Video & Transcript : 'female firefighters' :

Page 57 of 271
WA

Washington 2025-2026 Regular Session

House Technology, Economic Development, & Veterans Jan 30th, 2026 at 10:30 am

Technology, Economic Development, & Veterans

Transcript Highlights:
  • It only provides immediate firefighting costs.
  • They involve things like training of firefighters.
  • It's not just our firefighters, but these are the local fire district firefighters.
  • In other words, being able to give our firefighters the kind of more knowledge as some...
  • Yes, or my wife describes it as an insane firefighter with an axe that's the go-outhing.
Bills: HB2579
MA

Massachusetts 2025-2026 Regular Session

Formal House Session 54 Jun 10th, 2026

Massachusetts House Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • Lieutenant Edward Walsh Jr. and firefighter Michael R.
  • It's been a tough month for the firefighters of Massachusetts.
  • In the beginning of May, Chelmsford firefighter Nick Spillane was injured while training future firefighters
  • It is also a workplace safety bill, not just for firefighters, but for everybody in the building trades
  • Lieutenant Walsh and firefighter Kennedy didn't ask how the fire started.
Keywords: 1212, all
TX
Transcript Highlights:
  • I represent the Flyer Professional Firefighters Association Local 3649. Wade Cannon.
  • Wade Cannon was one of my firefighters. I'm a captain for the town, and he was assigned to me.
  • I'm president of the Texas State Association of Firefighters.
  • I'm representing almost 20,000 professional firefighters around the state of Texas, and we are here in
  • I will just tell you that we believe the biggest benefit of this bill is saving the lives of firefighters
MN

Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session

Committee on Judiciary and Public Safety - Part 2 - 03/25/26

Judiciary and Public Safety

Transcript Highlights:
  • </c> They started noticing it in firefighters They started noticing it in firefighters with<00:50:41.840
  • '</c><00:53:10.360><c> work</c> strong link between firefighters' work strong link between firefighters
  • </c><00:53:16.600><c> were</c> One study found that firefighters were One study found that firefighters
  • </c><00:54:37.680><c> and</c> something that all firefighters and something that all firefighters and
  • :56:33.920><c> a</c> All firefighters go through a All firefighters go through a pre-employment<00:56
Keywords: 1187, senate, all
MA

Massachusetts 2025-2026 Regular Session

Joint Committee on Municipalities and Regional Government Jun 21st, 2026 at 01:00 pm

Joint Committee on Municipalities and Regional Government

Transcript Highlights:
  • Diggs, and then folks from the Massachusetts firefighters. Of course.
  • Diggs, and then folks from the Massachusetts firefighters.
  • For the record, my name is Rich McKinnon, President of the Professional Firefighters of Massachusetts
  • As it currently stands in the Commonwealth, firefighters and police officers are subject to different
  • We've hired four new younger firefighters... ...in Whitman we've hired four new younger firefighters
Keywords: 995, all
Summary: The committee opened its hearing with procedural remarks, including a strict three-minute testimony limit, livestream instructions, and a July 1 deadline for written testimony. Chairs Lewis and Rauch then heard testimony on a wide range of municipal home rule petitions and related bills, with many local officials and advocates being taken out of order because of the large turnout. A major topic was firefighter residency. Representatives of the Professional Firefighters of Massachusetts and Sen. Keenan supported H. 2260/S. 1449, which would replace the current 15-mile residency rule for non-civil-service fire departments with a negotiable standard, generally allowing residency within 15 miles and permitting expansion through collective bargaining. Supporters said the change would improve recruitment and retention amid the housing crisis and create parity with civil-service departments. Acton Fire Chief Anita Arnhum and Sen. Senna also backed H. 4168 for Acton, making similar arguments about recruitment, paramedics, and the need for local flexibility. The committee also heard strong support for charter overhaul petitions for Somerville and Lynn. Somerville officials, including Rep. Barber, Mayor Ballantyne, Councilor Jake Wilson, and charter committee member Beverly Schwartz, described a years-long public process to replace an 1890s-era charter with a modern document emphasizing transparency, public participation, clearer governance, and a possible change to the mayor’s term length. Lynn Mayor Nicholson similarly supported a charter update to modernize city operations and financial procedures. Cambridge-related charter and procurement reforms were also briefly endorsed by Rep. Cabral. Other bills discussed included a proposal by Sen. Eldridge and Rep. Scarsdale to create a state grant program for municipal sustainability directors, and regional school finance bills supported by Rep. Lanatra and Jason Frazier to expand special education reserve funds and create a regional school assessment reserve fund. Acton witnesses also supported library governance changes and a checkout bag charge proposal. The committee heard sharply divided testimony on Quincy’s H. 3897, a 50-year lease extension for Quarry Hills/Granite Links: Quincy officials and business supporters praised the public-private partnership and future investment potential, while residents argued the lease was too long, should be competitively bid, and deserved more oversight and auditing. The hearing also included testimony on Boston trash truck noise restrictions and a PEG access/cable funds bill supported by Mass Access, as well as a Southwick petition to elect part of the Conservation Commission, which one select board member opposed as contrary to current law and good governance.
TX

Texas 89th Regular

Intergovernmental Affairs Apr 8th, 2025

Intergovernmental Affairs

Transcript Highlights:
  • This is a bill that was brought by firefighters in my area.
  • So it's a bill to support your local firefighters if you're into that sort of thing.
  • The actual firefighters that came to this are the ones that protect my house, so I'm totally down for
  • And same with the firefighters; it's completely discretionary. a tool.
  • I represent the Texas State Association of Firefighters and also myself as an ESD firefighter.
FL

Florida 2026 4th Special Session

January 28, 2026 - 03:30 PM

Transcript Highlights:
  • And nowhere is this more evident than in our firefighters who have been exposed to these chemicals in
  • Prior to moving to Boynton Beach, he served as a firefighter in Worcester, Massachusetts for 33 years
  • And in 2022, Representative Casello filed 1257 Discharge and Use of Firefighting Foam to phase out the
  • So I appreciate the opportunity to present this amendment to recognize the sacrifice of our firefighters
  • What can I say, let's do this one for Joe and all the firefighters.
CA

California 2025-2026 Regular Session

Assembly Public Employment and Retirement Committee Apr 22nd, 2026

Public Employment and Retirement

Transcript Highlights:
  • California has relied on incarcerated firefighters for nearly a century. Just kidding. So, sorry.
  • California has relied on incarcerated firefighters for nearly a century. Just kidding.
  • But when they return home, they face numerous obstacles to continuing their firefighting career.
  • I spent two seasons as an incarcerated firefighter, Batista Conservation.
  • in love with wildland firefighting.
Keywords: 988, house, all
AZ

Arizona 2026 Regular Session

03/09/2026 - Senate Finance

Senate Finance Committee of Reference

Transcript Highlights:
  • while traveling directly to or from work to include a state firefighter, a member of a city or town
  • while traveling directly to or from work to include a state firefighter, a member of a city or town
  • , because of this lack of a definition, a claim submitted by the town and one of our firefighters was
  • But most importantly, it can impact response times if on-call firefighters ...safety employees.
  • But most importantly, it can impact response times if on-call firefighters are forced to drive to the
Summary: The Senate Finance Committee approved the February 16, 2026 minutes and then heard House Bill 2173, which would let tax officers and taxpayers communicate electronically about proposed property tax corrections or claims unless certified mail is required. County and assessor representatives supported the bill as a modernization measure, and the committee voted 6-0 to give it a do pass recommendation. The committee then considered several Arizona State Retirement System-related measures and nominations. It recommended confirmation of Thomas J. Connolly as a public member of the ASRS Board and Charles Essex as a retired member, both by 6-0 votes. The committee also passed House Bills 2089, 2090, and 2092, which clarified ASRS health subsidy eligibility, changed the disability determination timing for long-term disability benefits, and adjusted the waiver window for new eligible members age 65 or older. Each of those bills received unanimous or near-unanimous support. Members next approved House Bill 2693, as amended, which revises Arizona’s association health plan and multiple employer welfare arrangement rules to align with current federal law and adds a study by the Department of Administration on state and school employee health insurance options. Supporters said it could expand affordable coverage for small businesses, while Senator Epstein raised concerns about consumer protections, preexisting conditions, and prior fraud issues; the bill passed 5-1. The committee also passed House Bill 2120, allowing Social Security disability determination letters to help certify eligibility for the property tax exemption for disabled persons, and House Bill 2138, clarifying workers’ compensation coverage for firefighters traveling directly to or from duty, both with some discussion but no opposition. Finally, the committee approved House Bill 2273, which creates a one-time $300 income tax rebate for certain Pinal County residents using remaining escrow funds from the county transportation tax litigation, though members debated whether the money should instead go to roads. The bill passed 3-2 after comments from the sponsor, a Pinal County mayor, and senators who said they wanted the funds directed to transportation projects. The committee then passed House Bill 2786, exempting income from renting required college textbooks from transaction privilege tax, and adjourned.
HI
Transcript Highlights:
  • That includes firefighters, teachers, and healthcare workers.
  • That includes firefighters, teachers, and healthcare workers.
  • <00:38:07.640><c> teachers</c><00:38:08.160><c> healthcare</c><00:38:08.640><c> workers</c> firefighters
  • teachers healthcare workers firefighters teachers healthcare workers um<00:38:09.880><c> and</c><00:
  • Female, so I go way back, because that area right there is the manoni walls there. It's old.
Committee: House Finance
Keywords: 910, house, all
MO

Missouri 2026 Regular Session

Local Government Mar 4th, 2026 at 08:00 am

Local Government

Transcript Highlights:
  • So if Chillicothe, Missouri, one of the firefighters, wanted to unionize, once that union, and again,
  • I serve as the vice president of the Cape Girardeau Firefighters Association.
  • I serve as the vice president of the Cape Girardeau Firefighters Association Local 1084.
  • For more than 1,200 days, the firefighters at Cape Girardeau have been working without a contract.
  • over 2,800 paramedics, firefighters, and dispatchers in the counties of St.
Keywords: 959, house, all
WA
Transcript Highlights:
  • This was brought to me by counties and firefighters.
  • I'm a firefighter paramedic here in Olympia, a former wildland firefighter, and I serve as the political
  • I'm a firefighter, paramedic. ahead and 60 seconds. Good afternoon. My name is Noah Skart Vet.
  • I'm a firefighter paramedic here in Olympia, a former wildland firefighter, and I serve as the political
  • Our firefighters, paramedics, and law enforcement deserve every protection we can offer.
Summary: The committee first took executive action on House Bill 1170, which would require disclosures when content is developed or modified by artificial intelligence and address provenance tools and enforcement. Staff described a proposed substitute and several amendments. The committee rejected amendments that would have applied the bill to public entities and tribal nations, added technical-and-commercial-feasibility language, and created a geo-blocking provision or a right to cure. It adopted amendments allowing comparable existing detection tools to satisfy the bill, protecting covered providers from liability when disclosures are unintentionally altered despite reasonable preservation measures, and setting a January 1, 2028 effective date. Members then debated whether the bill was ready for enactment, with supporters emphasizing transparency and consumer trust and opponents warning it was premature and could hinder innovation. The committee voted 7-4, with two excused, to report the bill out of committee with a do-pass recommendation. The committee then heard House Bill 2186, which would expand state support for applicants seeking federal economic development funds, create a matching-funds account, and require a study of available federal grants. The prime sponsor said the bill would help Washington capture more federal dollars, especially for projects that require matching funds, and would expand the Fund Hub WA website beyond environmental grants. Testimony in support came from the Port of Seattle, the Washington Economic Development Association, the City of Pasco, a downtown Kennewick nonprofit, and the Department of Commerce, all saying the bill would improve competitiveness, help underserved communities, and leverage state dollars for larger federal returns. Commerce said it was still developing the fiscal note and technical edits. The hearing on HB 2186 was then closed. Finally, the committee opened a hearing on House Bill 2351, which would protect emergency responders and emergency response operations. Staff explained that the bill would bar local governments and incident command systems from assisting enforcement actions targeting emergency responders based on protected status, create emergency operation zones with restrictions on law enforcement activity, and change the obstruction statute to cover obstruction of emergency responders. The prime sponsor and many local officials, firefighters, and advocates testified in support, citing incidents where federal enforcement actions disrupted wildfire response and other emergencies. Some witnesses raised concerns about administrative burden, ambiguity, and possible unintended consequences, including a proposed mental-health defense and clarification of responder identification. The Association of Sheriffs and Police Chiefs and the Association of Washington Cities said they supported the goal but wanted changes to avoid conflicts and reduce burdens. The hearing concluded without a vote.
KY
Transcript Highlights:
  • . firefighters. firefighters.
  • </c> concern to newly hired fire firefighters concern to newly hired fire firefighters and<00:25:38.240
  • </c><00:26:54.080><c> or</c> tool um for officers and firefighters or tool um for officers and firefighters
  • If an officer or firefighter is injured...
  • However, that same flexibility does not exist for firefighters.
Summary: The Public Pension Oversight Board met on February 13 and approved the minutes after establishing a quorum. The committee then took up three pension-related bills, beginning with Rep. Callaway’s proposal to allow certain retired police officers with 15 to 19 years of service to be rehired by local law enforcement agencies. Callaway and Brandon Lincoln of the FOP said the bill is intended to help recruitment and retention, especially for departments facing staffing shortages, and emphasized that it would be optional and would not allow double-dipping. Committee members raised concerns that lowering the service threshold from 20 to 15 years could create an unfunded liability and weaken the pension system, and several members said they did not yet fully understand how the pension and insurance provisions would work. The sponsor said she was open to working on the bill, and the chair noted the committee would continue to examine it with help from KPA staff. The second bill, presented by Rep. Lewis with Brandon Lincoln and Jeff Taylor, addressed probationary employees in CS agencies, including firefighters and police officers. The bill would let certain former probationary employees purchase service credit for time spent in probation, and would extend line-of-duty death and disability protections to employees who are injured or killed during probationary service. Testimony said the measure is optional for employers, could be used as a recruitment tool, and would allow employees within six months of the probationary period to buy back the time themselves if they choose. Members generally supported the concept, noted a negligible fiscal note, and discussed whether current employees could buy back older probationary periods; the sponsor said the bill did not appear to allow that, though he was open to further discussion. Throughout both bills, members focused on whether the proposals would create new pension costs or liabilities and how they would interact with existing retirement tiers and contribution rules. Several members asked for clarification on whether rehired workers would contribute to the pension system, whether employers would pay normal cost or any contribution at all, and whether the bills would affect future retirement benefits. The sponsors and witnesses repeatedly said the measures were limited, optional, and intended to address staffing and fairness issues without changing the core retirement system, but the committee did not take final action on the bills during the discussion.
VT

Vermont 2025-2026 Regular Session

House Session - 2026-02-13 - 9:30AM

Vermont House Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • Albins firefighters gathered to celebrate this historic milestone in the department's history.
  • ><c> painted</c><00:10:01.040><c> OSHA</c> firefighting vehicles were painted OSHA firefighting vehicles
  • /c><00:10:17.360><c> their</c> firefighters soon appreciated their firefighters soon appreciated their
  • </c><00:10:38.880><c> and</c> trained roster of firefighters and trained roster of firefighters and modern
  • /c><00:10:46.399><c> this</c> firefighters gathered to celebrate this firefighters gathered to celebrate
Keywords: 926, house, all
MA

Massachusetts 2025-2026 Regular Session

Joint Committee on Public Service Jun 21st, 2026 at 01:00 pm

Joint Committee on Public Service

Transcript Highlights:
  • I started out as a call firefighter before I... ...did a lot longer to buy back my call time.
  • I started out as a call firefighter before I became a dispatcher.
  • Next from the professional firefighters of Massachusetts, Paul Jakes, Craig Hardy.
  • I've been here 22 years, and I previously served as a career firefighter.
  • I work shoulder to shoulder with firefighters, investigators, and other first responders.
Keywords: 995, all
Summary: The Joint Committee on Public Service held its 15th hearing of the 194th General Court, focused on retirement group classifications for a range of public safety and related employees. Much of the testimony centered on bills affecting Barnstable County dispatchers and 911 telecommunicators, who argued they should remain in or be moved to Group 2 because their work is highly stressful, life-or-death in nature, and historically had been treated that way. Speakers said the proposed changes would largely grandfather in current employees, would not add costs in some cases, and were needed to correct outdated statutory language and PERAC rulings that had created uncertainty for workers nearing retirement or already retired. Similar support was offered for bills to reclassify 911 dispatchers statewide from Group 1 to Group 2, with testimony from dispatch supervisors, sheriffs, and police associations describing chronic stress, PTSD, staffing shortages, and retention problems. The committee also heard testimony on several other retirement-related bills. Representatives of Massport and campus police supported measures to align retirement benefits for Massport police and public higher education police with other law enforcement groups, arguing they perform comparable duties and face similar risks. The Massachusetts Chiefs of Police Association also backed a bill to ease post-retirement earning restrictions for retired police and firefighters so they can continue consulting, training, or advising without penalty. MOSES testified in favor of bills moving certain state employees into Group 2, including forensic scientists at the State Police Crime Lab, DCR aerial foresters, and Department of Correction construction coordinators, citing hazardous work environments and physical danger. Department of Fire Services compliance officers likewise sought Group 4 classification, describing exposure to toxins, fatal fire scenes, and cancer risks. No votes were taken during the hearing. The committee heard extensive testimony from affected employees, union and association representatives, and public safety officials, all urging favorable reports on the bills. At the end of the hearing, the chairs thanked witnesses and staff, and the committee adjourned after a motion and second.
MA

Massachusetts 2025-2026 Regular Session

Senate Session Mar 23rd, 2026

Massachusetts Senate Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • co-chair, coming out of the tragedy 12 years ago in Back Bay, just down the street, where we lost two firefighters
  • Since then, Two firefighters in the city of Boston. Since then, we've had a number of close calls.
  • The loss that day of Firefighter Kennedy and Lieutenant Walsh is still felt deeply by their families
  • The work of the professional firefighters in Massachusetts and Boston firefighters, The professional
  • firefighters in Massachusetts and Boston firefighters, Local 718, as well as the Last Call Foundation
Summary: The Senate took up several matters for final passage and adopted a resolution celebrating the commissioning of the U.S.S. Massachusetts. It then enacted two House bills: one directing the City of Boston Police Department to waive the maximum age requirement for Jason Villian, and another authorizing DCAMM to convey certain parcels of land in Brockton. The chamber also adopted a Ways and Means report on the Senate bill fostering agricultural resilience in Massachusetts, which recommended replacing the original bill with a new draft and set deadlines and procedures for amendments before further consideration. The Senate also handled a petition on animal telehealth, with the Rules Committee recommending suspension of the relevant joint rule so the matter could be referred to the Committee on Consumer Protection and Professional Licensure. Several other House petitions were similarly referred under suspension of Joint Rule 12. The Senate adopted an order to adjourn and meet again on Thursday at 11 a.m., and later suspended rules to take up Senate Bill 1646 on violations of regulations regarding hot work processes. On Senate Bill 1646, the Senate rejected an amendment offered by Senator Moore to establish a Board of Hoisting Machinery Regulations, then adopted the Ways and Means amendment and ordered the bill to a third reading. During third reading, Senator Collins spoke in support of the bill as a continuation of reforms inspired by the Walsh-Kennedy Commission and aimed at strengthening oversight, transparency, and accountability for hot work operators and contractors. The Senate then passed the bill to be engrossed. Before adjournment, the Senate agreed to adjourn in memory of Dan McColl, a South Boston artist and newspaper man, and observed a moment of silence in his honor.
MN

Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session

House Public Safety Finance and Policy Committee 4/14/26

Public Safety Finance and Policy

Transcript Highlights:
  • Um, my portion of the bill would add part-time and paid-on-call firefighters to the firefighters that
  • firefighters to the firefighters<00:04:31.800><c> that</c><00:04:32.040><c> qualify</c><00:04:32.720
  • </c> volunteer and full-time firefighters volunteer and full-time firefighters that<00:04:42.080><c>
  • Cancer is the most common cause of firefighter line-of-duty deaths, but to date, Mike is the only firefighter
  • Cancer is the most common cause of firefighter line-of-duty deaths, but to date, Mike is the only firefighter
Bills: HF4446 , HF4066 , HF1082
MN

Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session

Committee on Judiciary and Public Safety - Part 1 - 04/17/26

Judiciary and Public Safety

Transcript Highlights:
  • . firefighters. firefighters.
  • ><01:08:01.320><c> who</c> date Mike is the only firefighter who date Mike is the only firefighter who
  • Paul Firefighters Local 21.
  • Paul firefighter.
  • We do not ask that of firefighters when a firefighter dies in the fireground.
Keywords: 1187, senate, all
WA

Washington 2025-2026 Regular Session

House Floor Session Mar 12th, 2026

Washington House Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • These are people—law enforcement officers and firefighters—who served our state well, worked hard, and
  • And yes, this focuses on taking away pension money from law enforcement officers and firefighters, and
  • And yes, this focuses on taking away pension money from law enforcement officers and firefighters.
  • responders, firefighters and police officers.
  • Speaker, the average life of a firefighter or a police officer after retirement is substantially less
Summary: The House was called to order, a quorum was confirmed, and members recited the Pledge of Allegiance and a prayer. The chamber approved the previous day’s minutes, held brief party caucuses, and received a Senate message announcing the signing of engrossed substitute House Bill 1187. The House then moved through third-reading business on several bills, concurring in Senate amendments before final passage votes. Engrossed Substitute House Bill 1795, dealing with school restraint and isolation practices, drew the most debate. Supporters said the Senate changes added clarity and strengthened protections around restraint, while opponents argued schools and private providers serving high-need students need more training and funding before restrictions are tightened. The bill passed 58-37. Engrossed House Bill 1941, allowing small cannabis producers to form limited agricultural cooperatives, also passed after debate over whether cannabis should be treated as an agricultural product; it passed 69-26. Engrossed Second Substitute House Bill 2034, concerning the use of surplus pension funds from the LEOFF 1 plan, generated extensive opposition from members who said pension money should remain for retirees and first responders and warned against using it to balance the budget. Supporters described the measure as a prudent fiscal step for an overfunded closed plan. It passed 50-46. House Bill 1526, which allows snack bar licensees to sell wine by the glass, passed 87-9, and Second Substitute House Bill 1701, allowing independently owned wineries and breweries to lease third-party kitchen space, passed 89-7. The House then went at ease.
CA

California 2025-2026 Regular Session

Assembly Public Safety Committee Mar 11th, 2025

Transcript Highlights:
  • I'm here before you as a previously incarcerated firefighter.
  • Like firefighters, we work long shifts, often in the most dangerous conditions.
  • Adam Kane with Initiate Justice, formerly incarcerated firefighter, strong support.
  • Adam Kane would initiate justice, formerly incarcerated firefighter and strong support.
  • I have personal friends who have served as incarcerated firefighters.
Summary: The committee heard several public safety-related bills. AB 383 by Assembly Member Davies would expand and clarify firearm restrictions tied to juvenile adjudications, allow certain minor firearm possession for hunting or training with guardian approval, and authorize warrants in some domestic violence-related firearm surrender situations. Supporters, including a district attorney representative, argued it would close gaps in existing law and improve public safety; opponents said it would over-criminalize youth and disproportionately affect marginalized communities. The bill passed as amended to Appropriations. AB 400 by Assembly Member Pacheco would require law enforcement K-9 units to meet statewide POST standards covering training, use of force, and handler skills. Supporters said the bill would create consistency, accountability, and safer deployments; opponents argued the standards were inadequate and would legitimize harmful canine practices. After debate over whether the bill expanded canine use or simply standardized it, the committee approved AB 400 and sent it to Appropriations. AB 380 by Assembly Member Gonzalez would extend price-gouging protections during emergencies, including for hotels, food, essential goods and services, and commercial property, and would remove the 12-month lease limit loophole for rent gouging. Supporters said the bill responds to wildfire-related exploitation and provides clarity for disaster victims; business and landlord groups warned it could amount to commercial rent control and create uncertainty for future emergencies. The author said he would continue working on amendments, and the bill passed as amended to Appropriations. AB 358 by Assembly Member Alvarez would create a narrow exception to Cal-ECPA so law enforcement could inspect tracking or surveillance devices found in a person’s home, vehicle, or property with the finder’s consent. Supporters said the change would help stalking and domestic violence victims preserve evidence quickly; privacy advocates argued warrants and existing emergency exceptions already cover these situations. The chair proposed narrowing the language to “tracking or surveillance device,” and the bill was held on call after an initial roll with only three votes in favor. The transcript also began AB 247, which would raise pay for incarcerated hand crew firefighters, with testimony from formerly incarcerated firefighters in support, but the discussion was not completed in the excerpt.