Transcript Highlights:

• Obviously, that is the classification of the school.

Bills: SB1360, SB1204, SB1989, SB1189, SB1481

Keywords: mathematics, student assessment, dyscalculia, intervention services, educational funding, professional development, state department of education, school employees, teachers, support personnel, support employees, public schools, school districts, bereavement leave, paid leave, grief leave, family leave, miscarriage, pregnancy loss, maternity leave

Transcript Highlights:

• of xylazine positive toxicology. of xylazine positive toxicology.
• From a criminal justice perspective, Schedule 3 classification gives prosecutors and law enforcement
• It is our understanding that with a Schedule 3 classification, that cost could be substantial, taken
• It is our understanding that with a Schedule 3 classification, that cost could be substantial, taken
• His urine results came back positive for kratom, which he didn't initially disclose.

Keywords: 1191, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• Is the sponsor considering a new classification for assessment purposes?

Keywords: 993, senate, all

Summary: The New York State Senate Committee on Housing, Construction, and Community Development met on May 18, 2026, with a quorum present and several members participating by vote sheet. Chair Brian Kavanagh opened the meeting by noting it was likely the committee’s last meeting of the session and thanked members and staff for their work. Senators also offered brief remarks of appreciation for the chair and the committee’s collaborative process. The committee advanced four bills. S.2523A (Ramos) would establish a jobs and housing pilot program to create construction jobs and address the housing crisis; it was reported to Finance, with Senator Walsack voting no and Senator Martins voting AWR. S.8612 (Kavanagh) would make clarifying changes to the good cause eviction law; the chair said it had been extensively negotiated with tenant and landlord stakeholders and had broad support, and it was reported with Senators Martins and Walsack voting AWR. S.8918A (Kavanagh) would create the Build Up New York pilot program and a mass timber for affordable housing program, along with related tax credits; it was reported to the floor unanimously. The committee also considered S.9287 (Hensh), which would create a real property tax exemption for certain full-time residents in certain counties. Members discussed whether the bill would create a new property class or instead shift tax burdens within the one- to four-family home class, and raised concerns about impacts on second homes and local school budgets. Supporters argued it resembled a homestead exemption and could help local residents. The bill was reported to Finance, with Senator Martins voting ADBR. The meeting then adjourned after the final agenda item.

Transcript Highlights:

• SB 1540, Motor Fuel Theft Classifications. Judiciary and Elections.

Keywords: 1182, all

Summary: The Senate convened with prayer and the pledge, recorded attendance, and approved the prior day’s journal. The chamber recognized Lucid Motors Day at the Capitol, highlighting the company’s Arizona operations, investment, and job creation, and also welcomed county officials and noted a temporary committee replacement appointment and a governor’s nomination for the State Liquor Board, which was referred to the appropriate committee. The main floor business was the introduction and first reading of a large slate of bills and resolutions covering commerce, elections, immigration, education, water, transportation, public safety, labor, housing, taxation, and appropriations. One measure, SB 1429, was further referred to the Senate Finance Committee. The Senate then proceeded through second reading of numerous bills, including measures on roads, collective bargaining, tax relief, school mapping, assisted living, crime-free lease addenda, utility disclosures, public pensions, and several local appropriations and tribal-related items. No substantive votes on the listed bills were taken in the transcript beyond referral and placement on the calendar. The majority leader used a personal privilege statement to criticize the Attorney General’s recent remarks, saying they were inappropriate and should be retracted, and then moved to adjourn. The Senate adjourned until Tuesday, February 3, 2026, at 1:15 p.m.

Transcript Highlights:

• Turning to page three, the House position includes the governor's request for the uniform administration
• And the House position in the DE2 reflects on line 435: administrative and grant reduction to a grant
• And the House position includes enhanced FMAP for current expenditures for family planning services.
• The House position intends to fulfill the balance of the request at the health boards through additional
• Secondly, the fact that we're in this position has nothing to do with those three weeks.

Bills: HF2435

Keywords: healthcare, dementia services, public health funding, opioid prevention, women's health, community health boards, mental health

Transcript Highlights:

• ...and your position on the bill. Thank you.
• And the first thing you hear is what part of FM 70, and there's a big misconstrued road position on that
• Being a cop just came natural for him, as if he was born for this position.
• State your name and who you represent, with your position for or against the bill.
• Your name and who you represent with your position for or against the bill.

Bills: HB767, HB 1242, HB1373, HB1404, HB1708, HB1936, HB2041, HB2198, HB2270, HB2315, HB2415, HB2427, HB2455, HB2457, HB2522, HB2523, HB2686, HB2763, HB2775, HB2944, HB3034, HB1683, HB1695

Keywords: highway designation, memorial, Montgomery County, Paul P. Mendes, transportation, HB 1242, Texas Transportation Code, U.S. Highway 281, Brooks County, Ernesto Soliz Cantu, memorial highway, road naming, TxDOT, road signage, commemorative resolution, memorial markers, county road 304, Huppergate Road, Los Robles Trail, Farm-to-Market Road

Transcript Highlights:

• When we extracted that part of the program, I think—but I'm not positive—the money you're talking about
• 08.919> not of the program that I think but I'm not of the program that I think but I'm not positive
• My question is regarding whether there are income limits for the classifications to receive the cash
• for<00:34:52.760> the the income limits are for the the income limits are for the classifications
• to receive the the cash classifications to receive the the cash and<00:34:57.839> the<00:34:58.839

Keywords: 1183, house

Summary: The committee met for an introductory overview of its jurisdiction and budget, with the chair emphasizing the committee’s role over a large portfolio of children, youth, and family programs and the new Department of Children, Youth, and Families (DCYF). House Research and House Fiscal staff explained their roles and described the 2023-24 reorganization that transferred many programs from DHS, DPS, MDH, and MDE to DCYF, along with a statute recodification and a crosswalk resource for members. Doug Berg then walked through the committee’s budget structure, explaining the difference between all-funds and general fund views, the major funding sources, and how forecasted programs and grant bases roll forward. He highlighted that the committee’s general fund base is a little over $2.1 billion for the biennium, with large federal components such as SNAP and TANF, and noted smaller accounts including child protection-related opioid funds and federal reimbursement offsets (FFP) for administrative costs. Members asked several questions about federal financial participation, TANF, and the effect of the repeal of the Diversionary Work Program (DWP). Staff explained that FFP generally applies to administrative costs for federally related programs and usually does not change much unless program activity changes, while TANF is a block grant that has been stable for years. On DWP, staff said the program was sunsetted effective March 1, 2026, and that the associated funding and administrative costs were being reworked rather than simply removed. A member also asked about federal funding fluctuations; staff said no changes were currently factored in, though SNAP or other federal policy changes could alter future numbers. Danielle Penelli then presented on economic assistance and employment supports transferred to DCYF, focusing first on MFIP, Minnesota’s state-supervised, county-administered welfare program jointly funded by state and federal dollars. She explained that MFIP provides cash and food assistance, employment and training services, and related supports, with a 60-month time limit and certain exemptions for illness, incapacity, or other barriers to employment. She also described the program’s income and asset standards, including a $10,000 asset limit with exclusions for homesteads and one vehicle per assistance unit member age 16 or older. Members asked clarifying questions about how the time limit applies and what assets count, and staff responded that the limit applies to the caregiver and does not restart with additional children. Penelli also introduced support services grants, which fund employment services for MFIP, DWP, and SNAP participants through workforce centers, counties, tribes, and community agencies, and help cover some county and tribal administrative costs. She began outlining nutrition programs under DCYF, including SNAP, the Minnesota Food Assistance Program, the Minnesota Food Shelf Program, the Emergency Food Assistance Program, and the American Indian Food Sovereignty Program. No formal votes or bill actions were taken during this meeting; it was primarily an informational staff briefing and question-and-answer session.

Transcript Highlights:

• It’s information about the provider who provided that care, their specialty or classification, where
• provided that care um their<00:44:59.559> specialty<00:45:00.160> or<00:45:00.680> classification
• <00:45:01.680> um their specialty or classification um their specialty or classification um
• And so, you know, I'm kind of feeling like I'm in a position where maybe I can stand a little bit on

Keywords: 1183, house

Transcript Highlights:

• Chairman, when we look at y'all's chief historians, I don't know if you have that position, if you're
• And it's obviously a great position to be in. My slide four kind of shows where we are.
• Our position as a total trust fund would be substantially worse than we are today.
• , the CEO position and the chief scientific officer.
• Positions, the CEO position and the chief scientific officer.

Bills: SB 1

Keywords: campground safety, youth camp regulations, flood safety, emergency evacuation, health and safety standards

Summary: The committee heard budget presentations from the Legislative Budget Board and agency officials on several agencies, starting with the Texas Historical Commission. LBB described a large biennial reduction driven mainly by the removal of one-time funding and discussed capital projects, rider changes, and exceptional items including Presidio La Bahia and the National Museum of the Pacific War. Senators asked about heritage trails, courthouse grants, unexpended balance authority, and the status of historical-site funding. Historical Commission leadership emphasized preservation, courthouse restoration, heritage tourism, coordination with the Alamo and other Texas Revolution sites, and requested additional IT, staffing, and vehicle funding. No votes were taken. The committee then reviewed the Pension Review Board and the Employees Retirement System. The Pension Review Board’s budget was largely unchanged aside from IT maintenance and salary adjustments, with an exceptional item for additional IT enhancements. Members discussed the Dallas Police and Fire Pension System’s funding dispute and the need for a workable restoration plan. ERS presented a much larger budget, including funding for the retirement system, the group benefits plan, and the legacy payment intended to reduce unfunded liability. Senators focused heavily on pension investment returns, benchmark comparisons, and rising health-care costs, especially pharmacy spending driven by GLP-1 drugs; ERS said the plan covers about 540,000 lives and that premiums would rise 8% while benefits remain unchanged. ERS also said it had no exceptional items, and committee members requested more detailed benchmark information. The committee also heard from the Texas Emergency Services Retirement System and the Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas. TESSORS reported an unfunded liability, an infinite amortization period, and requested additional state support, staffing, and IT funding, including a statutory change to allow a higher contribution level; the agency warned that without more funding it may have to cut benefits. CEPRIT’s presentation covered its bond-funded cancer research and prevention portfolio, revenue-sharing from funded projects, and a request to increase salary limits for its CEO and chief scientific officer. Senators questioned CEPRIT’s accomplishments and return on investment, while CEPRIT cited screening, prevention, and research outcomes, including tens of thousands of detected cancers and precursors and hundreds of thousands of first-time screenings. The meeting ended after these presentations and questions, with no recorded committee action or vote.

Transcript Highlights:

• Yeah, I hear the charter schools' position.
• Anyone in the audience who would like to express your position on this bill?
• Okay, thank you for your position. Okay, thank you for your position. Let me respond first.
• One second, let me state my position as a minority myself in this country.
• It has been over 50 years since the student regent position was created.

Keywords: 987, senate, all

Summary: The Senate Committee on Elections and Constitutional Amendments heard several measures, beginning with SCA 5, Senator Cortese’s proposal to create an Equalization Reserve Account to help reduce long-standing per-pupil funding disparities between basic aid and non-basic aid school districts. Supporters, including education leaders and school employees, argued the measure would provide a stable, long-term funding source to improve student services and staffing. Charter school representatives opposed the bill, saying it excluded charter schools from the benefits and could raise equal protection concerns. Senator Cortese responded that the bill only addresses district funding and does not alter charter funding formulas. After quorum was established, SCA 5 was approved and sent to Appropriations. The committee also heard S.J.R. 18, a resolution by Senator McNerney condemning the Citizens United decision and urging limits on corporate influence in elections. The author argued that corporate and dark money have overwhelmed campaign finance and weakened public trust. There was no formal witness testimony in support or opposition, and members discussed the resolution’s symbolic nature and its relationship to free speech and campaign finance rules. The resolution was adopted and referred onward. The committee then took up ACA 7, Assembly Member Jackson’s constitutional amendment to clarify Proposition 209 and allow more race-conscious tools in education to address racial equity gaps. Supporters said current law prevents targeted, evidence-based interventions and that the measure would help close persistent disparities; opponents argued it would weaken Prop. 209, invite discrimination, and likely fail at the ballot or in court. After extensive debate, the measure was approved as amended and sent to Appropriations. The committee next heard ACA 18, which would add a second student voting seat to the University of California Board of Regents, ensuring both undergraduate and graduate student representation. The author and student regent witnesses said the UC board is the only major higher education governing board in California with just one student vote, and that more student representation would improve decision-making and reflect the student body. The measure drew support from student organizations and was approved. Finally, AJR 29 was heard, opposing a federal executive order affecting vote-by-mail administration and defending California’s mail voting system as safe and secure. The author said the order would improperly interfere with state election administration. The resolution was adopted. Items 3 and 4 on consent were also approved, and the committee adjourned after all agenda items were acted upon.

Transcript Highlights:

• The committee received over 17 applications for this position.
• And that's a powerful position, but I want you to know that you were supported.
• It's a powerful position, but I want you to know that you are supported.
• and any position that she represents.
• and any position that she represents.

Keywords: 996, all

Transcript Highlights:

• That was a positive vote from the people of Derry to do exactly what this bill would do.
• <03:43:37.840> is know what each design classification is know what each design classification
• and moving towards a an upright position and moving towards a safe<04:20:49.760> location.
• Like not contingent on any positive Like not contingent on any positive behavior<04:39:40.878> at<
• We are not taking a position on this bill.

Keywords: 928, house, all

Summary: The committee heard House Bill 1331, which would allow the town of Derry to incorporate the Derry Cooperative School District as a department of the town through a charter amendment. The prime sponsor and several supporters argued the change would increase local control, streamline overlapping town and school functions, and potentially help align school spending with Derry’s tax cap. Supporters also said Derry is large enough to warrant a structure more like Manchester or Nashua, and one witness cited a 2018 nonbinding Derry ballot question that passed 597 to 547 in favor of seeking authorization for this change. Opposition came from NEA New Hampshire President Megan Tuttle, who said the association and the Derry Education Association opposed the bill because schools are not simply another municipal department and because Derry voters had already rejected merging the district into town government. She argued the state should respect local control and the community’s prior decision. Committee members asked about the scope of the proposed charter change, the role of the school board, and the reported prior vote, and the sponsor clarified that the amendment would be limited to this specific purpose rather than opening the entire charter. The hearing then moved to House Bill 1374, which would change the procedures for withdrawing from a cooperative school district. Representative Mary Murphy said current law gives other cooperative towns too much control over a withdrawing town’s decision, and her bill would remove the requirement for approval by the other towns while raising the withdrawing town’s approval threshold to a supermajority. She pointed to Francis Town’s 2024 withdrawal vote and said the bill was intended to protect students and local decision-making. The sponsor asked for an ought to pass recommendation, and committee members asked follow-up questions about the prior withdrawal vote and the number of voters involved.

Transcript Highlights:

• They represent a unique building type that challenges traditional zoning classifications like commercial
• Many jurisdictions currently treat data centers under vague classifications like light industrial or
• <03:22:43.600> like<03:22:44.080> commercial<03:22:44.560> or classifications like
• commercial or classifications like commercial or industrial<03:22:45.439> use<03:22:45.840>
• <03:22:52.000> like centers under vague classifications like centers under vague classifications

Keywords: 1191, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• I would suggest that the bringing of sports and events to Minnesota is one thing that's a positive.
• I would suggest that the bringing of sports and events to Minnesota is one thing that's a positive.
• Is it your position that legalizing online sports gambling would make consumers... Thank you.
• If you could comment some more about how you see this plan being a positive change for consumers?
• ,<01:55:57.800> and<01:55:57.960> reporting classification, and reporting classification

Keywords: 1187, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• <00:09:02.080> Should House proceed from its position.
• Should House proceed from its position.
• department heads in comparable positions department heads in comparable positions may<00:53:11.520
• You know, position and moves forward together for a better Maryland.
• the Senate receipts from its position. the Senate receipts from its position.

Keywords: Senate streaming session for Monday, April 13, 2026, 960, senate, all

Summary: The Senate convened on the final day of session, heard an invocation, recognized guests and pages, and outlined a tentative plan for multiple sessions and breaks through the day. The chamber then took up several messages between the Senate and House, including a refusal to concur in House amendments to Senate Bill 311 on the Blueprint for Maryland’s Future and the appointment of conferees, as well as a House message on House Bill 9007 establishing a conference committee on third-degree assault. The Senate also considered a series of second-reader bills. House Bill 6, requiring MHEC to collect data on pregnant and parenting students, was amended to exempt Maryland Global Campus and limit certain provisions to public senior higher education institutions and community colleges before being ordered to third reading. House Bill 182, concerning replacement of faithless electors, was amended to conform with Senate Bill 237 and then passed. House Bill 575, creating excused absences for student civic engagement, drew the most discussion; senators asked about the definition of civic engagement, county discretion, and whether students could use the bill for repeated protests. The floor leader explained that county boards would retain discretion and that the bill would not require weekly absences. The bill’s two amendments were adopted and it was sent to third reading. Additional measures passed with little or no opposition. House Bill 640 revised boards, commissions, and reporting requirements; House Bill 1335 required an independent study of IT and cybersecurity staffing and pay; House Bill 587 created a work group to review transportation procurement procedures; House Bill 854 established a nonpublic special education school renovation program; and House Bill 898 adjusted economic development provisions, including VLT proceeds and film tax credit language, after questions about the general fund impact. The Senate also advanced House Bill 1247 on Prince George’s County tax increment financing for an immersive entertainment venue, with amendments making it an emergency bill and addressing zoning and outdoor advertising issues.

Transcript Highlights:

• That way, if someone took it, but took my position or a position within my company, consistency still
• Representative Taylor: This is straightforward, and it's ecological and positive.
• So it would be a new elected position from the general fund, the state general fund?
• And it would be one position for all 15 counties, is that what it is?
• government spending on this new position.

Bills: HB2150, HB2262, HB2267, HB2268, HB2351, HB2425, HB2426, HB2427, HB2755, HB2781, HB2913, HB2943, HB2956, HB2975, HB2985, HB4009

Keywords: state land department, mineral lease, renewals, indexed royalties, land use planning, auditor general, five-year plans, geospatial data, Arizona Geological Survey, resource analysis, geographic information systems, wildlife protection, public nuisance, renewable energy, wind farm, solar farm, residential property, public health, local regulations, state land

Summary: The committee first took up House Bill 2150, which would continue the State Land Department until July 1, 2030. Members discussed a Griffin amendment requiring quarterly updates from the commissioner, a public hearing on the department’s strategic plan in 2028, changes to conceptual land use plans and five-year disposition plans, and legislative findings. The hearing focused heavily on State Land Department practices, including whether it is subject to state agency statutes, the department’s internal ASAP application review process, backlog levels, appraisal and consultant use, audit findings, privileged documents in the Fondomonte matter, Proposition 207 notices, and the Coyotes land auction. Members also raised concerns about land sales, leases, special use permits, and the department’s compliance history. The amendment was adopted and HB 2150 was passed as amended on a 6-4 vote. The committee then considered House Bill 2975, which would suspend the department’s solar scoring map and require new mining and housing resource maps, with a Griffin amendment extending the mapping deadline to ten years or earlier and requiring website posting. Supporters argued the bill would restore neutrality, improve planning, and maximize trust revenue; opponents said the solar map is only a guidance tool and that removing it could reduce transparency and harm solar development. The State Land Department said it was neutral but noted the solar layer is used as guidance and that additional staff or consultant support might be needed to create the new maps. The bill passed as amended on a 6-4 vote. House Bill 2781 followed, proposing county or municipal decommissioning standards and financial assurance requirements for solar energy power plants, along with a remediation fund. A Griffin amendment narrowed local authority to decommissioning standards only and limited applicability to projects receiving permits after the effective date. The sponsor and several witnesses from Pinal County planning and zoning supported the bill, saying solar projects should be required to post real financial assurance so land can be restored if operators go bankrupt or abandon sites. The committee adopted the amendment and passed HB 2781 as amended on a 6-4 vote. Finally, the committee began House Bill 2267, which would classify certain renewable energy projects within four miles of residential property as a public nuisance, with a Heap amendment narrowing it to new utility-scale wind or solar farms and preserving existing projects. The sponsor argued the bill responds to concerns about large wind and solar projects near homes, property values, and wildlife impacts. Testimony and questioning centered on nuisance standards, property value effects, and environmental and health concerns, but the transcript cuts off before final action on HB 2267.

Transcript Highlights:

• Um, but you added 14 24 AWeek positions. Um, but you added 14 part-time<00:20:28.559> positions.
• <00:20:32.400> a positions are really just a positions are really just a reclassification<
• reclassification of AWeek positions um reclassification of AWeek positions um in<00:20:36.480>
• system and does allow three position system and does allow three position classifications<00:30:
• to maintain those AW positions. to maintain those AW positions.

Keywords: 916, all

Transcript Highlights:

• especially through the hard work and stewardship. of our fine chairman, and I look forward to a positive
• FTEs and to bring salary classifications to their midpoint in order to compete with other state agencies
• And we're now being forced into a position where if we don't double that size, that plant in size in
• Now we're in a position where we're asking the state for $244 million to satisfy the drinking needs of

Keywords: 1184, house, all

Transcript Highlights:

• It also revises sentencing and classifications for those convicted of a sexual crime.

Summary: The Justice Budget Committee met with a quorum present and took up four bills. The first, PCS for CS for HB 309 on controlled substances, addressed xylazine (“tranq”), exempting veterinary use and creating criminal offenses related to trafficking and misuse. The sponsor explained changes from the prior version, including removal of a federal-order-related concern and raising the threshold for base possession/trafficking concerns from 4 grams to 28 grams. Public testimony was in support from law enforcement and advocacy groups, and the bill passed 14-0. The committee then heard HB 1467 on penalties for prostitution-related acts. The sponsor said the bill increases penalties for those who solicit, operate prostitution establishments, transport, coerce, or traffic others for prostitution, while not increasing penalties for the people being prostituted. Supporters included Florida Family Voice and the Florida Smart Justice Alliance. The bill passed unanimously, 14-0. Next, CS for HB 1159 on sexual offenses was presented as a broad update to criminal law involving sexual offenses, especially crimes involving minors, child pornography, and sentencing/classification changes. A member asked about a possible Romeo and Juliet issue, and the sponsor said staff was working on clarifying language but did not believe the bill created that problem in its current form. The bill received support from the Florida Sheriffs Association and Florida Smart Justice Alliance and passed 14-0. Finally, CS for HB 485 on petitions for injunction added a checkbox for marriage-fraud allegations in domestic violence injunction petitions, defined marriage fraud for that purpose, and required clerks to notify the State Board of Immigration Enforcement within 24 hours when such an injunction is issued. The sponsor and co-sponsor described it as an accountability measure, it drew support from Florida Smart Justice Alliance, and it also passed unanimously, 14-0. The meeting ended after the chair noted budget recommendations had been submitted and no further business remained.

Transcript Highlights:

• Any additional witnesses will be limited to name, position on the bill, and the organization they represent
• For those wishing to provide further comments, we are accepting written testimony through the position
• I know they could be positively impacted by a bill like this.
• Please provide your name, organization you’re with, if any, and position on the bill. Great.
• I'm going to provide your name, organization you're with, if any, and position on the bill.

Summary: The Assembly Business and Professions Committee heard a lengthy agenda of Senate bills, with most measures ultimately advancing on party-line or broad bipartisan votes after substantial testimony and several amendments. Early in the hearing, SB 418 by Sen. Menjivar was presented as a health access bill to codify ACA nondiscrimination protections in state law and require coverage for up to a 12-month supply of medically approved hormone therapy; supporters framed it as protecting continuity of care amid federal threats, while there was no opposition testimony. The committee later also took up SB 456, which would exempt muralists from contractor licensing requirements for commissioned fine art murals; supporters said recent enforcement had chilled mural projects and harmed artists and communities, and the bill passed unanimously to Appropriations. SB 641, part of the wildfire response package, and SB 774, a sunset review bill for the Department of Real Estate and Bureau of Real Estate Appraisers, also advanced with support and no opposition. SB 775 and SB 776, sunset extensions for the behavioral sciences, psychology, and optometry boards, passed after witnesses described technical changes and the need to keep the boards operating. SB 777, dealing with abandoned cemeteries, drew testimony from local governments, industry, and counties; after amendments removed a local takeover mandate and shifted the bill toward a stakeholder working group and study process, opposition softened or was withdrawn and the bill moved forward to Local Government. SB 790, on interstate reciprocity for online higher education, generated the most debate, with supporters arguing California students and institutions need stronger consumer protections and access to the national reciprocity framework, while opponents said the bill’s terms conflicted with the existing compact; it passed as amended to Appropriations after committee members emphasized continued work on student protections. The consent calendar, including SB 389 and SB 861, was also approved, and the committee adjourned after additional vote changes were recorded.