Transcript Highlights:

• In 1912, the workers of the Everett mill in the city I call Haverhill, opening the pay envelope and discovered
• remains a manufacturing town, and the machine in the old building boom, the noise inside old historic mills
• Okay, let us now go to Select Board member Lenny Mills. To our tech people, yes, Mr.
• Again, my name is Lenny Mills. I'm a selectman here in the Town of Rehoboth.

Committee: Joint Joint Committee on Municipalities and Regional Government

Summary: The Joint Committee on Municipalities and Regional Government held a long public hearing focused mainly on two sets of issues: proposals to amend or repeal the MBTA Communities Act, and bills to allow local rent stabilization. Committee chairs opened by explaining the hearing would be tightly managed because of the very large number of speakers, with testimony limited to two minutes per person and written testimony still accepted by email. Members and witnesses were called in a mix of in-person and virtual order throughout the hearing. On the MBTA Communities Act, several legislators and local officials argued the law is too rigid and should be revised to account for local conditions. Speakers from small, rural, or infrastructure-limited communities such as Hanson, Halifax, Marshfield, Winthrop, Dracut, Carver, Rehoboth, and others said the law’s one-size-fits-all approach does not fit towns with limited water, sewer, transit access, or buildable land. Some filed bills would repeal the law, exempt certain communities, or create appeals processes based on infrastructure, environmental, or historical constraints. Supporters of the law’s changes emphasized local control and the need to avoid forcing development where communities believe it is impractical or inconsistent with town character. A large portion of the hearing was devoted to rent stabilization legislation, especially S. 1447 and related House bills. Supporters included legislators, city councilors, tenant advocates, labor leaders, housing nonprofits, public health organizations, and residents who described sharp rent increases, displacement, homelessness risk, and the strain on working families, seniors, students, and people with disabilities. They argued local-option rent stabilization would let municipalities cap excessive increases and prevent no-fault evictions while preserving flexibility for local conditions. Opponents, including small landlords and property owners, said rent control would discourage investment, worsen housing quality, burden responsible owners, and drive small landlords out of the market. Some witnesses also supported a Cape Cod/Island transfer fee bill and a suburban infrastructure fund, arguing those would provide local revenue for housing or roads. No votes or formal committee actions were taken during the hearing.

Transcript Highlights:

• may remember that, you know, there was the Rusal investment or supposed investment in this aluminum mill
• investment in investment or supposed investment in this<00:24:50.560><c> aluminum</c><00:24:51.040><c> mill
• </c><00:24:51.240><c> that</c><00:24:51.600><c> never</c> this aluminum mill that never this aluminum
• mill that never materialized. materialized. materialized.

Committee: Joint Economic Development & Workforce Investment

Transcript Highlights:

• printer to manufacture a ghost gun or to manufacture a firearm using a computer numerical control milling
• computer manufacture a firearm using a computer numerical<00:13:59.120><c> control</c><00:13:59.600><c> milling
• /c><00:14:00.079><c> machine</c><00:14:00.720><c> or</c><00:14:00.959><c> a</c> numerical control milling
• machine or a numerical control milling machine or a three-dimensional<00:14:01.839><c> printer.

Committee: Senate Finance

Transcript Highlights:

• Many of the larger Minnesota corporations here, such as General Mills and 3M, carry this for their employees
• Minnesota corporations here, such as Minnesota corporations here, such as General<00:07:57.920><c> Mills
• ><c> 3M,</c><00:07:59.160><c> carry</c><00:07:59.480><c> this</c><00:07:59.800><c> for</c> General Mills
• and 3M, carry this for General Mills and 3M, carry this for their<00:08:00.080><c> employees.

Transcript Highlights:

• Resolution 301 by Representative Paramore establishing the Alabama Forest Product Retention Pulp and Paper Mill
• Retention Pulp Alabama Forest Product Retention Pulp and<00:16:59.440><c> Paper</c><00:16:59.759><c> Mill
• </c><00:17:00.079><c> Stability</c><00:17:00.720><c> Study</c> and Paper Mill Stability Study and Paper
• Mill Stability Study Commission.

Transcript Highlights:

• Their Fund F loan in the amount of $4 million is for the Taylor Mill treatment plant powdered activated
• Northern Kentucky Water District, their Fund F loan in the amount of $4 million is for the Taylor Mill
• Northern Kentucky Water District, their Fund F loan in the amount of $4 million is for the Taylor Mill
• Northern Kentucky Water District, their Fund F loan in the amount of $4 million is for the Taylor Mill

Summary: The committee first handled routine business, including roll call, approval of the July minutes, and several informational reports. Those reports included a University of Kentucky restricted-fund medical equipment purchase for Chandler Hospital, debt issues for five school districts, Eastern Kentucky University’s planned model laboratory school using construction management risk delivery, a Division of Real Properties lease advertisement, Kentucky Communications Network Authority quarterly project reports, and EKU asset preservation revisions. Members then heard and approved a new UK St. Clair Urgent Care Clinic lease in Morehead and an amendment expanding space for the UK Family and Community Medicine Clinic at Turflin Clinic. Testimony explained that both properties are privately owned, the Morehead lease predated the UK/St. Clair arrangement, and the Turflin Clinic is tight on space. The committee also approved three new projects and an appropriation increase: two Department of Military Affairs projects, a Window Ford Training Center underground electric project and a Williamsburg Readiness Center interior repair project, a Fish and Wildlife property acquisition adjoining Veterans Memorial Wildlife Management Area, and an $8.113 million increase for the Department of Revenue integrated tax system (DORIS). The DORIS increase was described as needed for change orders tied to legislation and to complete the unified tax system. The committee next reviewed no-action items, including a $3 million emergency flood-damage repair project for the Bush Building and Vest-Lindsay House in Frankfort, and three pool projects over $1 million: a Kentucky Correctional Institute for Women window replacement phase 2 project, a Department of Criminal Justice Training interior refurbishment at Thompson Hall, and the Muddy Gut Branch stream mitigation project in Johnson County. The flood project was confirmed to be fully reimbursed by insurance proceeds. Finally, the Kentucky Infrastructure Authority presented six loans and nine grants. Action items included water and sewer financing for Cumberland County, Lebanon, Northern Kentucky Water District, Lewisport, and Providence, plus a major Taylor Mill treatment plant project and several cleaner water grants and reallocations. Members asked about loan rates, local rate increases needed to repay debt, and the Providence emergency water interconnect; staff explained that Lewisport had begun a rate increase process, and that the Providence project would connect Webster County Water District and the city of Providence to stabilize pressure after a systemwide failure. All action items were approved.

Transcript Highlights:

• </c> $3,000 a month on a posh mill $3,000 a month on a posh mill conversion.<01:43:08.000><c> And</c>
• Witness: I think you may be referring to the Colony Mill. Representative Baxton: No, I wasn't.
• The Mills of Troy. Witness: There you go. Okay. Uh, yeah, that's been in the headlines quite a lot.
• </c> Colony Mill. Colony Mill. &gt;&gt; No,<01:46:42.480><c> I</c><01:46:42.719><c> wasn't.
• ; the Mills of Troy, &gt;&gt; the Mills of Troy, &gt;&gt; there<01:46:44.560><c> you</c><01:46:44.800

Committee: House Housing

Transcript Highlights:

• I mean, they're at the maximum mill amount of mills they put on, and they still don't have enough money
• But if we got to go south to the Gulf of Mexico and our wheat shipments, most of the milling plants are
• sitting here thinking, as Representative Brannberg was going off, was, you know, we got the North Dakota mill
• know, we're here representing agriculture in the state of North Dakota, and I brought up, like, the mill

Committee: Joint Agriculture and Water Management Committee

Summary: The committee met for its third interim meeting, approved the prior meeting minutes, and heard a series of statutory reports from the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Water Resources. Chair Hauck noted that Legislative Management had denied the committee’s earlier request for a fertilizer capacity study, and that the committee would also revisit the proposed Union Pacific/Norfolk Southern merger later in the day. Commissioner Doug Goring reported on several agriculture topics, including uncrewed aerial systems grants to detect noxious weeds, irrigation expansion potential, the low-carbon fuels program for ethanol plants, the Environmental Impact Mitigation Fund, model zoning ordinances for animal feeding operations, and fertilizer production and usage in North Dakota. He emphasized that fertilizer supply depends heavily on natural gas and water, that most nitrogen fertilizer is imported, and that large-scale fertilizer plants require very large capital investments. Members discussed fertilizer storage, natural gas pipeline capacity, water availability, and the role of state infrastructure in supporting value-added agriculture. A major portion of the meeting focused on the Department of Water Resources’ economic analysis tool for water conveyance and flood-related projects. Dr. Dwayne Poole explained that the tool was created under 2017 legislation to help evaluate projects expected to cost $1 million or more, and that the department is proposing adjustments to better account for end-of-useful-life conditions and changing hydrologic data. He said the changes would remain focused on direct, demonstrable costs and benefits, not indirect impacts, and would be implemented through guidance and operating procedures rather than statutory changes. Committee members and water users discussed whether the revisions would better reflect real-world conditions, including deferred maintenance, changing rainfall patterns, and downstream effects. A representative from the Water Resource District Association said the group was working with DWR and hoped to review test scenarios before the June meeting. The committee then received a detailed presentation on Devils Lake, its outlets, and the Tolna Coulee control structure. State Engineer John Paskowski reviewed lake history, outlet capacities, sulfate and downstream flow constraints, and the purpose of the Tolna Coulee structure in limiting head cutting and preventing uncontrolled downstream releases. Members questioned whether the structure was effectively a dam, whether the lake would naturally overflow without it, the last time the outlets ran, and whether water quality in Devils Lake has improved over time. Paskowski said the outlets last operated in August 2025, that sulfate levels still limit operations, and that the lake has freshened somewhat but not enough to eliminate water-quality concerns. The discussion also touched on whether water from flooded areas or closed-basin systems could be reused for irrigation, and on the broader implications of wet cycles, inundated land, and drainage management across the state.

Transcript Highlights:

• Next, we will hear from Paula Cole and then move to Superintendent Mills.
• Next, we will hear from Paula Cole and then move to Superintendent Mills.
• Chris Mills. I'm currently serving as the Superintendent of Schools in Thief River Falls.
• Um, next we're going to jump remote to Superintendent Mills.
• Chris Mills. I'm currently serving as the Superintendent of Schools in Thief River Falls.

Committee: Senate Education Finance

Transcript Highlights:

• Number Three, Revenue, to whom was referred House Bill 127, engrossed voter approval for recreation mill
• Senator Mchuan, chairman. recreation mill lev mill levy. recreation mill lev mill levy. respectfully<

Transcript Highlights:

• How is it equitable that you've got some districts that are assessing additional mills and funneling
• while we do receive partial funding for it through our state aid and through the property tax local mill
• property</c><00:53:02.800><c> tax</c><00:53:03.119><c> local</c><00:53:04.000><c> uh</c><00:53:04.240><c> mill
• </c><00:53:04.480><c> levies</c> um uh property tax local uh mill levies um uh property tax local uh
• mill levies that<00:53:04.960><c> we</c><00:53:05.280><c> receive</c><00:53:06.000><c> that</c><00:53

Bills: HB0159

Committee: House Education

Transcript Highlights:

• Senator Mills. I'm here. Senator Webb. Senator Williams. Here. Senator Wise. Present.
• Senator Mills. Aye. Senator Webb. Senator Williams. Aye. Senator Wise. Chairman Carroll. Aye.
• Chairman Mills. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. You almost touched on my question, Secretary.
• It has great potential, but you kind of lost me on the Senator Mills question about the financial side
• Senator Mills. I. Senator Webb. Senator Williams. Senator Wise. Chairman Carroll. I.

Summary: The committee met with a quorum and first considered Senate Concurrent Resolution 61, sponsored by Senator Shelley Funke Frommeyer and Representative Matt Lockett. The resolution, as amended by committee substitute, would create a legislative task force tied to the MAHA (Make America Healthy Again) framework to study Kentucky health policy, including Medicaid drug approvals, preventive and alternative therapies, holistic health education, oversight and transparency in health care, and research into integrative approaches. Supporters said the goal was to address chronic disease and reduce over-medication, while emphasizing the effort was not intended as an attack on agriculture or the pharmaceutical industry. The resolution received favorable expression and passed the committee 9-0. The committee then heard Senate Resolution 18 from Senator Neal, urging Kentucky to maximize participation in the federal SNAP Employment and Training (SNAP E&T) program. Testimony from Jessica Klein of the Kentucky Center for Economic Policy and Secretary Eric Friedlander explained that SNAP E&T provides job training, education, and support services for SNAP participants, and that the program is federally matched and does not require additional General Assembly funding in the normal course. Members discussed how the program works, whether it could create new state costs, and how it fits with efforts to connect food assistance, workforce development, and local agriculture. Questions also focused on whether SNAP spending can be steered toward healthier foods and farmers markets, including Kentucky’s Double Dollars program, which was described as helping participants buy produce, meat, and dairy at participating markets and some retailers. Several members expressed support for the workforce goals but asked for more information on fiscal impacts and purchasing data. Secretary Friedlander said the SNAP E&T funds are separate from nutrition benefits, and that the state match generally comes from employer, university, or workforce partner contributions rather than new state appropriations. Senator Herron explained her vote in favor by saying the program could help people gain education and employment and reduce reliance on SNAP over time. Senate Resolution 18 was then adopted by the committee.

Transcript Highlights:

• This, members, is just your run-of-the-mill Kennedy-Brooks-Jett bill. Happens very often.

Summary: The Civil Judiciary Committee met with a quorum and took up a long series of Senate bills, adopting a committee substitute for SB 1716 as a working draft before hearing the bill. SB 1716 clarified data privacy language as it applies to utility companies, and it passed on a recorded vote with one nay. The committee then heard and advanced SB 1303, transferring property and records from the Advisory Council on Workers’ Compensation to the Workers’ Compensation Commission, and SB 2180, the Foreign Principal Lobbying Oversight Act, which requires agents of foreign principals to register with the Secretary of State subject to stated exceptions. Both measures passed without opposition. Members also approved SB 504 setting the minimum marriage age at 18, SB 1209 changing eviction timing to exempt only Sundays and holidays, SB 1448 as a Consumer Protection Act cleanup bill, and SB 1597, a mirror CASA bill clarifying that it does not affect receipt of national funds. SB 1679, described as preserving Oklahoma values and protecting against foreign law overriding Oklahoma contracts, also passed after questions about constitutional and interstate issues. SB 2182, creating a Uniform Civil Remedies Act for unauthorized disclosure of intimate images, was adopted after a committee substitute was filed. Later, the committee adopted an amendment to SB 2112 and advanced it as an open-pastures bill for certain county roads in western Oklahoma, then passed SB 2170 requiring supervised visitation for individuals with substantiated DHS findings of sexual abuse. Additional measures approved included SB 2084 limiting settlements in wrongful termination suits involving higher education faculty to two years’ salary, SB 1496 updating OSBI authority and information-sharing rules, SB 1595 restricting state agencies and contractors from steering commercial driver training school choices, SB 1655 expanding post-adoption services through the Children’s Specialty Plan Program, SB 1876 modernizing service of process for foreign insurance companies, SB 1621 allowing county district attorneys to defend county law libraries, SB 1944 clarifying agricultural payroll and independent contractor thresholds, SB 1266 on notary accountability, SB 2072 expanding title-theft investigations and fee waivers, SB 2104 cleaning up the Uniform Trust Code, SB 1769 allowing short-term rental owners to require photo ID from renters and guests age 18 or older, and SB 1827 removing certain University Hospital Trust physician faculty and staff from the Government Tort Claims Act. Most bills passed unanimously or near-unanimously, and the committee adjourned after completing its agenda.

Transcript Highlights:

• It enhances flexibility over district finances to allow districts to use the 1.5-mill discretionary capital

Summary: The Committee on Fiscal Policy heard and approved two bills. First, it took up CS for SB 290, an agriculture and consumer services bill, and adopted a strike-all amendment that covered a wide range of issues: density limits for certain small municipalities, a delay in biosolids rule changes from July 1, 2026 to July 1, 2028, higher insurance and penalty requirements for fumigation businesses, longer payment timeframes for contractors to pay subcontractors and suppliers, restrictions on county agritourism permitting ordinances, and renaming the Bonifay Forestry Station. Senators raised concerns about the contractor penalty increase, local government preemption, and the biosolids provisions. Audubon Florida testified in opposition to the state lands and biosolids sections, while several industry and agriculture groups waved in support. The committee then voted the bill favorably, with Senator Bracey Davis voting no. The committee next heard SB 320 on administrative efficiency in public schools. The bill would reduce district-level requirements in areas such as assessments, personnel, facilities, and budgeting; expand teacher apprenticeship and multi-year contracts; streamline salary supplements and testing calendars; give districts more flexibility with Title I and capital funds; update facility planning rules; and shift oversight of district-run VPK programs. Supporters from several school districts and education groups waved in favor. Senators generally supported the goal of reducing administrative burdens, though one question was raised about remedies if charter schools fail to respond directly to Department of Education inquiries. The sponsor said the bill is intended to create a more direct reporting path and reduce unnecessary layers of regulation. SB 320 was reported favorably, and the committee then adjourned.

Transcript Highlights:

• It enhances flexibility over district finances to allow districts to use the 1.5-mill discretionary capital

Bills: S0290 , S0320

Committee: Senate Fiscal Policy

Summary: The Committee on Fiscal Policy met and first took up CS for SB 290, a broad Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services bill. The committee adopted a strike-all amendment that, among other things, set density requirements for certain small municipalities, delayed biosolids-related changes from July 1, 2026, to July 1, 2028, required higher insurance coverage for fumigation businesses, increased fines for fumigation violations, extended the time contractors have to pay subcontractors and suppliers from 15 to 30 business days, preempted certain county agritourism permitting ordinances, and renamed the Bonifay Forestry Station. Senators raised concerns about local government preemption, the biosolids timeline, and especially the new felony penalty for nonpayment of subcontractors and suppliers. Audubon Florida testified in opposition to the state lands and biosolids provisions, while several agricultural and industry groups waived in support. The bill was reported favorably after debate, with Senator Bracy Davis voting no and Senator Jones expressing concern about the contractor penalty. The committee then heard SB 320 on administrative efficiency in public schools. The bill would reduce district-level requirements across assessments, personnel, facilities, budgeting, and early learning administration; expand teacher apprenticeship pathways; create longer instructional contracts and renewable professional certificates; simplify testing and evaluation rules; increase flexibility for Title I and discretionary capital funding; and streamline facility planning and architectural requirements. School district and education association representatives waived in support. Senators Osgood and others praised the deregulation and flexibility, while Senator Bracy Davis asked about remedies if charter schools fail to respond directly to Department of Education expenditure questions. The sponsor said the bill is intended to reduce administrative burden while preserving accountability. SB 320 was reported favorably by roll call vote. The committee then adjourned.

Transcript Highlights:

• It enhances flexibility over district finances to allow districts to use the 1.5-mill discretionary capital

Committee: Senate Fiscal Policy

Transcript Highlights:

• My name is Ben Barnes, and I was elected in 1960 from Brown, Comanche, and Mills County.

Bills: HR33 , HR138 , HR200 , HR243 , HR267 , HR307 , HR353 , HR383 , HR443 , HR446 , HR449 , HR451 , HR453 , HR457 , HR459 , HR460 , HR461 , HR462 , HR464 , HR466 , HR467 , HR474 , HR475 , HR477 , HR479 , HR481 , HR482 , HR483 , HR484 , HR486 , HR487 , HR490 , HR491 , HR497 , HR502 , HR505 , HR509 , HR510 , HR511 , HR512 , HR513 , HR515 , HR516 , HR527 , HR531 , HR532 , HR541 , HR542 , HR547 , HR548 , HR549 , HR550 , HR555 , HR557 , HR564 , HR568 , HR574 , HR575 , HR576 , HR577 , HR578 , HR580 , HR584 , HR586 , HR587 , HR588 , HR589 , HR594 , HR595 , HR597 , HR599 , HR606 , HR607 , HR608 , HR609 , HR610 , HR611 , HR612 , HR613 , HR615 , HR616 , HR617 , HR619 , HR620 , HCR65 , HCR119 , HR434 , HR447 , HR450 , HR454 , HR455 , HR458 , HR463 , HR476 , HR478 , HR488 , HR489 , HR492 , HR496 , HR499 , HR522 , HR523 , HR524 , HR533 , HR534 , HR535 , HR536 , HR537 , HR539 , HR546 , HR552 , HR553 , HR554 , HR556 , HR579 , HR582 , HR598

Transcript Highlights:

• to the revitalization of the central business district and the preservation and rehabilitation of mill
• In 2007, Haverhill zoned two construction projects under 40R. ...mill space and streets.

Committee: Joint Joint Committee on Housing

Summary: The Joint Committee on Housing held a hybrid hearing on zoning, Chapter 40B, and related housing bills. Much of the testimony focused on the “Yes in My Backyard” bill (H. 1572/S. 962), which would expand by-right development of missing middle housing, reduce barriers such as minimum lot sizes and parking mandates, and support duplexes, triplexes, and other small-scale housing. Supporters included housing advocates, developers, local officials, and municipal leaders from places like Cambridge, Salem, and Braintree, who argued that state action is needed because local zoning often blocks needed housing and that the bill would help create more affordable, neighborhood-compatible homes. Several witnesses also backed a companion “Yes in God’s Backyard” bill (H. 2347), which would allow faith-based institutions to build housing on their property by right, with testimony emphasizing the potential for new units, added municipal tax revenue, and partnerships between religious organizations and housing developers. The committee also heard testimony on Senate Bill 1021 to modernize Chapter 40R incentives. Senator Pavel Payano and others said the program’s payments have not kept pace with inflation since 2004 and should be increased to better encourage smart-growth zoning near transit and town centers. Another major topic was H. 2298 on site plan review, which would codify and standardize the process in state law. Rep. Kristin Kassner and witnesses from MAPC and NAIOP said current site plan review practices vary widely across the state, creating confusion, delays, and litigation, while a uniform framework would give municipalities clearer tools to review by-right projects without undermining local oversight. The hearing also included testimony on Chapter 40B reform, including S. 1005 and H. 1537. One witness supported further review of 40B and stronger regional planning, while another backed a proposal to allow certain pre-2010 40B condominium owners to sell at market value under a framework that would recapture some of the subsidy benefits. Committee members asked several questions about local zoning changes, housing goals by county, and how the proposed bills would affect communities. No votes were taken during the hearing, and the chairs indicated that written testimony would be welcomed for technical details and additional comments.

Transcript Highlights:

• I stumbled across Travis Mills Foundation out of Travis Mills Foundation out of Pennsylvania, I believe

Committee: House Veterans and Armed Forces

Transcript Highlights:

• me here to testify are Jennifer Griffin, Executive Director of Access Central Coast, and Christina Mills
• My name is Christina Mills.

Committee: Senate Human Services

Summary: The Senate Human Services Committee heard several bills focused on developmental disabilities, food security, veterans, aging services, child care, and elder abuse reporting. SB 969 by Senator Reyes would make remote services for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities a permanent option; supporters said virtual programming improves access, continuity, and choice, and there was no opposition. SB 1025 by Senator Hurtado would create an Office of Food Security and Affordability to coordinate state food programs, improve CalFresh enrollment, and develop a 24-hour hotline; committee members raised questions about duplication, metrics, and oversight, but the bill advanced after discussion. SB 1052 by Senator Gonzalez would allow the State Council on Developmental Disabilities to appoint contingent authorized representatives so people with disabilities are not left without support if a family member becomes unavailable; supporters described immigration enforcement, illness, and family separation as reasons for the bill, and members discussed administrative burden and renewal procedures before the bill passed. SB 1077 by Senator Gonzalez would require CDSS to prepare for future federal shutdowns by creating a communications and contingency plan for CalFresh disruptions and a state-backed emergency food assistance mechanism; members discussed how it would work with existing CalFresh administration, and the bill passed. SB 1201 by Senator McNerney would seek federal waivers to protect vulnerable veterans from new SNAP work requirements and require referrals to county veterans service officers; supporters said the federal cuts would harm homeless, newly discharged, and disabled veterans, and the bill passed. SB 1261 by Senator Laird would let aging and disability resource centers continue operating through partner transitions so services would not be interrupted; supporters emphasized continuity of care and the bill passed. SB 1110 by Senator Becker would revise child care subsidy funding and stabilization rules for alternative payment programs and community providers; supporters said the current reimbursement structure is outdated, and the bill passed after the author said a budget-related provision would be removed. The committee also later voted SB 969, SB 1052, SB 1077, SB 1201, SB 1261, and SB 1110 out of committee, with the bills kept on call for absent members, and began hearing SB 991 on elder abuse reporting, where supporters argued that licensing records should distinguish abuse from lesser resident-rights violations so families and policymakers can better understand facility conduct.