Transcript Highlights:

• Dp 1000 has a 60 year operational design. 93% capacity factor in an 18 to 24 month fuel cycle, which
• megawatt basis, but they may be better suited large directors for certain applications, such as replacing
• They have long refueling cycles from 3 to 10 years, which is why some of refer to them as nuclear batteries
• And so I think that that full fuel cycle is going to be really important to.
• So it's going to be less than for light water reactor more than for natural gas combined cycle plant,

Transcript Highlights:

• Well, our chair mentioned, I think, the main one, which is following. the statutory four-year cycle of
• Texas endured an unprecedented election cycle. Lots of money coming into this.
• our agency with what, as I said earlier, maybe range 500 FTEs, we had to, from scratch, we had to replace
• telecommunications, in the state, and as those of you who have been on this committee over the last couple cycles
• So what I would say is you know and we you all heard this a lot over the last couple cycles the majority

Keywords: 1184, house, all

Transcript Highlights:

• At the heart of this bill, we would be replacing the current PCR program with a new public financing
• Outside spending in last year's election cycle reached $16 million, which is over six times the candidate
• election outside spending in last year's election outside spending in last year's election cycle
• 21.840> million<00:03:22.840> which<00:03:22.959> is<00:03:23.080> over cycle
• reached $16 million which is over cycle reached $16 million which is over six<00:03:23.680> times

Keywords: 1187, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• . >> I mean, it's higher cost over the full life cycle of it. But yeah.
• life cycle of it. But yeah. life cycle of it. But yeah.
• ,<00:14:51.920> but<00:14:52.160> it's over the full life cycle, but it's over the
• The bill puts in $45 million to replace the revenue.
• Uh, but we will include cycling infrastructure and micromobility infrastructure as well.

Bills: HB2241, HB2316, HB1566, HB1926, HB1673, HB1948, HB2602, HB1598, HB2334, HB2451, HB2243

Keywords: renewable energy, income tax credit, solar energy, wind energy, low-income households, energy policy, lead materials, drinking water, public health, water infrastructure, safety regulations, HB1566, energy efficiency, LED lighting, light-emitting diodes, fluorescent bulbs, fluorescent fixtures, compact fluorescent lamps, CFL ban, mercury-free lighting

Summary: The committee heard testimony on a bill to expand the solar energy tax credit for single-family residential properties by removing certain cap amounts and raising the adjusted gross income limits for taxpayers to elect a refund of excess credits. The Hawaii State Energy Office and Department of Taxation both said they were standing on written testimony, while industry and advocacy groups largely supported the measure. Members questioned whether the income thresholds were set appropriately, how many taxpayers would be affected at different income levels, and how many would qualify for refundable treatment; Taxation said it did not yet have the requested numbers but was preparing a fiscal estimate. A major issue raised was drafting and administration: witnesses said the bill appears to apply differently to owner-purchased systems versus third-party leased systems, and Taxation said it likely could not easily verify household income for leased systems or cross-reference different taxpayers. Discussion also covered whether the credit should remain refundable, whether credits should be limited to amounts actually expended, and whether the bill should instead be structured to keep the credit with the system owner or lessor, with concerns about equity, market effects, and possible incentives to lease rather than buy. The committee then moved to HB 2316, which would align state restrictions on lead materials in drinking water infrastructure with federal Safe Drinking Water Act requirements. The Department of Health and other supporters testified in favor, and there were no questions from the chair. Next, HB 1566 on energy efficiency would require state agencies to use energy-efficient lighting, with the Hawaii State Energy Office providing technical assistance and a compliance survey prioritized for first responder facilities; testimony from state agencies and advocates was in support, and again there were no questions. For HB 1926 on Red Hill, the Department of Land and Natural Resources, the Board of Water Supply, and multiple organizations and individuals supported funding for remediation studies, environmental monitoring, groundwater research, independent testing, and a public dashboard, with DLNR emphasizing that decades of work remain necessary even after defueling and that the bill supports ongoing university and community partnerships. The committee then heard HB 1673 on landfill units. The Department of Health initially said it was in support but later corrected the record and stated it strongly opposes the measure, saying the bill would undo protections enacted last session that keep landfills out of areas over aquifers; the Board of Water Supply also opposed repeal of those protections, while the City and County of Honolulu supported the HD1 version that leaves siting decisions to the counties. Sierra Club of Hawaiʻi and the Energy Justice Network opposed the bill, arguing the original protections should remain and that the amended version had confused commenters; supporters of the original version urged restoring it and considering additional language on ash.

Transcript Highlights:

• The officers and deputies are currently in the early stages of their two-year training cycle.
• I will say that the proposed curriculum that they have out that would begin on the '28 cycle includes
• So we're not taking things out and not replacing it, but we're actually delegating to a diverse body.
• Industry itself is diversifying. ...cycle.
• Industry itself is diversifying. cycle.

Keywords: 996, all

Transcript Highlights:

• The PUC typically looks at carbon emissions on a life-cycle basis, as defined in our statutes.
• Fuels have a variety of life-cycle fuel amounts and intensities.
• <01:03:07.000> basis<01:03:07.520> as Emissions on a life cycle basis as Emissions
• Fuels have a variety of life-cycle fuel amounts and intensities.
• whether it's through hormone replacement whether it's through hormone replacement therapies<01:46

Keywords: 912, senate, all

Summary: The joint Senate hearing focused primarily on SB 1201, a wildfire measure that would create a wildfire recovery fund and allow securitization for electric utilities. Hawaiian Electric strongly supported the bill, saying it would help protect customers, property owners, insurers, and the broader economy from future catastrophic wildfire liability while improving the utility’s credit profile and lowering financing costs. Support also came from DCCA Consumer Advocacy, the Attorney General’s office on written comments, Ulupono Initiative, Clearway Energy Group, IBEW Local 1260, Par Hawaii, KIUC, the Chamber of Commerce Hawaiʻi, Plus Power, and numerous organizations and individuals. Opponents or commenters raised concerns about the liability cap, victim compensation process, and fund structure, including the Hawaiʻi Association for Justice, the Hawaiʻi Regional Council of Carpenters, and the Hawaiʻi Insurance Council; Henry Curtis of Life of the Land supported the concept of a fund but questioned the catastrophe threshold and whether the fund would be empty without a prudency finding. Much of the discussion centered on whether the proposed fund would actually help restore Hawaiian Electric to investment grade, with senators comparing the proposal to California’s wildfire fund. Hawaiian Electric said the bill was only one part of a broader process, alongside physical risk reduction and settlement finalization, and argued that without the bill the utility would not regain investment grade. Senators also questioned the proposed $1 billion fund size, the fairness of ratepayer contributions versus shareholder contributions, and whether customers should pay for consulting and administrative costs; Hawaiian Electric said its proposed amendment would remove those consulting-related charges. The company also said the fund would accrue interest and, if unused, could be returned to customers, and that there would be replenishment and supplemental contribution mechanisms if the fund were exhausted. The Attorney General’s office said it still had further amendments to discuss, and the departments had not yet resolved where the fund should reside administratively, though Hawaiian Electric said it believed DCCA was the appropriate place but was open to alternatives. KIUC requested two amendments. No vote or final committee action was taken during the hearing, and the measure remained under discussion with questions and proposed amendments still outstanding.

Transcript Highlights:

• authorizes money from the petroleum tank fund to be expended to partially reimburse the cost of replacing
• frustrated on this end to try to replace frustrated on this end to try to replace that.<01:15:57.640
• So, I think that if we're going to be talking about studying life cycles and what the cost is going to
• cost, including capital, full life cycle cost, including capital, financing<01:34:20.760> cost,
• <01:35:39.360> and talking about studying life cycles and talking about studying life cycles

Keywords: 1187, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• so we are drastically planning to cycle so we are drastically planning to move<00:48:54.599> the<
• The MPCA has grant programs for past replacement.
• has Grant programs for past replacement has Grant programs for past replacement the<00:53:32.480
• a a straight replacement if you will<01:03:06.279> so<01:03:06.480> you<01:03:06.640><
• for just pumping straight replacement for just pumping pasas<01:03:12.480> in<01:03:12.640>

Keywords: 1187, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• , go towards uh HVAC, roof replacement, go towards uh HVAC, roof replacement, plumbing<00:24:01.919
• bonds for the local bridge replacement bonds for the local bridge replacement program<01:15:23.040
• Mill City feed elevator roof replacement.
• Mill City feed elevator roof replacement.
• Mill City feed elevator roof replacement.

Keywords: 1187, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• significant costs are replacing the system?
• They are typically replaced between, like, 10 and 15 years, around 10 years.
• They are typically replaced around 10 years. It's just routine maintenance.
• Our heat exchanger, we estimate, would be replaced about every 30 years.
• Our heat exchanger would be replaced about every 30 years.

Keywords: 1183, house

Transcript Highlights:

• Um, we requested 75 million in the last budget cycle.
• Um, we requested 75 million in the last budget cycle.
• Um, we requested 75 million in the last budget cycle.
• Uh some of uh in the last budget cycle.
• >> 30 million was in this budget cycle >> 30 million was in this budget cycle moved<

Bills: SB2003

Keywords: Mauna Kea, land management, University of Hawaii, astronomical observatories, leasable lands, natural resource management, stewardship authority, 912, senate, all

Summary: The joint committees on Water, Land, Culture, and the Arts and Education heard testimony and discussed SB 20003, which would require the auditor’s report under Act 255 to include a recommendation on whether the Monarch Stewardship and Oversight Authority is fit to continue managing Monaca lands. Testimony focused on the bill’s reversion language, the role of the auditor, and whether the measure gave the auditor too much discretion without clear criteria. The Office of the Auditor’s position, read into the record, was that it had strong reservations because the bill did not provide standards for assessing fitness and asked that the requirement be held or amended. Other testimony suggested a work group with relevant agencies and Hawaiian practitioners to manage the transition and reduce conflict. Committee members debated whether the bill should simply restore the original reversion language or also require an audit-based fitness determination. Several members questioned the need for a 2031 audit when Act 255 already provides for a performance and financial audit in 2031 and noted that the bill could shift authority away from the legislature. In response, the committee chair explained that the measure was intended to restore language removed during conference and to address the transition back to the University of Hawaii if the authority was not meeting the act’s purpose. The committees ultimately recommended SB 20003 be passed with amendments. The amendments would strike the auditor/audit section, add language addressing timelines by providing a 10-year lease extension and sublease extension, and make technical changes including a defective date. The committees voted to adopt the amended measure and send it forward as an SD1. The transcript also included a separate Education Committee hearing on SB 3286, which would require the University of Hawaii to develop a facilities and student housing master plan and report to the legislature. University of Hawaii testimony said the system supports the intent but that the bill’s requirements are a heavy lift across 10 campuses and should follow development of a broader academic strategy. Members raised concerns about deferred maintenance, shifting priorities, and the lack of a systemwide plan, while the university said it already has a six-year capital improvement plan but acknowledged it does not fully incorporate the broader academic and housing strategy the bill contemplates.

Transcript Highlights:

• It replaces an aging set of greenhouses that we had here on campus, along with several different buildings
• It replaces an aging set of greenhouses that we had here on campus, along with several different buildings
• That includes everything from replacement of roofs to dealing with some life-safety issues in some of
• This is the natural plug for the natural fill-and-spill cycle of Devil's Lake, where it would naturally
• It doesn't happen very often. and spill cycle. And yes, it's millennial.

Summary: The meeting began with approval of the prior minutes and opening remarks from NDSU President David Stewart, who emphasized NDSU’s land-grant mission of statewide service through teaching, research, and extension. He highlighted the university’s role in agriculture, water, soil health, and community outreach, and pointed to examples of research commercialization such as Lilac Agriculture’s work on nitrogen-fixing microbes for crops. He also said he is still early in his tenure and intends to spend time listening and learning across the state. The committee then received a detailed presentation on a state irrigation and drainage study from Tom Bodine on behalf of Agriculture Commissioner Doug Goehring. The study estimated that North Dakota could develop about 1.3 million additional irrigated acres, with major potential in counties such as McLean, Williams, Sargent, Burleigh, Mountrail, McKenzie, McIntosh, Dunn, and Bottineau. Testimony stressed the economic benefits of irrigation for crop yields, value-added processing, dairy, and potato production, while members also discussed water availability, aquifers, downstream water use, and the need for more flexible permitting. The drainage portion of the study found significant economic benefits from legal drains, and staff explained that the impacts were calculated through increased productivity and related input purchases. Greg Lardy then gave NDSU’s required agriculture update, saying agriculture accounts for more than $41 billion in annual economic activity, one in five jobs, and about 25 percent of state GDP. He reviewed the role of SBAR, the statewide research-extension network, new crop varieties, virtual fencing, AI and weather-network tools, and Extension’s county partnerships and youth programs. He also outlined NDSU’s priorities for the next session: restoring proposed budget cuts, increasing operating support, and addressing deferred maintenance. Members asked about storage shed construction, NDSU’s relationship with Grand Farm, and whether NDSU could help with water-related research tied to drainage and aquifers. The committee also heard from the North Dakota Water Resources Research Institute and a professor on water and data centers, who described graduate fellowships, a water workforce certificate program, and research on data center cooling, water use, and “Legendary Harvest” concepts that would reuse waste heat for greenhouse or aquaculture production. Questions focused on whether the cooling systems were closed-loop, who would own any related production facilities, and whether the project was still only a feasibility study. Finally, North Dakota AgTech described its NSF-funded “engine” project, saying it has brought millions in federal investment to the state, supported startups and on-farm trials, and is focused on commercialization, workforce development, and helping producers lower input costs and improve profitability.

Transcript Highlights:

• drug repurposing, and all of these research activities should occur within a rapid 12-month research cycle
• The current funding cycle really does emphasize immediate clinical translation, healthcare delivery,
• The current funding cycle really does emphasize immediate clinical translation, healthcare delivery,
• It also talks about replacing incurable with progressive illnesses, which invites premature withdrawal

Summary: The committee first received an update from the Department of Health on the Cancer Connect Collaborative, the Cancer Innovation Fund, and the new Cancer Connect Collaborative Research Incubator, created and expanded by recent legislation. The department reported that the Cancer Innovation Fund has awarded $80 million to 95 researchers to date, with $60 million available in the current cycle and 65 projects funded across 28 institutions in 16 cancer areas last year. The new pediatric cancer incubator received $30 million and awarded four Florida children’s hospitals $7.5 million each. Senators asked about outreach to oncologists statewide, peer review and accountability, funding for National Cancer Institute-affiliated institutions, and whether underserved and rural areas are being prioritized; the department said it uses website notices, listservs, collaborative outreach, and eligibility criteria favoring rural and high-cancer-care providers, and that it monitors projects through reports, expenditures, and contract provisions. The committee then heard Senate Bill 312 on patient-directed medical orders, which would create a voluntary, portable, physician-authorized electronic registry for patients to document end-of-life and serious-illness treatment preferences. Supporters, including nurses, hospice and emergency care advocates, and medical professionals, said the bill would help ensure patient wishes are accessible in emergencies, reduce unwanted interventions, and improve continuity of care. Opponents, including Florida Right to Life, argued the bill could broaden end-of-life decisions too far, raise privacy and coercion concerns, and allow withdrawal of care inappropriately. The sponsor said the measure is intended to support patient autonomy and is not anti-life, and noted she was open to amendments. After public testimony, the committee voted on SB 312 and reported it favorably. The roll call showed support from Senators Berman and Harrell, with the bill passing on the committee vote. The meeting then adjourned.

Transcript Highlights:

• Among them are the mandate requiring the minimum 4% plant replacement value for DoD facilities.
• Among them are the mandate in the NDAA requiring a minimum 4% plant replacement value for DoD facilities
• As a Green Beret, my team conducted the entire intelligence cycle to include the development and utilization
• battlefield even higher, the premium on intelligence effectively informing the entire acquisition life cycle
• Infrastructure to replace old facilities, some of which date back to the Manhattan Project, to incorporate

Keywords: national security, nuclear energy, Department of Defense, military readiness, public commentary, nominations

Summary: The meeting convened with a focus on the scrutiny of various nominations and their implications for national security. Mr. Brandon Williams was nominated as the Undersecretary of Energy for Nuclear Security, drawing attention to the pressing need to modernize the U.S. nuclear arsenal amid growing threats from other countries. This was echoed in discussions led by committee members who expressed concern over military readiness and the management of military installations, with emphasis on ensuring accountability within the Department of Defense. Public commentary was notably supportive of the nominations, although some concerns were raised regarding the administration's broader strategies.

Transcript Highlights:

• It's not as much as it was during the Surge, but we continue to cycle soldiers and Airmen on Title 10
• <00:26:31.320> by retain and didn't have to replace by retain and didn't have to replace by
• They will be replaced by five federal employees.
• We are asking for $3 million for design funding to replace hangars at the Luth.
• These hangars need to be replaced.

Keywords: 1183, house

Transcript Highlights:

• of Energy's nuclear life cycle of Energy's nuclear life cycle innovation<00:23:41.200> endeavor
• Replace line 326 on page 13 with the following. Members, this is an ENT bill.
• Replace<00:52:26.720> line<00:52:26.960> 326<00:52:27.760> on<00:52:27.920>
• page<00:52:28.240> 13<00:52:28.559> with<00:52:28.800> the Replace line
• 326 on page 13 with the Replace line 326 on page 13 with the following.

Keywords: 920, all

Summary: The Alabama Senate convened with prayer and the pledge, confirmed a quorum, excused absent senators, and adopted the previous day’s journal. The chamber then received House messages referring House Bill 614 on supplemental appropriations and House Bill 224 on the distribution and use of tax funds to the Finance and Taxation General Fund Committee. Committee reports followed on several bills, including favorable reports for House Bills 169, 542, 593, and 13, with HB 542 amended in committee. The Senate also referred Senator Orr’s proposed rules change to the Rules Committee. A series of resolutions were taken up and adopted, including Senate Resolution 109 creating the Alabama Boating Safety Task Force, Senate Joint Resolutions 102 and 103, House Joint Resolutions 237, 215, 216, 218, and 235, Senate Joint Resolution 88 supporting the U.S. Department of Energy’s nuclear life cycle innovation effort, Senate Joint Resolution 93 creating a rural EMS and volunteer fire department study commission, Senate Joint Resolution 94 commending Exchange Club of Tuscaloosa Officer of the Year honorees, and Senate Joint Resolution 110 commending William Riley Hawkins Jr. on his retirement from AARP Alabama. The Senate also recognized several guests in the gallery, including local school superintendents and a student visitor. The chamber then moved through local legislation, adopting BRs and passing numerous local bills and constitutional amendments, including measures for Mobile, Prichard, Class 2 municipalities, Mingo County, Talladega County, Perry County, Wilcox County, Clay County, Washington County, and Madison County. Senate Bill 376 on Mobile County and Senate Bill 379 on Madison County were both passed and transmitted. Most local bills passed on unanimous or near-unanimous votes using the previous roll. The Senate also adopted Special Order Calendar Resolution 111, setting a special order calendar for the 27th legislative day that prioritized a long list of appropriations, education, retirement, dam safety, and higher education bills. On that calendar, House Bills 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 565, and Senate Bill 380 were taken up. HB 235’s committee substitute was tabled, a floor substitute was adopted restoring funding to the McQuain Center and removing some arts grants, and the bill passed. HB 236 passed after a language amendment. HB 237 passed as the Education Opportunities Reserve Fund bill. HB 238 passed after a floor substitute that shifted arts grants, added Voices for Alabama’s Children, adjusted RAISE Act weights, and increased funding for poverty, special education, and gifted students, along with a small amendment. HB 239 passed as the public education employee pay raise bill, with a substitute adding a retiree bonus and members discussing that the bonus would also be carried through SB 380. HB 240, HB 241, HB 242, and HB 565 all passed. SB 380 on the teachers retirement system received committee amendments and was being advanced as the vehicle for the retiree bonus, with Senator Orr explaining the bonus would be about $33 million and based on $1 per month of service for eligible retirees with at least 10 years of service.

Transcript Highlights:

• This bill allows simple like-for-like equipment replacements, such as an ice machine or stove, to be
• replaced without months of delay.
• This bill allows simple like-for-like equipment replacements, such as an ice machine or stove, to be
• replaced without months of delay.
• And this is all even if you're just replacing one piece of equipment with another; you're not ripping

Keywords: 987, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• Here's what it does: this bill does not require rip and replace.
• It does not require that equipment be prematurely replaced.
• , it must be replaced with equipment that is not from a hostile foreign adversary.
• too much paperwork to do the replacement.
• Unfortunately, the federal... and Replace program has really drawn out for a long time.

Bills: HB12, HB149, SB229, SB1361, SB1749, SB1897, SB2113, SB2566, SB2677, SB1652, SB2327, SB2344, SB2696, HB12, HB149

Keywords: artificial intelligence, regulation, biometric data, ethical AI, consumer protection, AI governance, automobile sales, finance, retail seller, motor vehicle purchase, motor vehicle sales, pricing restrictions, third-party financing, education, funding, student assessment, accountability, standards, motor vehicle, financing

Transcript Highlights:

• If you want to do a mid-cycle redistricting right, do it the California way.
• We had over, I think, 22,000 public comments in our cycle.
• I'm kind of replacing Aaron Silva. Who are you here representing?
• It's going to be three cycles: 26, 28, and 30.
• And again, these are three years, three cycles.

Summary: The Assembly Elections Committee met on August 19, 2025, to consider ACA 8, SB 280, and an informational hearing on AB 604. The meeting began with several failed motions to adjourn, to read public comments into the record, and to recess so members could review the roughly 16,000 public comments submitted through the committee portal. The chair emphasized the hearing’s expedited format, transparency measures, and rules limiting witness testimony, and noted a letter from Speaker Rivas authorizing Assemblymember Berman to present ACA 8. ACA 8, described by supporters as the “Election Rigging Response Act,” would place before voters a temporary congressional redistricting plan tied to AB 604 and triggered only if another state, especially Texas, adopts a partisan mid-decade redistricting. Supporters, including Assemblymember Berman, labor groups, CTA, Planned Parenthood affiliates, SEIU, and other allied organizations, argued the measure was a response to partisan gerrymandering elsewhere and a defense of democracy, with voters having the final say in a November 4, 2025 special election. Opponents, including current and former redistricting commissioners, good-government groups, business and taxpayer organizations, and many members of the public, argued the proposal undermines California’s independent redistricting model, was rushed without adequate public review, could cost roughly $200 million or more, and would invite litigation and partisan manipulation. The committee also debated a proposed amendment that would bar legislators who voted for ACA 8 from later running for Congress in districts adopted under the measure. After extended procedural disputes, the committee voted to lay the amendment on the table. The hearing then continued with extensive public testimony, overwhelmingly divided between strong support and strong opposition, but the transcript provided does not show a final committee vote on ACA 8 or SB 280 before the excerpt ends.

Transcript Highlights:

• Sharia law does not replace our Constitution. This is America. Mr. Chair. Senator Ortiz.
• is somebody or a group of people trying to take away our civil liberties and our Constitution or replace
• It betrays them, replacing religious freedom with religious fear.
• So then any elector who attempts to cast their electoral vote for the successor would be replaced by
• But the Mainers passed a ballot measure the next election cycle that said, we don't want international

Keywords: 1182, all

Summary: The committee heard several bills and a memorial focused on foreign law, land ownership, presidential electors, and campaign finance/federalism. SB 1018 would amend Arizona’s foreign-law statute to explicitly include Sharia law; the sponsor and supporters said it was needed to prevent foreign legal systems from influencing Arizona courts, while opponents from the ACLU and others argued it singled out Islam, was unnecessary because foreign law is already prohibited, and would be unconstitutional. After debate, the committee recommended SB 1018 do pass by a 4-3 vote. The committee then considered SB 1075, which restricts conveyance of Arizona land to foreign entities deemed hostile to the United States and adds disclosure, penalty, and enforcement provisions through a five-page amendment. The sponsor said it was modeled on other states’ efforts to keep adversarial nations from acquiring land near sensitive sites; the committee adopted the amendment and recommended the bill as amended do pass by a 3-3 vote. SB 1141, dealing with presidential electors, would require electors to vote for a properly nominated successor if a winning presidential or vice presidential candidate dies or withdraws before the Electoral College meets, and would deem an elector’s office vacant if the elector fails to vote. Supporters said it closes a gap in Arizona law and improves election continuity; it received a unanimous do pass recommendation. Finally, the committee heard SCM 1003, a memorial urging Congress to support federalism and a constitutional amendment affirming state authority over election processes and campaign finance. Supporters argued that money in politics and out-of-state or international influence have grown too large and that states should regain more control; some members noted concerns about the rhetoric around ActBlue and other groups but still supported the memorial’s general purpose. SCM 1003 received a unanimous do pass recommendation.