Transcript Highlights:

• Commission have made Minnesota less safe by reducing sentences and have placed nearly a universal five-year cap
• ><00:04:51.759> a<00:04:52.039> universal<00:04:53.000> 5year<00:04:53.880> cap
• <00:04:54.320> on placed nearly a universal 5year cap on placed nearly a universal 5year cap
• Commission have made Minnesota less safe by reducing sentences and have placed nearly a universal five-year cap

Keywords: 1187, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• <00:44:58.560> of those limited funds, a cap of those limited funds, a cap of 5%<00:45:00.720
• So if we vote this amendment that I cap.
• I speak particularly to the the tax cap.
• People will then vote for a tax cap.
• By the way, if anything, the cap.

Keywords: 1189, house, all

Transcript Highlights:

• Slide 15 then gives you the statutory caps and the statutory caps under the guidelines for evaluation
• caps um under the caps and the statutory caps um under the guidelines<00:15:46.240> for<00:15
• That's just an apply a cap of 250,000.
• Um so these caps um um show uh example.
• bianium to go up to that $3 million cap bianium to go up to that $3 million cap so<03:22:29.680>

Keywords: 1191, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• The remaining provision is the increase from $10,000 to $40,000 in the cap on federal deductions for
• The increase in the cap on federal deductions for state and local taxes is not a matter of conformity
• $442 million from provisions triggered by conformity, and $22 million from the increase in the SALT cap
• $234 million of the impact is triggered by conformity, and $48 million by the increase in the SALT cap
• It really occurs within about $100,000 of income back to the 10,000 cap that was already in place.

Keywords: 995, all

Summary: The Senate and House Ways and Means chairs opened the FY 2027 consensus revenue hearing by emphasizing the need for a balanced, fiscally responsible budget amid federal funding cuts, health care cost pressures, and uncertainty around the federal tax law changes referred to as OB3. They also noted the state’s current revenue performance is slightly above benchmark and paid tribute to the late Representative Anne Margaret Ferranti. Secretary of Administration and Finance Matthew Gorkowitz echoed the call for caution, saying Massachusetts has protected core services while building reserves and that the FY27 budget process begins with a careful revenue estimate. Department of Revenue Commissioner Jeff Snyder, along with DOR staff, presented FY26 and FY27 tax forecasts and identified major drivers and risks: OB3’s negative impact on state revenue, surtax collections, labor market conditions, capital gains, and corporate/business excise taxes. DOR estimated OB3 would reduce FY26 revenue by about $664 million and FY27 by about $282 million, while surtax and capital gains were expected to remain strong in FY26 but soften in FY27. Members questioned the outlook for surtax, capital gains, and the potential fiscal effect of a ballot question reducing the income tax rate from 5% to 4%; DOR said that proposal could cost roughly $4.2 billion to $4.8 billion annually, with a smaller but still significant impact in FY27 because of phase-in timing. Treasurer Deb Goldberg testified next on the stabilization fund, lottery, PRIM, unclaimed property, and the Alcoholic Beverages Control Commission. She reported the rainy day fund at about $8.1 billion, said the lottery was on track for $1.5 billion in FY26 net profit and projected $1.25 billion in FY27, and highlighted that iLottery is expected to launch in summer 2026 with revenue beginning in FY27 and dedicated to child care initiatives. She also described strong PRIM performance and record unclaimed property returns, while members asked about the child care use of iLottery revenue, multilingual outreach, and the economic impact of expanded liquor licensing. Mass Taxpayers Foundation President Doug Howgate and Tufts’ Evan Horowitz then offered differing revenue outlooks and policy warnings. Howgate projected modest growth, cautioned against overusing reserves for ongoing obligations, and urged caution on federal tax conformity changes and health care spending pressures. Horowitz projected higher FY26 and FY27 revenues than other witnesses, warned that the surtax and capital gains make the tax system more volatile, and said a 4% income tax ballot question could reduce FY27 revenues by roughly $800 million to $1 billion. He also flagged the rent control ballot question as a potential risk to municipal finance and suggested the state consider giving a permanent home to the independent revenue model used by Alan Clayton-Matthews.

Transcript Highlights:

• perspective, I'm comfortable with that as a superintendent moving forward, especially with the lowered cap
• perspective, I'm comfortable with that as a superintendent moving forward, especially with the lowered cap
• perspective, I'm comfortable with that as a superintendent moving forward, especially with the lowered cap
• perspective, I'm comfortable with that as a superintendent moving forward, especially with the lowered cap
• Especially with the lowered cap and price.

Bills: SB88, SB337

Keywords: expungement, criminal records, courts, victim rights, rehabilitation, Alabama law, SB337, Montgomery County, probate judge, judge of probate, county officer compensation, salary increase, circuit judge parity, local legislation, county commission, general fund, public official pay, judicial compensation, Montgomery County Legislation, 1136

Transcript Highlights:

• as<00:11:49.680> part<00:11:49.760> of<00:11:49.920> the north side of the cap
• as part of the north side of the cap as part of the United<00:11:50.320> States<00:11:50.800>
• The other amendment they adopted was to kind of put a cap on it of 105 million.
• <02:06:16.159> Again, put a cap on it of 105 million.
• Again, put a cap on it of 105 million.

Keywords: 916, all

Transcript Highlights:

• Essentially, that would mean there's no caps.
• Essentially, that would mean there's no caps. And so we are very concerned. to do a claims bill.
• Essentially, that would mean there's no caps.
• House bill, which is problematic, allows a district to settle the cases without consideration of the cap
• We don't know what the cost would be with being able to settle above the caps, so we have significant

Summary: The Judiciary Committee heard a long agenda of bills, beginning with several probate, civil rights, and claims measures. Senators Burgess’s SB 326 on curators of estates was explained as a modernization of probate law; an amendment narrowing the bill was adopted, and the committee reported the bill favorably 10-0 after limited public testimony, including opposition from Ray Contreras. Burgess’s SB 1096, clarifying filing deadlines under the Florida Civil Rights Act, also passed unanimously 11-0. The committee then approved several claims bills, including SB 28 for Reginald Jackson against the City of Lakeland, SB 6 for a child injured after DCF’s handling of abuse allegations, SB 18 for the estate of McKenzie Navarre against the Broward County Sheriff’s Office, SB 26 for the estate of Mark Legata against FDOT, and SB 2 for the estate of Daniel Maudsley against DHSMV, with votes ranging from 10-1 to 11-0 and mostly no debate or opposition. The committee also took up trust and family-law related bills. Leader Berman’s SB 786 created a nonjudicial process for closing uncontested trusts and discharging trustees; after a technical amendment and testimony from Ray Contreras raising notice concerns, it passed 11-0. President Gates’s SB 50 expanded veterans’ courts statewide, drew broad support from veterans’ groups and advocacy organizations, and was reported favorably 11-0. Senator Simon’s SB 538 standardized extracurricular participation rules for public, private, virtual, and homeschool students; after multiple amendments on homeschool eligibility, fees, and coach compensation, it passed 11-0 with support and opposition from education-related groups. President Gates’s SB 1004, aimed at consumer protections in the sale of dogs and cats, also passed unanimously after testimony from humane organizations. The committee then considered broader policy bills. President Pro Tem Brodeur’s SB 1366 on claims against the government proposed raising sovereign immunity caps and adding CPI adjustments; local government, hospital, and school representatives supported the Senate’s lower-cap approach while warning against the House version, and the bill was reported favorably 11-0. Senator Jones’s SB 178 on athletics in public K-12 schools, as amended, would let head coaches provide limited personal support to student-athletes and require reporting of assistance; it passed 10-0. Senator Grohl’s SB 1178 on foreign influence and foreign countries of concern drew extensive supportive testimony from national security witnesses and was reported favorably 11-0 after a technical amendment and withdrawal of another amendment. Finally, SB 1632 on ideologies inconsistent with American principles prompted substantial debate and public testimony over domestic terrorism designations, Sharia law references, due process, and free speech concerns; the committee had not yet completed final action on that bill when the transcript ended.

Transcript Highlights:

• Essentially, that would mean there's no caps.
• Essentially, that would mean there's no caps. And so we are very concerned. to do a claims bill.
• Essentially, that would mean there's no caps.
• House bill, which is problematic, allows a district to settle the cases without consideration of the cap
• We don't know what the cost would be with being able to settle above the caps.

Bills: S0002, S0006, S0018, S0026, S0028, S0050, S0178, S0326, S0538, S0786, S1004, S1096, S1178, S1366, S1632, S1634

Keywords: negligence, settlement, appropriation, highway safety, damages, law enforcement, child welfare, injury compensation, Department of Children and Families, compensation, law enforcement accountability, personal injury, motorcycle accident, Department of Transportation, legal claim, police negligence, monetary compensation, civil rights, city liability, veterans

Summary: The committee heard a series of bills, most of them claims or civil-law measures, and reported each favorably. Among the bills approved were SB 326 on curators of estates, SB 1096 clarifying filing deadlines under the Florida Civil Rights Act, SB 28 and SB 26 on claims against the City of Lakeland and the estate of Mark Legata, SB 6 involving a DCF-related claim for Layla Estrada/Sapphire Williams, SB 786 creating a nonjudicial process for closing trusts, SB 18 and SB 2 on claims involving the estate of McKenzie Navarre and Daniel Mosley, and SB 50 expanding veterans’ courts statewide. The committee also approved SB 538 on extracurricular activities, SB 1004 on pet sales and financing disclosures, and SB 1366, the sovereign immunity bill, which was presented as a starting point for negotiations with the House over higher claims caps and related provisions. Most of these bills were explained by sponsors as clarifying existing law, modernizing procedures, or resolving uncontested claims, and several had support from affected organizations or individuals; some also drew opposition or concerns from speakers, especially on trust notice issues, sovereign immunity, and the scope of the extracurricular and pet-sale bills. Several bills were amended before passage. SB 326 was narrowed by removing a section and changing reporting language for curators. SB 786 received a technical clarification amendment, while SB 18 removed an unneeded Medicaid-related section. SB 50 on veterans’ courts drew broad support from veterans’ groups and criminal-justice organizations. SB 538 on extracurricular activities was amended multiple times to address home education eligibility, activity fees for homeschool participants, technical cross-references, and compensation for extracurricular sponsors. SB 1004 was supported by animal-welfare advocates and consumer-protection interests. SB 178 on athletics in public K-12 schools was amended to limit the bill to head coaches, require personal funds, and allow similar bylaws by other athletic associations; it passed after discussion of a Miami Northwestern coaching controversy. The committee also took up two major policy bills with substantial testimony and questions. SB 1178 on foreign influence would create a state framework for foreign-agent registration, restrict gifts and contracts tied to foreign countries of concern and designated foreign terrorist organizations, limit certain sister-city and university linkage activities, and increase penalties for crimes committed to benefit foreign governments or terrorist groups; supporters framed it as a national-security and transparency measure, while the sponsor withdrew one amendment before passage. SB 1632 on ideologies inconsistent with American principles generated the most extended questioning, especially about its domestic-terrorism designation process, references to Sharia law, notice and due-process protections, and potential effects on students and speech; supporters argued it targets conduct, not belief, while opponents warned it could chill protected activity and unfairly target Muslim communities. The committee heard many public speakers on both sides, but no floor debate followed before the bill was moved forward.

Transcript Highlights:

• There was a cap of 50% on accessory dwelling units. There was also a cap on co-living units.
• There was also a cap on co-living. of 50% on accessory dwelling units.
• There was also a cap on co-living units.
• I think the cap is, forgive me because my head is so fuzzy, I think it's about $2 million.
• Let me talk to my project team about that before I give you an opinion on what the cap should be.

Summary: The Senate Housing Committee heard presentations on a range of housing finance, permitting, and affordability tools. Chattanooga described its affordable housing PILOT program, which uses a per-unit property tax abatement tied to the rent loss from providing affordable units, with a 15-year term and annual compliance monitoring. Committee members asked about the program’s structure, whether it had been used elsewhere, and who was participating; the presenter said the first mixed-income project would bring 278 units with 42 affordable units and that the model was attracting private market-rate developers. Shoreline then described its MFTE and inclusionary zoning approach, emphasizing that longer tax exemption periods and station-area zoning changes had helped spur development, with most current pipeline projects concentrated near light rail stations. The committee also heard from the Municipal Research Services Center and the Department of Commerce on tax increment financing, proportional impact fees, and permit timelines. Commerce explained that TIF can fund public improvements such as roads, utilities, broadband, and some affordable housing or child care facilities, while proportional impact fee guidance is intended to help jurisdictions charge fees more closely aligned with actual project impacts. On permit timelines, Commerce presented its first annual report under recent law changes, using 2024 as a baseline year and noting that reported timelines were generally longer than statutory goals; members asked about outliers, paper versus electronic processing, and whether back-and-forth between applicants and staff was driving delays. Commerce said it would follow up with more data, including on CHIP funding and permit reform practices. Several local governments then shared permitting process improvements. Auburn reported relatively short review cycles and described its move to fully electronic permitting, internal performance standards, and a stock plan program that speeds review for repeated home designs. Bellevue described an AI permitting pilot with a local startup to help with pre-application questions, document triage, and plan review, aiming to reduce incomplete applications and revision cycles. Seattle presented a pilot for accessory dwelling unit co-development in which a mission-driven partner would help homeowners split lots, finance, build, and manage ADUs, with the homeowner eventually buying out the partner and retaining ownership; committee members asked about rent setting, management fees, and default risk, and staff said they would follow up. The committee also heard brief overviews of community land trusts and limited equity cooperatives as permanent affordability models, with presenters urging continued state and local funding support and policy recognition for these approaches.

Transcript Highlights:

• authored a dismantled in 2023 I offer authored a bill<00:10:22.200> that<00:10:22.399> capped
• /c><00:10:22.800> payday<00:10:23.120> lending<00:10:23.480> rates bill that capped
• The new rules would cap them at $5, or whatever cost is incurred.
• Similarly, credit card late fees would be capped at $8 per month, compared to the current averages of
• Similarly, credit card late fees would be capped at $8 per month, compared to the current averages of

Keywords: 1187, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• To address excessive administrative compensation, the statute set a cap on compensation packages funded
• of routine contract monitoring, to address excessive administrative compensation, the statute set a cap
• Previously, some lead agencies with multiple contracts could exceed this cap by charging each contract
• This bill clarifies that the cap applies regardless of the number of contracts a lead agency holds with
• been some conversation previously about revisiting legislation around insurance, demification, and caps

Summary: The Human Services Subcommittee held its first meeting of the term and heard introductory remarks from the chair, vice chair, ranking member, and members, who broadly described their interest in child welfare, mental health, aging services, homelessness, and agency accountability. The chair then outlined the subcommittee’s jurisdiction, including child welfare, mental health and substance abuse safety net services, domestic violence, developmental disabilities, elder services, and child support, and introduced the Department of Children and Families (DCF) as the first agency panel for the term. DCF presented an implementation update on HB 7089, a 2024 law aimed at increasing accountability and transparency for community-based care (CBC) lead agencies that deliver most child welfare services under contract. The department said the bill was prompted by forensic examinations that found problems such as noncompetitive procurement, related-party transactions, excessive executive compensation, and weak financial oversight. DCF described new contract requirements and monitoring tools covering board governance and annual training, conflict-of-interest disclosures, financial penalties for noncompliance, fidelity bond requirements, limits on direct service provision by lead agencies, related-party procurement rules, procurement thresholds, real-property approvals, compensation caps, expanded public reporting, and a new Future of Child Protection and Funding Work Group. DCF reported that some lead agencies had completed required board training, others were still on schedule, and two agencies exceeding the direct-service threshold had been referred to the Auditor General. Members asked DCF about the reasons for the bill, the impact on children, the work group’s regional representation, aging-out youth, the Embrace Families transition, board training requirements, and whether enforcement actions had been taken. DCF said the bill was intended to protect funds for children and families and improve oversight, and clarified that the Central Florida lead agency contract was awarded through competitive procurement rather than an absorption. DCF also said the board training was designed to be meaningful but not overly burdensome, with timing left partly to lead agencies as they implement the new requirements. The committee then heard from two CBC leaders, who generally supported the accountability goals of HB 7089 and said their agencies had already addressed most of the new governance and disclosure requirements. They reported that board training had been completed or was being scheduled, but both agencies said the fidelity bond requirement has been difficult or impossible to obtain in the market as written, though they were able to secure the separate performance bond. The CBC witnesses also warned that recruiting providers is increasingly difficult, especially for higher-acuity children and group-home placements, due to limited provider supply, regulatory burden, insurance costs, and rising risk. They said these pressures are contributing to budget deficits in some areas and urged lawmakers to consider the funding model, insurance and indemnification issues, and the risk of overregulation reducing provider participation.

Transcript Highlights:

• There is no cap for this program.
• And then the two that we're capping, the low-income housing tax credit, the historic preservation tax
• credit, those caps were the same that we saw in fiscal year 2026.

Summary: The House Budget Committee reviewed the state’s tax credits, focusing much of the discussion on the Business Facility Headquarters Tax Credit Program. Department of Economic Development staff explained that the program is limited to long-established Missouri headquarters, with Burns & McDonnell identified as the only current participant. Members reviewed the program’s requirements, including at least 25 new jobs, $1 million in new investment, and maintaining an average of at least $20 million in business facility investment. Staff also confirmed the credit is transferable and sellable, has no annual cap, and currently sunsets on December 31, 2028, though legislation proposing a later sunset was mentioned. Representative Mayhew questioned the program’s history, eligibility, redemption amounts, and whether the credit should be available to more businesses. He said he had prepared an amendment or motion but would not offer it at that time, citing expected future changes to the program. Representative Martin asked whether the discussion was tied to separate legislation in the Economic Development Committee; the chair clarified that the budget committee motion was distinct from that bill and was part of the committee’s annual tax credit review process. After discussion ended, the committee moved into executive session and considered the tax credit authorization motion for FY 2027. The motion was adopted on a roll call vote of 21 ayes, 1 no, and 0 present.

Transcript Highlights:

• I have a question on removing the cap on the fee. It says you're removing the cap for fees.
• Basically, the cap was being removed so they could cover that extra cost.

Bills: SB206, SB904, SB933, SB1436, SB1500, SB1553, SB1557, SB1567, SB1644, SB1645, SB1651, SB1794, SB1833, SB1849, SB1984

Keywords: SB206, emergency medical services, EMS, ambulance, 911 response, emergency response, essential services, federal funding, grant funding, public health, health care facility, municipality, county, ambulance service district, tribal entity, public entity, contract ambulance service, Oklahoma, 63 O.S. 2021 Section 1-2502, emergency clause

Transcript Highlights:

• Speaker, this bill proposes that punitive damage caps be aligned with the monetary caps that are already
• will be equal to the cap that already exists in statute for non-economic damages.
• Will be equal to the cap that already exists in statute for non-economic damages.
• that Consumer price index currently in statute, and as applied, that will cause the punitive damage cap
• to increase just as it does the non-economic damage cap in current law.

Bills: HB145, HB164, HR1, HB20, HB65, HB66, HB80, HB306, SB29, SB37, HB99, HB206, HB213, HB270, SB104, SB193, HB38, HB254, HB256, SB58, SB64, HJM1, HM7, HM17, HM4, HM22, HM23, HM24, HM26, HM2, HM16, HM32, HM13, HM47, HM20, HM51, HM1, HM31, HM35, HM36, HM46, HM53, HM54, HM39, HM29, HM43, HM59, HM11, HM14, HM21, HM34, HM50, HB253

Keywords: high-wage jobs, tax credit, job creation, New Mexico, economic development, lobbying, transparency, public records, government oversight, accountability, House Resolution 1, HR1, House investigatory subcommittee, special committee, legislative investigation, subpoena power, public corruption, criminal activity, Zorro ranch, Santa Fe County

Transcript Highlights:

• in New Mexico as in the United States. ...other regional states, and they continue to rise with no cap
• , those caps are still Able to be set.
• I assume that that would include caps on punitive damages if the legislature were so inclined.
• But in terms of caps from things like barring evidence or privileges, I would assume things like the
• Caps on non-economic recovery that were enacted in 1994. So that undoubtedly helped. Thank you.

Transcript Highlights:

• In addition to this transparency, AB 483 caps the cost of an early termination fee in an installment
• Many existing early termination fees fit within the 20% cap AB 483 proposes.
• structured, it's the cap that gives me the biggest heartburn.
• structured, it's the cap that gives me the biggest heartburn.
• There would be no cap on those returns. No, the bill does not affect that. Okay, all right. Okay.

Summary: The committee heard several privacy and consumer protection bills, with most of the discussion focused on AI and social media. AB 1405 would create a state registry for AI auditors and set basic transparency, ethics, and qualification standards for those auditors; supporters said it would build trust and provide a foundation for future AI oversight, while some members questioned whether government should define auditor qualifications instead of industry groups. The bill was moved out on a 5-1 vote to Appropriations, with the roll left open. AB 2, by Assemblymember Lowenthal, would impose enhanced financial penalties on large social media companies when their negligence causes harm to children and teens. Supporters, including a grieving parent and Common Sense Media, argued the bill would create accountability for harmful algorithms and design choices, while opponents from TechNet, EFF, CCIA, and CalChamber warned it was vague, could chill speech, invite censorship, and raise Section 230 and First Amendment concerns. Committee members debated private right of action versus public enforcement, possible shakedown lawsuits, and whether the bill should be narrowed; the bill passed 6-0 to Judiciary with the roll left open. AB 410 would expand California’s bot disclosure law so bots must identify themselves up front and truthfully if asked, rather than only prohibiting deceptive bots in limited commercial or election contexts. Supporters said the measure would help users, especially youth and vulnerable people, know when they are interacting with AI and reduce deception online; one privacy group withdrew opposition after amendments, and other industry groups said they were no longer opposed or had no formal position. The bill passed 9-1 to Appropriations with the roll left open. The committee also approved AB 1327, which lets consumers cancel home improvement contracts by email instead of only by mail and requires phone assistance for cancellations; the Contractor State License Board withdrew opposition after amendments, and the bill passed 11-0 to Judiciary with the roll left open.

Transcript Highlights:

• When it comes to recurring rates, most jurisdictions adopt a rate formula to set a cap; they don't set
• But what a formula does is provide a cap, creating a uniform process that gives attachers certainty,
• Now, the FCC does... regulate MUNIs, but Texas chose to apply the FCC formula as a cap for MUNIs' pole
• We certainly wouldn't want to cap the current rate at rates that were set too low a long time ago.
• TPPA ultimately recommends the deletion of these new caps as applied to municipal land utilities.

Bills: HB3445, HB3448

Keywords: telecommunications, electric cooperative, rights-of-way, infrastructure, provider access, right-of-way, pole attachment, regulatory access, 1184, house, all

Transcript Highlights:

• The governor had it capped at 2%, and we are doing a 4% per year cap on the consumer price index urban
• uh cap to the inflation.<00:04:19.840> The<00:04:20.079> governor<00:04:20.320> had
• <00:04:20.479> it<00:04:20.560> capped<00:04:20.880> at inflation.
• The governor had it capped at inflation.
• cap on the<00:04:26.320> consumer<00:04:26.720> price<00:04:27.040> index<00:04

Bills: HF2433, HF2434

Keywords: education funding, children with disabilities, transition aid, special education, school district consolidation, healthcare, personal care assistance, worker retention, disability services, state funding, 1183, house

Transcript Highlights:

• <01:03:27.119> locally opportunity to adopt a tax cap locally opportunity to adopt a tax cap
• Um, as my colleague from District 5 just said, we've reached the cap for the EFA.
• Um again the cap has been amendment.
• if you know I know we've reached the cap if you know I know we've reached the cap which<01:46:42.560
• But I line because the cap has been met.

Keywords: 1191, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• cap of 70,000.
• I know we're meeting the cap of 70,000.
• <00:29:12.399> of meet the cap of meet the cap of 70,000.<00:29:14.480> So,<00:29:14.720
• But they also cap at 100. Right. Right.
• rest, but they also have the the cap rest, but they also have the the cap down<01:53:24.159>

Keywords: 928, house, all

Summary: The subcommittee opened its second meeting on House Bill 742, which would require catastrophic special education aid to be drawn from the education trust fund, and discussed whether to also examine differentiated aid within the adequacy formula. The chair said the committee had previously heard from HHS/Medicaid officials and now wanted to hear from local special education directors about how the aid system works in practice, including billing, training, data collection, and whether districts handle claims consistently. Members also referenced Arkansas as a possible comparison state and said they hoped to develop ideas by November to address the current funding process. Committee members focused on the current special education aid thresholds and the impact of proration. The chair described the existing formula as requiring districts to absorb costs up to 3.5 times the state average per student, with the state paying 80% from 3.5 times through 10 times and paying above that, and said FY25 appropriated about $34 million while actual claims were about $50.1 million, leaving roughly a $16 million shortfall that caused proration. Members also raised the possibility of lowering the threshold to 2.5 times and asked how that would affect the number of eligible students and costs. Another member asked about how districts decide whether services are education-related or medical-related and how Medicaid or private insurance reimbursement affects later state aid claims. District representatives from Boothby Therapy Services, Bedford, and Guilford introduced themselves and described their roles. Guilford’s director said the district tracks students with paraprofessional support, nurses, transportation, or specialized programming, uses a data system to log every service touchpoint, and tries to maximize both Medicaid and special education aid; she said a lower threshold would likely capture all students with paras or nurses and that rising staffing and service costs would increase the number of students over the cap. Bedford’s assistant director said the district uses a different system, tracks roughly 60 to 80 students a year, and pursues Medicaid and special education aid simultaneously but does not pursue private insurance if it would affect FAPE; she said reducing the threshold to 2.5 times would likely double the number of qualifying students. Members asked follow-up questions about software, data entry, and how districts decide whether to bill Medicaid or seek state catastrophic aid, and the directors explained that their systems log services by staff type and student, with some districts using the same data for both Medicaid and state reimbursement claims.