Video & Transcript : 'small city program' :

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TX

Texas 89th Regular

Natural Resources Apr 16th, 2025

Natural Resources

Transcript Highlights:
  • The Texas Water Trust was established in 1979 by the legislature as a program within the Texas Water
  • The county officials and the city officials really, really appreciate that they have the ASR.
  • But Medina Lake has a relatively small watershed that it draws from.
  • A couple of about fifteen months ago, a number of cities and rural utilities in Medina County started
  • There's never been a city in the history.
Bills: HB143 , HB4530 , HB4931 , HB5559 , HB5560
MN

Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session

Legislative Commission on Pensions and Retirement - 03/18/25

Minnesota Senate Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • a very small percentage of what<00:14:02.399><c> anybody</c><00:14:02.800><c> would</c><00:14:03.000
  • Funds invested with the SBI, 288 of those through the volunteer firefighter account program, and 146
  • </c> moved some other deadlines for um cities moved some other deadlines for um cities and<01:15:30.320
  • Being more of a suburban city, a lot of our neighbors are having to go to being full-time.
  • Being more of a suburban city, a lot of our neighbors are having to go to being full-time.
Keywords: 1187, senate, all
ID

Idaho 2026 Regular Session

Agenda Feb 12th, 2026

Agricultural Affairs

Transcript Highlights:
  • Marston, has managed the Commission support services, including budget, purchasing, and the loan program
  • The orange cities are where J.U.B. has their offices.
  • groups that could really drill down and develop recommendations around three key. some small groups
  • So the Soil and Water Conservation Commission org chart is pretty small. It's limited.
  • Commissioner oversight includes responsibility and guidance over all programs under the Soil and Water
Keywords: 989, all
FL

Florida 2025 Regular Session

April 10, 2025 - 08:30 AM

Transcript Highlights:
  • Because again, these small business owners, they want to reach the owner of that unit.
  • It's a small weekly paper just south of Tallahassee. I support what the previous witnesses said.
  • It's just a tool in the toolbox for small business owners to choose what they want.
  • It's just the tool in the toolbox for small business owners to choose what they want.
  • We've hired plenty of people through these programs.
Summary: The Civil Justice and Claims Subcommittee heard and voted on four bills. HB 587 on self-storage spaces would let rental agreements include an alternate contact person and allow default notices to be published online instead of only in newspapers, while keeping existing notice timelines and servicemember protections. Newspaper and press witnesses opposed the online-notice change, arguing it could reduce public reach and transparency, especially in rural areas; the sponsor said newspapers could still be used and the bill was only adding another option. The committee adopted an amendment changing the effective date to October 1, 2025, and then reported the bill favorably 12-2. HB 6033 would repeal the Florida Labor Pool Act. The sponsor argued the act duplicates other state and federal protections, while opponents said it contains unique safeguards for day laborers, including limits on fees, transportation charges, and deductions, and a private right of action. Testimony from labor advocates and workers warned repeal would reduce protections for vulnerable workers; the sponsor and supporters said other laws already cover the issues. The committee reported the bill favorably 11-3. HB 897, dealing with timeshare plan management, was presented as a clarification of conflicts created by recent condominium legislation and would require faster records responses, more disclosure of contracts, and clearer remedies for mismanagement. Support came from industry groups, and the bill passed unanimously, 14-0. The final measure, PCS for HB 1385, created a civil remedy for parental abduction or unlawful withholding of a child in violation of a timesharing order. Family law attorneys opposed it over concerns about added litigation, child involvement, and overlap with existing remedies, while the sponsors and supporters said it would provide needed deterrence and compensation in serious cases. The committee adopted the PCS and reported it favorably 13-0.
VT

Vermont 2025-2026 Regular Session

House Session - 2026-03-18 - 2:32PM

Vermont House Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • There's the small I, the double small I, and the triple small I.
  • /c><00:07:38.520><c> I,</c><00:07:38.760><c> and</c><00:07:38.919><c> the</c> small I, the double small
  • I, and the small I, the double small I, and the triple<00:07:39.400><c> small</c><00:07:39.840><c> I
  • </c> Program or VHIP. Program or VHIP.
  • ,</c> The 10% Vermont for Vermont program, The 10% Vermont for Vermont program, housed<02:15:02.080><
Keywords: 926, house, all
US
Transcript Highlights:
  • At VA and DOD when we're using the TAP program.
  • If you've seen one TAP program, you've seen one TAP program.
  • criteria to make it uniform across all programs.
  • So tell me, the VR&E program, by the way, is a program for veterans, student veterans who are not, who
  • ... programs and services that we offer are fully funded.
Summary: During this committee meeting, various bills were discussed with a specific focus on veteran services and healthcare provisions. Notably, the cancellation of critical contracts under Secretary Collins sparked significant debate, with representatives emphasizing the adverse impact on veteran care. The meeting featured testimonies from veterans and stakeholders who expressed their concerns regarding the potential fallout of these cancellations, demonstrating the urgency of transparency and accountability in management decisions. Discussions also delved into various legislative proposals aimed at improving services for veterans amidst these challenges.
KY
Transcript Highlights:
  • program? program?
  • Um, you know, I'm from a small town and a small part of Eastern Kentucky.
  • </c> know, I'm from a small town and a small know, I'm from a small town and a small part<00:41:19.520
  • So you don't have to be the big city. You don't have to be the small rural community.
  • And so whether it's small town, big city, these teams care about each other.
Keywords: 958, all
Summary: The committee first approved the minutes and then approved an agency amendment to a health and family services regulation. The amendment reversed a prior change so that neonatal ICU beds would remain subject to regular review rather than nonsubstantive review. The remaining administrative regulations were then reviewed without objection. The main presentation was from State Auditor Allison Ball on a report finding $836 million in concurrent Medicaid capitation payments from 2019 through 2022, involving individuals enrolled in Kentucky and at least one other state. Ball said Kentucky relied on the PARIS system, which has limitations because it is updated quarterly and depends on voluntary state participation, while a better federal data source, T-MSIS, was not fully available to the state. She said the audit found weak internal controls, siloed processes, outdated guidance, and a low-priority attitude toward residency checks, all of which contributed to missed alerts and improper payments. She also said the report identified additional problems, including payments made after beneficiaries died and cases involving multiple states paying for the same person. Ball recommended better access to federal data, stronger MCO contract provisions, and more active oversight by the Department for Medicaid Services and managed care organizations. She said the contracts reviewed did not provide a clear way to recoup the improper payments, though she and her counsel suggested possible equitable legal theories might be explored. Members expressed concern about the scale of the waste and the lack of contract enforcement, and asked whether any money could be recovered. Ball said the audit did not identify a clear contractual path to recoup the funds.
CA
Transcript Highlights:
  • And the program that you oversee, that you oversaw, is the Strong Reader program. Disproportion.
  • That you oversaw as the Strong Reader program. This program was allocated $581,708.
  • I recognize that this is a small program by comparison, but it is still your responsibility to provide
  • a book program either.
  • And so no... ...program that ended up not being a book program either.
Summary: The follow-up informational hearing focused on the State Library’s oversight of the statewide Imagination Library and the Strong Reader Partnership (SRP), including how the original $68.2 million state investment was spent, why funds were not redirected sooner to the Dollywood Foundation, and whether spending complied with AB 157 and later SB 105. Committee members repeatedly raised concerns that SRP and the State Library had been slow to provide documents, that quarterly reporting and other contract requirements were not met on time, and that the State Library did not escalate issues earlier. State Librarian Greg Lucas said the library sent one demand letter, relied on counsel’s view that SRP could continue spending its $4.8 million so long as it furthered the program, and later redirected about $55 million to the Dollywood Foundation after paperwork was submitted. He also acknowledged the library should have shared SRP’s final report with the committee sooner and said the materials eventually received appeared satisfactory, though the chair and Senator Grove remained concerned that there was still no clear accounting of books delivered by SRP. A major portion of the hearing examined SRP’s expenditures and vendor contracts, including Shipyard for marketing and web services, SAGE Strategies for management consulting, Lotus Financial Solutions and other financial vendors, and United Way California Capital Region for a small marketing grant. Committee members questioned whether some spending, especially Changecraft’s work during the AB 157 period, amounted to lobbying or attempts to influence legislation, which the grant agreement prohibited. SRP representatives said the work was communications and stakeholder outreach, not lobbying, and that invoices reflected the board’s oversight and the nonprofit’s startup and closeout phases. They also said some work continued during the rescission and closeout period to unwind contracts and return funds, and that any reporting delays were due to transition, lack of a reporting mechanism from the State Library, and the need to collect records after vendors were canceled. Members of SRP said the nonprofit was created to build the infrastructure for a self-sustaining statewide program, expand local partnerships, and support multilingual outreach in underserved counties. They described a working board that met regularly, selected vendors collectively, and used multiple financial and administrative contractors to maintain checks and balances. However, committee members pressed them on the lack of detailed invoices, the absence of clear metrics showing how many books SRP actually delivered, and the limited apparent return on spending such as the $581,708 Shipyard contract, the $125,000 website work, and the $5,000 United Way grant. No formal vote or legislative action was taken during the hearing; it was an oversight session aimed at obtaining explanations and additional documentation.
HI

Hawaii 2025 Regular Session

WAM-GVO Informational Briefing 01-07-2025

Hawaii Senate Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • </c> administrator and engineering program administrator and engineering program manager<00:04:16.560
  • </c> effort as well and then there's a small effort as well and then there's a small amount<00:18:50.480
  • </c><00:21:12.240><c> business</c> specifically for the small business specifically for the small business
  • Through the years, legislators tried to, like the Pearl City District or whatever the Pearl City one,
  • :09.920><c> one</c> District or whatever the Pearl City one District or whatever the Pearl City one right
Keywords: 912, senate, all
Summary: The joint Ways and Means and Government Operations committees received a biennium budget preview from Keith Regan, Comptroller and Director of the Department of Accounting and General Services (DAGS), who introduced department leadership and described DAGS’ broad responsibilities across accounting, public works, procurement, elections, archives, risk management, and other attached agencies. He emphasized that DAGS supports nearly every state department and cited ongoing workforce challenges, while noting progress in reducing the department-wide vacancy rate from 21% in 2023 to 17.7% in 2024. He also highlighted recruitment efforts, including new salary schedules for engineers and architects, job fairs, internships, and outreach to retiring federal employees. A major focus was modernization of the state’s aging financial systems, especially the 55-year-old FAMIS platform and the Enterprise Financial System (EFS) project. DAGS said it expects to release the RFP for the FAMIS replacement by the end of January and is seeking a second tranche of CIP funding, including $35 million, plus position augmentation and creation of a Business Transformation Office to manage EFS and future modernization work. The department also described major capital projects such as the Aloha Stadium Entertainment District, Wahiawā Civic Center, Kauaʻi Civic Center, and Ahuimanu Community Correctional Center, and reported that Public Works is managing 455 projects statewide valued at more than $2.5 billion. Other budget requests discussed included funding for cemetery operations, with DAGS asking for two positions and $1 million in operating funds to support maintenance of eight cemeteries; a $200 million ceiling increase tied to anticipated insurance proceeds for West Maui fire-related recovery and rebuilding; and several staffing and operating items for district offices and facilities. These included full-year funding for positions in West Hawaiʻi and East Hawaiʻi, support for a small business coordinator at the State Procurement Office, funding for cloud hosting and PeopleSoft licensing, six positions and staff augmentation for the EFS project, electricity costs, and security-related funding. DAGS also noted that two requested reductions totaled $7.9 million, including transferring the security contract to the Department of Law Enforcement and reducing nonrecurring expenses; members discussed whether some security funding should remain with or be moved to DLE, and DAGS said it would not object to that transfer. No votes were taken in the portion provided.
NM

New Mexico 2025 Regular Session

IC - Legislative Finance Oct 14th, 2025

Transcript Highlights:
  • . programs and expect recurring funding for the programs for at least three years.
  • One of the programs that we fund tends to be a high-cost item: K-12 Plus programming.
  • Another program is Educators Rising. This is a program for our students in high school.
  • our teacher residency program.
  • We have programs that overlap.
CA

California 2025-2026 Regular Session

Senate Local Government Committee Mar 18th, 2026

Local Government

Transcript Highlights:
  • They want certainty, along with cities and counties.
  • Patrick Foy, representing the City of Oxnard, one of the many cities defending themselves in this issue
  • , and the City of Redondo Beach, in support.
  • Yeah, well, it's one of those beach cities down there.
  • Yeah, well, it's one of those beachy cities down there. It's a nice city, too.
Keywords: 987, senate, all
MO

Missouri 2026 Regular Session

Special Committee on Property Tax Reform Feb 26th, 2026

Special Committee on Property Tax Reform

Transcript Highlights:
  • How are those situations handled currently if it's such a small parcel in their comparison to others?
  • But $9,000 to a small county of extra money can help you get some technology in place.
  • Worth County is probably one of the small counties, and I am not picking on them.
  • But there is not much there; it is a very small parcel count.
  • We determine that in Kansas City, I believe.
Keywords: 959, house, all
MN

Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session

Increasing Access to Mental Health Services – Senator Judy Seeberger May 19th, 2025

Minnesota Senate Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • So, are there any state or national local programs that these workers can utilize now to still meet those
  • that these workers can utilize programs that these workers can utilize now<00:02:52.160><c> to</c><00
  • Probably the most important is the water treatment project in the city of Hastings.
  • Unfortunately, there have been some folks that have misused the program, calling in sick when they're
  • ,</c><00:08:35.680><c> um,</c> folks that have misused the program, um, folks that have misused the program
Keywords: 1187, senate, all
AL

Alabama 2026 Regular Session

Alabama Senate Mar 10th, 2026

Alabama Senate Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • . program. program.
  • programs.
  • programs.
  • </c> participate in that program. participate in that program.
  • </c> shortage programs. shortage programs.
Keywords: 920, all
Summary: The Alabama Senate convened, heard a prayer and pledge, established a quorum, excused absent senators, and adopted the prior journal. The chamber received House messages, including referral of Senate Confirmation 89 for Rex Jones to the Underground and Aboveground Storage Tank Trust Funds Management Board, and concurred in Senate Bill 231 after a 30-0 vote. Several local House bills were referred to the Committee on Local Legislation. During personal remarks, Senator Coleman-Madison recognized Women’s History Month and highlighted Alabama native Mary Ellen Jolly and her book, "Accidental Activist," praising women who support the legislature. The Senate then processed committee reports, including favorable reports on multiple Finance and Taxation General Fund bills (SB 143, 144, 145 with substitute, 152, 153, 154, 162, 226 with substitute, and 146 with substitute and one abstention), as well as confirmations for Nancy Sandford, Marty Abrams, and Jim Page to the University of North Alabama Board of Trustees, all of which were confirmed. Committee reports also advanced several county and municipal and local legislation measures, including SB 292, HB 351, HB 141, HB 273, HB 504, HB 488, SB 343, and SB 346. On the floor, SB 333 on class two municipalities passed after adoption of its BIR and committee amendment, and HB 308, a proposed constitutional amendment for Mobile County, passed after the Senate tabled the committee amendment, adopted a substitute amendment by Senator Figures, and approved the certification resolution. SB 334 for Shelby County, SB 339 for Crenshaw County, and HB 507 for Covington County also passed, with certification resolutions adopted where required. The governor returned SB 228 with an executive amendment, and the Senate concurred 33-0. The Rules Committee report set the special order calendar for the next legislative day, listing bills including SB 91, SB 280, SB 181, SB 237, SB 326, SB 255, HB 77, HB 104, HB 110, HB 271, HB 362, HB 332, HB 429, SB 211, HB 125, HB 122, HB 124, SB 140, SB 199, and SB 332. Senator Singleton spoke at length criticizing the handling of minority-sponsored bills and questioning several measures, and after debate the Senate adopted the special order calendar 34-0. SB 91 was then carried over at the call of the chair.
CA

California 2025-2026 Regular Session

Senate Rules Committee Apr 22nd, 2026

Rules

Transcript Highlights:
  • So, you know, things like programs, transitional housing, you know, what types of rehabilitative programs
  • There are programs. community-based partners, community-based organizations, there are programs, even
  • The 122 different programs at this resource fair.
  • So we have robust rehabilitative programs in the state.
  • As well as for a lot of these programs, we get a weekly report that shows the utilization of these programs
Committee: Senate Rules
Summary: The Senate Rules Committee met with quorum and first considered several governor’s appointments not required to appear. The committee voted to advance Olivia May Assuncion to the Commission on Disability Access, William Adams to the California Exposition and State Fair Board of Directors, and two California Law Revision Commission appointments: Anacubas and David Hubner, with the latter two receiving split votes but still moving forward. The committee also approved the reference of bills to committees and later, by unanimous add-on votes, approved floor acknowledgments and the remaining appointments on the agenda. The main hearing was on Brian Bishop’s appointment as Director of the Division of Adult Parole Operations at CDCR. Bishop described his law enforcement and Marine Corps background and said his focus would be balancing public safety, accountability, rehabilitation, and staff well-being. Senators asked about risk assessment for higher-risk parolees, GPS monitoring, coordination with local law enforcement, victim protections, out-of-county placement, supervision of unhoused parolees, and oversight of private reentry/housing contractors. Bishop said DAPO uses data-driven supervision, risk tools, compliance sweeps with local agencies, exclusion zones for victims, and contract monitoring through invoices, site visits, and utilization reviews. Public testimony supported Bishop’s confirmation, including from reentry providers and advocacy groups. The committee then voted 5-0 to advance his appointment to the full Senate for confirmation. The committee also heard from Sarah Larson, appointed Director of the Division of Facilities Management and Construction at CDCR. Larson discussed aligning the prison footprint with a declining population, addressing aging infrastructure and heat issues through cooling pilots, and using projects like the San Quentin Rehabilitation Center as a model for safer, more healing facilities. Senators asked about prison closures, cold shutdown status, disaster planning, water and utility issues, and how to manage closed or deactivated facilities. Larson said closed facilities are maintained minimally, reactivation would be costly, and the department is exploring more holistic infrastructure planning. Public witnesses from criminal justice and reentry organizations strongly supported her, and the committee voted 5-0 to advance her appointment to the full Senate.
CA

California 2025-2026 Regular Session

Senate Rules Committee Apr 22nd, 2026

Rules

Transcript Highlights:
  • So, you know, things like programs, transitional housing, you know, what types of rehabilitative programs
  • There are programs.
  • The 122 different programs at this resource fair.
  • As well as for a lot of these programs, we get a weekly report that shows the utilization of these programs
  • one of these programs under 70%.
Committee: Senate Rules
Keywords: 987, senate, all
TX

Texas 89th Regular

State Affairs Apr 30th, 2025

State Affairs

Transcript Highlights:
  • Members, this is Representative Lopez's bill creating a temporary guest worker program.
  • Members, this is Representative LaHood's bill regarding the Attorney General imposing fines on cities
  • In the Permian, with one project, we're going to be adding the equivalent load as the entire city.
  • The only way he was able to get out of that deer blind was through a very small window.
  • There are fire chiefs out in places like Academy and other small towns outside of the town.
Committee: House State Affairs
NH

New Hampshire 2025 Regular Session

Senate Ways and Means (03/05/2025)

Ways and Means

Transcript Highlights:
  • will allow for the same thing by designated church employees or if they want to run a residential program
  • of Nashville and housing run by the city of Nashville and so<00:13:51.920><c> I'm</c><00:13:52.079><
  • I run a sober home in the city of Manchester, and this was a big conversation in the city a couple of
  • I run a sober home in the city of Manchester, and this was a big conversation in the city a couple of
  • </c><00:32:22.720><c> local</c> would compete against your small local would compete against your small
Keywords: 1191, senate, all
WA

Washington 2025-2026 Regular Session

Senate Transportation Jan 20th, 2026

Transcript Highlights:
  • We do have an inspection program.
  • We also have something called the FIP program, which is facility inspection programs, and that's also
  • We also have something called the FIP program, which is facility inspection programs, and that's also
  • When you say small quantity, what is that small quantity? We're talking 50 gallons, 1,000 gallons?
  • This is just a screenshot of a program.
Summary: The Senate Transportation Committee met on January 20, 2006, for two work sessions focused first on aircraft fuel pipeline resiliency and then on flooding impacts to the state highway system. On the fuel topic, BP and Olympic Pipeline described the pipeline system serving Washington and Oregon, its regulatory oversight, inspection and leak-detection programs, and the November 11 Mile Post 78 release near Everett. Witnesses said the leak was initially too small for the system to detect, was found by a farm worker, and led to shutdowns, excavation, soil removal, and repairs while the site later faced flooding that complicated access but did not stop both lines from remaining operational. Committee members questioned why the leak was not detected sooner, how much fuel was released, and what safeguards exist for future environmental protection. BP also described emergency response and recovery efforts, including trucked fuel deliveries to Sea-Tac and coordination with refineries and Canadian partners. The Port of Seattle and Alaska Airlines explained the airport response, including expanded truck offloading capacity, fire and police support, communication with airlines and other airports, reduced fuel use, and the impact on flights. Tim Zenk of Earth Finance argued that Washington’s fuel system lacks redundancy and that regional renewable fuels production and storage, including sustainable aviation fuel, could improve resilience; he suggested a regional goal of producing at least 33% of fuels locally. The committee then heard from WSDOT on the December flooding and storm damage. Emergency manager John Hemel and Olympic Regional Administrator Steve Rourke described statewide emergency operations, use of WebEOC tracking, and efforts to secure FEMA and FHWA funding. They said the state EOC was activated for 10 days, four regional EOCs were activated, and more than 100 sites were impacted. WSDOT reported roughly 50 emergency work sites, about 16 emergency contracts, and a preliminary damage estimate of $40 million to $50 million. They reviewed major repairs on US 2, I-90, SR 12, SR 410, SR 542, and US 101, noting that some roads reopened quickly with temporary fixes while others would require later permanent work and environmental permitting. Members asked about the 30-working-day emergency contracting authority, federal reimbursement, and whether emergency response contracting methods could be used to speed ordinary projects. The committee then adjourned.
MA

Massachusetts 2025-2026 Regular Session

Joint Committee on Higher Education Jun 21st, 2026 at 01:00 pm

Joint Committee on Higher Education

Transcript Highlights:
  • To date, it has really worked for some programs, and I think as we talk about moving from pilot programs
  • I not only see these as sister programs, but highly complementary programs.
  • into five associate degree programs.
  • I run a small institute in Harvard Square now, the Small Planet Institute. That's great.
  • nutrition program.
Keywords: 995, all
Summary: The Joint Committee on Higher Education held its first hearing and heard testimony on a wide range of bills, including hunger-free campuses, FAFSA completion, early college/college-in-high-school programs, banning legacy preferences, AP credit consistency, and tuition equity for the Stockbridge School of Agriculture. Committee leaders opened by outlining the hearing process and noting the three-minute testimony limit. Legislators and advocates generally framed the bills as equity and access measures aimed at improving college affordability, student success, and workforce development. Representative Vargas testified for H. 1466 and H. 1467, arguing that hunger-free campus should be codified because many public college and community college students face food insecurity, and that FAFSA completion should be improved through individualized outreach and an opt-out or completion requirement. Senator Lovely, the Greater Boston Food Bank, and other advocates supported the hunger-free campus bill, citing data that 44% of public university and community college students experienced food insecurity in 2023 and that food insecurity harms graduation rates. Femi Stoltz and Shanti Lopez Toro backed the FAFSA bill, saying many students miss out on Pell grants and need direct support; they pointed to state examples such as Louisiana and to recent state action requiring FAFSA awareness. Committee members asked about the federal FAFSA rollout, regional equity in food access, and the need for long-term funding and data collection. A large panel supported H. 1455 on college and high school/early college, including former Chair Roy, the Massachusetts Alliance for Early College, a student graduate, MBAE, and Tripp Jones. They described early college as a proven model that helps low-income and first-generation students, improves degree attainment, and supports workforce needs; witnesses said the goal is to scale from about 9,000 students and 55 partnerships toward 22,000 to 25,000 students by 2030, with possible future growth beyond that. Members raised questions about funding, public-private partnerships, parental involvement, faculty development, and whether the bill should include data review and more standardized policies across institutions. Representative Garcia also testified for H. 1432 on AP credit, saying students should receive consistent credit for AP scores of 3, 4, or 5. Senator Edwards and James Murphy testified for the legacy preference ban, arguing it is unfair and rooted in exclusionary history; they said some states have already banned legacy preferences in public and private institutions. Finally, UMass Dean Michael Fox, alumnus Dan Mayer, and student Jake Rasmussen supported S. 920 to include Stockbridge associate degree programs in MassEducate, saying tuition equity would help enrollment and support Massachusetts agriculture and green-industry jobs.