Natural Resources

Keywords: agriculture, protection, state regulation, farmers, land use, sustainability, steelhead, conservation, wildlife, fishing, environmental protection, federal response, wildfire protection, community safety, infrastructure, natural resources, commercial shellfish, fees, fishing industry, regulations

Transcript Highlights:

• My name is Ryan Donahue, and I'm the Chief Advocacy Officer at Habitat for Humanity Seattle-King and
• At Habitat for Humanity, our vision is to build a world where everyone has a safe, decent, and affordable
• I have the honor of serving as the CEO of Habitat for Humanity of Washington State, representing 25 Habitat
• We are prioritizing salmon habitat for threatened Chinook and steelhead, work for local contractors,
• We are prioritizing salmon habitat for threatened Chinook and Steelhead, work for local contractors,

Bills: SB6003

Committee: Senate Ways & Means

Keywords: capital budget, funding, infrastructure, state projects, budget allocation

Transcript Highlights:

• in more options for production and pollinator habitat.
• in more options for production and pollinator habitat.
• this uh production and more options for this uh production and pollinator<01:08:50.960><c> habitat.
• , habitat for song birds, game birds, monarchs,<01:16:10.719><c> and</c><01:16:10.880><c> native</c><
• And people are also widely exposed, raising cause for concern about harms to human health.

Committee: Senate Agriculture, Veterans, Broadband, and Rural Development

Transcript Highlights:

• Jeff Dorsum with the Humane Society of Louisiana in support here for information.
• Jeff Dorsum with the Humane Society of Louisiana in support here for information.
• Jeff Darson here with the Humane Society of Louisiana present for information, but I see you at the table
• Thank you for your time.” “Thank you so much for coming.
• It’s very important for stopover habitat for migratory birds.

Bills: SCR54 , SCR59 , HCR5 , HCR62 , HCR78 , HCR86 , HB595 , HB688 , HB802 , HB841 , HB1161 , HB1171 , HB1189 , HB1248 , HB1258

Committee: Senate Natural Resources

Transcript Highlights:

• </c> for your support and always um open for for your support and always um open for future<00:14:51.720
• Subdivision nine is Land Acquisition, Habitat, and Recreation, and includes $19.553 million for 14 appropriations
• These are efforts to enhance habitat connectivity, benefit water quality, improve access for management
• for LCC management and reimbursements for LCC for<00:29:36.519><c> enerf</c><00:29:37.120><c> funded
• Chair, for hearing the bill today. grant program 90 Acres for snas and 5.7 grant program 90 Acres for

Committee: House Environment and Natural Resources Finance and Policy

Transcript Highlights:

• </c><00:10:43.519><c> for</c><00:10:43.680><c> fish,</c> provides food and habitat for fish, provides
• Um, so many animals do use it for nutrition, for food, and for habitat and shelter.
• And so, yeah, it's one of these plants that provides food for animals and for humans.
• uh food for animals, for humans.<00:17:30.960><c> Um</c><00:17:31.200><c> and</c><00:17:31.440><c> it
• for waterfall and humans asking about for waterfall and humans alike. alike. alike.