Video & Transcript : 'litter reduction' :

Page 45 of 408
FL

Florida 2025 Regular Session

Agriculture Feb 11th, 2025

Transcript Highlights:
  • So the reduction in the B map is related to a reduction at the spring them.
  • How how do you get the 4 million pounds of reduction?
  • And we're trying to figure out how do we get to that 5.8 million pound reduction.
  • about, you know, the reduction and how does that impact from an economic profitability standard?
  • So the majority of the nitrogen load reduction required in the B map is agriculture.
Keywords: 999, senate, all
CA
Transcript Highlights:
  • would result in larger reductions to funded child care slots.
  • On the proposed child care cost-of-living reduction, On the proposed child care cost-of-living reduction
  • And when we talk about harm reduction, we can think...
  • The May Revision is proposing a reduction of $62.6 million...
  • This is a technical budget reduction, which is actually very good.
Keywords: 988, house, all
CA
Transcript Highlights:
  • The size of these reductions varied, but on average it was a 56% reduction of the original fine amount
  • Do they have a say in this reduction of fines or fees? Yeah, thank you.
  • The reduction in the vacancy rate is a result of two major things.
  • So it outlines, step by step, where you would be able to make certain reductions.
  • It allows for reduction in fines, what have you.
Summary: The hearing focused on a state audit of Cal/OSHA titled “The Division of Occupational Safety and Health: Process Deficiencies and Staffing Shortages Limit Its Ability to Protect Workers.” Committee leaders and the audit team described serious workplace tragedies, argued that California’s worker protections are not being adequately enforced, and said the audit was prompted by concerns that Cal/OSHA was too often relying on letters instead of inspections, delaying investigations, and closing cases without enough documentation. Members repeatedly emphasized that the issue was not just staffing, but also outdated policies, weak oversight, and inconsistent enforcement. State Auditor Grant Parks said the audit found a 32% vacancy rate in 2023-24, heavy reliance on hard-copy files, outdated or unclear policies, and inconsistent decision-making in complaints, accidents, citations, and fine reductions. He said Cal/OSHA conducted on-site inspections in only about 20% of complaints, used letter investigations more than 80% of the time, often lacked evidence that hazards were corrected, and sometimes failed to inspect serious injury cases on time. The audit also found weak documentation for fine calculations and settlement reductions, with some penalties reduced substantially without clear explanations. Parks said the agency had accepted the findings and would provide progress updates later in the year. Committee members pressed the auditor on vacancy rates, the use of letter investigations, the low rate of criminal referrals, and whether fines were being reduced too often. Cal/OSHA and DIR officials responded that the vacancy rate had fallen to 12% partly because 66 vacant positions were eliminated in a statewide budget reduction and partly because of hiring; they said 126 people had been hired in the first half of the year. They also said they had hired a policy writer, were updating several policies, were planning periodic internal audits, and were developing a new data management system expected to go live in late 2026 or early 2027. On fines, officials said Title 8 sets base penalties and allows adjustments based on factors like employer size, history, and good faith, with appeals and informal conferences also affecting final amounts. No votes or formal actions were taken during the hearing.
MN

Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session

Minnesota House OKs SSHF5, the omnibus K-12 education budget bill 6/9/25

Minnesota House Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • of the reductions out of the classroom.
  • of the reductions out of the classroom.
  • The last new reduction was to aid.
  • > difficult</c><00:07:43.680><c> to</c> reductions were incredibly difficult to reductions were incredibly
  • </c> find reductions find reductions that<00:32:20.399><c> is</c><00:32:20.559><c> going</c><00:32:20.720
Keywords: 1183, house
CA
Transcript Highlights:
  • The plan asks what strategies and recommendations we have, particularly for waste reduction and waste
  • We will continue to innovate ways to promote waste reduction and diversion, to advance safer consumer
  • For the environmental and facility fees, the board must decrease fees, since without a reduction, the
  • First, I'll talk a little bit about household hazardous waste and source reduction.
  • Next, I’d like to discuss some of the past and current source reduction activities at DTSC.
Summary: The joint oversight hearing focused on DTSC’s implementation of SB 158 reforms, including enforcement, community engagement, fee stability, the hazardous waste management plan, permitting backlogs, and the Safer Consumer Products program. Senators and Assembly members emphasized protecting overburdened communities and asked how DTSC and the Board of Environmental Safety are using their authority to improve accountability, reduce delays, and address hazardous waste facilities and consumer product chemicals. The hearing also included discussion of extended producer responsibility programs and whether DTSC can support them more efficiently, including through coordination with CalRecycle. DTSC Director Katie Butler said the department is now more transparent, accountable, and fiscally stable, citing stronger enforcement actions, an interactive inspections map, expanded community outreach, and emergency response work on the Los Angeles wildfire cleanup. She said DTSC has made progress on fee reform, the hazardous waste management plan, cleanup grants, permit renewals, and safer consumer products rulemaking, including adding microplastics to the candidate chemical list. Board Chair Andrew Rakestraw said the board has held multiple public meetings and hearings, is working on fee rates and performance metrics, and is revising the hazardous waste management plan after public comment, including removing a proposal to send certain contaminated soil to municipal landfills. He also noted remaining concerns about fee structure, permit delays, and the pace of the safer consumer products program. Public witnesses offered sharply different views. A representative of the California Council for Environmental and Economic Balance said SB 158 reforms have improved permitting and transparency, but urged more attention to risk-based decision-making, reduced duplication, and possible General Fund support for plan implementation rather than relying only on fees. Earthjustice argued DTSC remains too slow and that communities continue to suffer from long-delayed permits and weak protections, urging the Legislature to take a more active role and to prioritize eliminating hazardous substances rather than minimizing costs. Committee members pressed the witnesses on permit renewals, community impacts, and the pace of the safer consumer products program, while DTSC defended its progress and said further legislative collaboration may be needed on hazardous waste management and emerging waste streams.
CA
Transcript Highlights:
  • Certainly we would work with the Department of Finance to identify any reductions.
  • I don't anticipate at this point doing any reductions to rehabilitative programming.
  • In 2024, CDCR was directed to make reductions of about $400 million.
  • And we have taken a number of position reductions as we continue to do with our population reductions
  • plans, and we ...as much as possible and then also to use the leave reduction plans.
Summary: The Senate Budget Subcommittee on Corrections, Public Safety, Judiciary, Labor, and Transportation heard an overview from the Board of State and Community Corrections (BSCC) on its budget change proposal and grant administration. BSCC requested authority for 11 additional permanent positions to handle a workload that has nearly tripled over five to seven years, with more than 600 grant agreements and about $1.5 billion in grant funds in the field. The board also reported on its new In-Custody Death Review Division, which has collected data since July 2024 and received 136 jail death reports; staff said the division is still building out reviews and has identified overdose, natural causes, and suicide by hanging as the leading manners of death. Members raised concerns about family notification practices, oversight of local grants, and the impact of taking more administrative funds from local assistance, while the LAO and Department of Finance did not oppose the position request but urged correction of the administration’s Proposition 47 savings methodology before May Revision. The committee then reviewed CDCR’s overall budget and operations. Secretary Jeffrey Macomber described a relatively steady prison and parole population, ongoing structural budget pressures from retirement payouts, workers’ compensation, medical transport, violence, and aging facilities lacking air conditioning and ADA features. He emphasized rehabilitation, recidivism reduction, college programming, and the department’s 20-year infrastructure planning effort, while also defending the closure of the California Rehabilitation Center and warning that additional closures can increase overcrowding, double-celling, and waitlists for programming. Senators pressed CDCR on fiscal discipline, vacancy savings, staffing shortages in medical and mental health classifications, the use of tablets for incarcerated people, and community impacts from prison closures, including the Norco site. A separate item focused on CDCR’s request for $91 million ongoing for lump-sum leave payouts to separating correctional officers and nurses. CDCR said these costs had historically been covered by vacancy savings, but lower vacancy levels and facility closures have reduced that funding source. The LAO supported the funding only on a limited-term basis with reporting, arguing the need may change as the system reaches a new normal, and also urged the Legislature to scrutinize the broader structural shortfall and the Boston Consulting Group efficiency contract. Finance supported ongoing funding, saying the costs are recurring and vacancy savings are less reliable. The committee also discussed CDCR’s fall 2025 population projections, which forecast a 6.5% decline in the institution population and a 10.4% decline in parole over five years, while updating Proposition 36 assumptions based on actual admissions data. CDCR and Finance said the California Rehabilitation Center closure would generate savings and that no additional prison closure had been formally proposed, though the LAO argued the state could close another prison and recommended not funding certain Soledad projects unless another closure is identified.
CA
Transcript Highlights:
  • would result in larger reductions to funded child care slots.
  • And when we talk about harm reduction, we can think...
  • The May Revision is proposing a reduction of $62.6 million.
  • This is a technical budget reduction, which is actually very good.
  • We are also concerned with the reduction.
Summary: The Assembly Budget Subcommittee on Human Services held a hearing on the Governor’s May Revision, with no votes taken. The first major topic was child care and early education, where the Department of Social Services and Department of Finance outlined proposed changes to absorb federal Child Care and Development Fund and Proposition 64 revenue reductions, shift some funding between child care programs, end funding for prospective pay implementation now that the federal requirement has been rescinded, adjust the alternative payment administration structure, and fund child care infrastructure grants and a Low-Income Investment Fund contract closeout. The Legislative Analyst’s Office said the budget makes progress on the structural deficit but recommended maintaining the administration’s solution level, making reserve deposits, and avoiding new ongoing commitments; it also raised concerns about shifting reductions to the California Alternative Payment Program and about the proposed administrative-rate change. Committee members strongly criticized the proposed loss of child care slots and said they would oppose eliminating those slots, while also expressing support for child care as essential infrastructure. The committee then reviewed California State Preschool Program proposals. Finance and CDE described reductions to the preschool COLA from 2.41% to 2.01%, removal of prospective pay funding, and increases for the QRIS block grant, audit support, and rate reform implementation. Trailer bill language would codify age-based rate categories, inclusion-rate documentation, family fee collection rules, portability, and excused absences. CDE supported the QRIS increase and some attendance and family-fee changes, but warned that aligning three- and four-year-old rates could reduce support for three-year-olds and that the budget does not fully cover enrollment growth. Members also questioned whether the preschool and child care slot reductions should be reallocated rather than terminated, and the administration said the reductions were intended to reflect current utilization and avoid harm to currently enrolled families. The hearing then moved to CalFresh and nutrition programs. CDSS said the May Revision includes a one-time CalFood augmentation, funding to cover federal SNAP administrative cost-share pressures, and additional staffing and technical assistance to implement HR 1 changes, including the able-bodied adults without dependents time limit and new non-citizen eligibility rules. The department estimated HR 1 could cut CalFresh funding by $2.3 billion to $3.7 billion annually and affect about 500,000 people, with roughly 806,000 adults potentially subject to the time limit and about 34,000 non-citizens expected to lose eligibility once fully implemented. Members pressed for stronger harm mitigation, including a $98 million backfill to protect families from losing food benefits, and raised concerns about county workload and the “chilling effect” on immigrant participation. The final portion of the transcript began the IHSS presentation, noting a revised budget of $33.7 billion total funds and $12.8 billion General Fund, with proposed reductions tied to Medi-Cal asset-limit changes and other federal conformity items.
CA
Transcript Highlights:
  • Certainly, we would work with the Department of Finance to identify any reductions.
  • In 2024, CDCR was directed to make reductions of about $400 million.
  • And we have taken a number of position reductions as we continue to do with our population reductions
  • And then also to use the leave reduction plans, and we ...as much as possible.
  • And then also to use the leave reduction plans.
Keywords: 987, senate, all
CA
Transcript Highlights:
  • Chair, we will do really quick updates on our most significant BCPs and one reduction.
  • We have one reduction. in Cal OES's budget. This is a reduction of $49.7 million.
  • fund to reflect updated revenue projections 9 million ongoing general fund reduction to trial court
  • Our second set of comments relates to the ongoing 20 million dollar reduction to the pretrial release
  • Related to the reduction, we did just want to flag for you that the proposed reduction could reduce service
Keywords: 988, house, all
MN

Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session

Committee on Education Finance - 04/09/25

Education Finance

Transcript Highlights:
  • </c> English learner cross subsidy reduction English learner cross subsidy reduction aid<00:05:08.880
  • And the reduction to the general 2026.
  • This is a reduction of appropriation.
  • You can see the reduction<00:15:19.600><c> here</c><00:15:19.760><c> of</c> reduction here of reduction
  • On line 306, there's a reduction<00:27:21.039><c> of</c> reduction of reduction of $13,98,000<00:27:23.840
Keywords: 1187, senate, all
MA
Transcript Highlights:
  • By introducing harm reduction in the community. That is profound.
  • We're seeing it reduce, and we're seeing an impact of harm reduction in public health.
  • We’re thinking about harm reduction in and of itself. How do we encourage? Why?
  • We’re thinking about harm reduction in and of itself. How do we encourage?
  • And you alluded to the importance of housing earlier and harm reduction housing.
Keywords: 995, all
Summary: The Special Commission on Xylazine convened its second meeting, approved the minutes from its June 23 meeting, and reviewed its timeline and working groups. The co-chairs said the commission’s final report is due to the House and Senate clerks by March 30, 2026, and outlined three working groups focused on regulation/oversight of xylazine, treatment and outreach for exposed patients, and education/training for first responders, clinicians, treatment providers, and people who use substances. Staff will schedule working group meetings, with group presentations planned for December 11, followed by commission meetings in February and March to review and finalize the draft report. Public comment centered on research and practical responses to xylazine contamination in the drug supply. Dr. Tracy Green of Brandeis reviewed recent studies showing severe xylazine-related wounds and amputations in Philadelphia, withdrawal symptoms, the value of wound identification tools, and the usefulness of drug checking in detecting xylazine even when users did not suspect it was present. She urged expanded low-barrier wound care, more access to medications for opioid use disorder, overdose prevention sites, housing, and trauma-informed care, while cautioning that stricter controls could push the market toward other dangerous alpha-2 substances. Commissioners asked about early wound identification, dilution/cutting strategies, supplier engagement, and how to reduce stigma and improve treatment access. Tia Johnson of Boston Medical Center and Boston Health Care for the Homeless testified that xylazine contamination still requires naloxone for overdose response, but sedation can last longer and may require low-dose naloxone, oxygen support, and low-threshold monitoring spaces. She emphasized that xylazine-associated wounds can heal with consistent care, but patients often lose access to services when sent to hospitals unnecessarily. Commissioners discussed reimbursement barriers, especially in MassHealth and behavioral health settings, and the need for wound care to be available within detox and treatment programs rather than requiring transfers. The meeting ended with agreement to continue working group planning and adjournment.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
  • OK, Natalie, uh, Richard Clemmer, it is the same situation, a reduction to $50.
  • The fines were not eligible for a reduction or waiver.
  • Staff recommends no waiver or reduction.
  • I'm asking for a full reduction of the penalty.
  • So the fine was not eligible for waiver or reduction.
TX

Texas 89th Regular

Texas Ethics Commission Jun 12th, 2025

Texas House Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • Richard Clemmer, it is the same situation—reduction to $50.
  • This was not eligible for any waiver or reduction in a request for...
  • Staff recommends no waiver or reduction.
  • I'm asking for a full reduction of the penalty.
  • Therefore, the fine was not eligible for waiver or reduction.
MN

Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session

House Workforce, Labor, and Economic Development Finance and Policy Committee 3/26/25

Workforce, Labor, and Economic Development Finance and Policy

Transcript Highlights:
  • </c><00:53:10.119><c> act</c> iig uh inflation reduction act iig uh inflation reduction act etc<00:53
  • </c><00:56:51.839><c> are</c> when you see where the reductions are when you see where the reductions
  • : $1 million reduction for Redevelopment Fund across the four years, and then $750,000 reduction for
  • reduction $1 million reduction<00:58:08.960><c> for</c><00:58:09.160><c> redevelopment</c><00:58:09.720
  • Representative Bakeberg, can you point out for me in the reductions where DEED has proposed reductions
Keywords: 1183, house
LA
Transcript Highlights:
  • That 40% reduction is just not going to work.
  • And we agreed to a 15% to 20% reduction.
  • Okay, but the agreement was a 15% to 20% reduction. Speaker: So, 15% to 20% reduction.
  • But in a spirit of compromise, we said, 'Look, we get a reduction. They tell us we get a reduction.
  • That is going to be a 15 to 20% reduction.
Keywords: 965, house, all
Summary: The committee met at 5:13 p.m. on April 15 with 14 members present and took up several local and municipal bills. HB 87, which would increase the per diem for the Livingston Parish Gas Utility District No. 1 board, was presented as a local bill with no opposition and was reported favorably without objection. HB 162, authorizing the Jefferson Place/Bocage Crime Prevention and Improvement District to levy a fee after a local vote, was also moved favorably without objection. A lengthy discussion centered on HB 481, which would change the rate for publishing official proceedings and public notices. Supporters from the Louisiana Press Association said a prior agreement intended a 15% to 20% reduction in newspaper revenue, but a calculation error meant the current law would instead cut revenues by about 40% to 50% when it takes effect in 2027. Representatives from police juries and other local-government groups argued the bill should be corrected to restore the intended compromise, while some members questioned whether the change would break a prior deal and whether small or single-newspaper parishes would be harmed. The committee ultimately reported HB 481 favorably by a 10-5 vote, with members urging further negotiation and possible floor amendments. HB 573, as amended, would restructure oversight of the New Orleans Sewerage and Water Board by giving the New Orleans City Council and mayor more authority over operations, contracts, and accountability measures. Representative Hilferty and Mayor Helena Moreno argued the current structure diffuses responsibility and has failed residents, while one witness from the Louisiana Justice Institute warned the bill could shift control without fixing infrastructure problems and could raise equity and financial concerns. Despite that opposition, the committee reported the bill favorably. The committee also advanced HB 368, increasing fines for unauthorized demolition of historic properties in New Orleans; HB 441, clarifying that Sewerage and Water Board employees remain in city civil service; and HB 257, which would give the elected police chief of Central authority to hire, fire, and discipline police personnel, subject to consultation with the city attorney and a delayed effective date. All of those bills were reported favorably after discussion and, where needed, adoption of amendments.
CA
Transcript Highlights:
  • There's also a reduction of $26 million in Proposition 64 funds.
  • of the federal reduction to our CCDF funding and the Prop 64 reduction.
  • We do think that we can absorb this reduction.
  • We do think that we can absorb this reduction through using unspent funds.
  • and the Proposition 64 reduction.
Summary: The Assembly Budget Subcommittees on early childhood education heard a broad review of the Governor’s child care and preschool budget proposals, with testimony from the Department of Finance, the Department of Social Services (CDSS), the California Department of Education (CDE), and the Legislative Analyst’s Office (LAO). The main topics were cost-of-care-plus and COLA adjustments, the California State Preschool Program, child care slot reductions tied to federal and Proposition 64 funding changes, disaster recovery grants for child care facilities, trailer bill proposals on family fees and absences, prospective pay, and several budget change proposals for departmental staffing and licensing. Officials also discussed the state’s transition toward an alternative methodology for setting rates based on the true cost of care. On rate reform, CDSS and CDE said the current reimbursement system remains below the alternative methodology in many counties and that providers continue to struggle with recruitment and retention. The LAO recommended aligning cost-of-care-plus increases across provider types, while CDE urged that any COLA be added to base rates rather than cost-of-care-plus payments because providers view the latter as less ongoing. CDSS said the next alternative methodology update will be developed with a contractor during fiscal year 2026-27, with public engagement and legislative input, and estimated that fully transitioning to rates informed by the methodology would take about 24 months once policy and funding are in place. CDSS also said the direct-service cost of care under the methodology was estimated at about $18.7 billion in a July 2025 report. A major point of contention was the proposed reduction of 4,167 child care slots due to lower federal CCDF funding and reduced Proposition 64 revenue. CDSS said it expects to absorb the reduction through unspent funds and relinquishments so currently enrolled children are not disrupted, while the LAO supported the reduction as a way to avoid worsening the structural deficit. Members strongly objected to the slot cuts, arguing the administration has repeatedly proposed reductions after prior budget agreements and emphasizing the economic and family benefits of child care. The committee also discussed preschool enrollment trends, including growth in three-year-old enrollment and a sharp increase in two-year-olds served under a temporary provision, with CDE warning that the temporary two-year-old authority expires in 2027. The committee also reviewed an $11.5 million Proposition 64 proposal for child care infrastructure grants for facilities impacted by 2025 state disasters, especially the Los Angeles fires, and members asked for trailer bill language to make the funds flexible for repairs, equipment, insurance, and permitting. On trailer bill items, the panel discussed codifying family fee reimbursement rules, defining excessive unexplained absences to allow disenrollment after prolonged nonuse, and expanding temporary provider absences; CDSS said the absence policy is meant to mirror federal CCDF rules, while CDE said it is already pursuing its own rulemaking. The hearing also covered prospective pay, with CDSS and CDE saying they are waiting for final federal guidance before moving ahead; LAO said the state could save ongoing costs if the federal requirement is rescinded. Finally, the committee reviewed staffing and support budget requests for CDSS and other implementation items, and held several items open for further discussion before the May Revision. Public comment overwhelmingly urged full funding for child care slots, true cost-of-care payments, and ongoing support for early education programs and county offices of education.
MO

Missouri 2026 Regular Session

Substance Abuse Prevention and Treatment Task Force Jun 25th, 2026 at 09:00 am

Substance Abuse Prevention and Treatment Task Force

Transcript Highlights:
  • Viewing harm reduction is just a temporary fix.
  • Harm reduction represents a compassionate...
  • My question is around harm reduction.
  • Do we have evidence to show that for harm reduction?
  • Harm reduction strategy— Dr. Herrick: Harm reduction strategies are well proven to be successful.
Keywords: 959, house, all
CA
Transcript Highlights:
  • The statewide reduction efforts.
  • We will likely see course reductions as well.
  • We also think that the proposed reduction, and without it, we will see a reduction in the funding.
  • Which is the state library reductions.
  • But the $500,000 reduction in the budget proposal.
Keywords: 988, house, all
MN

Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session

House Health Finance and Policy Committee 3/10/25

Health Finance and Policy

Transcript Highlights:
  • <00:29:10.159><c> in</c> reductions in reductions in 2024<00:29:13.080><c> when</c><00:29:13.200><c>
  • When it comes to harm reduction, we think about naloxone funding and distribution.
  • </c> Control has been studying harm reduction Control has been studying harm reduction for<00:59:41.319
  • </c> those who engage in harm reduction those who engage in harm reduction Services<00:59:46.160><c>
  • </c><01:03:26.440><c> Partners</c> and work with harm reduction Partners and work with harm reduction
Bills: HF696, HF1429, HF1379
CA
Transcript Highlights:
  • Far exceeding our required carbon intensity reductions.
  • Are any of these sectors providing more carbon intensity reduction than others? Yeah.
  • Those are significant local air emission reductions. Those are really important.
  • There was just a study completed by UC Riverside that showed the reduction was at a full 82% reduction
  • Another significant chunk of the reductions are coming from attrition, fewer cows. Ms.
Summary: The hearing was a select committee discussion on the transportation costs and impacts of California’s Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS), with opening remarks from the co-chairs and members emphasizing affordability, climate goals, and the need to explain the program’s benefits to the public. The first panel from CARB and the California Energy Commission described how LCFS works as a market-based, declining carbon-intensity program that rewards lower-carbon fuels, supports zero-emission vehicle infrastructure, and is intended to reduce greenhouse gases and local air pollution. They argued the program has driven billions in private investment, increased alternative fuel use, and that LCFS credit prices are not the main driver of retail gasoline prices, which they said are dominated by crude oil, refining, and distribution costs. Members questioned the panel on the gap between the regulatory target and actual carbon-intensity performance, the role of credit banking, which fuels are generating the most credits, how the 2025 amendments affected the program, and whether LCFS credits are truly additional. CARB explained that banking helps cost-effectiveness and investment certainty, that ethanol, renewable diesel, and biodiesel currently provide the largest volumes while electricity is expected to grow, and that the updated targets were informed by the state’s 2045 carbon-neutrality goals and the 2030 scoping plan. The Energy Commission said its data show environmental programs add some cost to gasoline but do not drive price volatility, which is mainly tied to crude oil and refinery margins. The second panel, featuring academic and research experts, focused on program design, out-of-state credit generation, and broader economic effects. Speakers said LCFS is successful because it ties incentives to emissions benefit, uses life-cycle analysis, and allows flexible compliance that lowers costs compared with more direct regulation. They also said the program’s benefits generally outweigh costs, that it can reduce air pollution disparities and support equity, but that some issues—especially indirect land use change, additionality, and older program assumptions—need more research and may warrant future rulemaking. One researcher noted that while LCFS likely raises gasoline prices somewhat, the effect is uncertain by design and usually smaller than normal market fluctuations, and another warned that limiting credit generation too narrowly could create legal and efficiency problems.