Video & Transcript Research : 'aging'
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AR
Transcript Highlights:
- And then number four is with DHS Division of Aging, Adults, and Behavioral Health Services.
- Number 9, DHS Division of Aging and Adults and Behavioral Health Services with ATA Services.
- Number 10, DHS Division of Aging Adults and Behavioral Health with Karasoft Technology Corp.
- And number 12 with DHS, Division of Aging Adults and Behavioral Health with Lennon King.
- Jay Hill, Division of Aging Adult Services with DHS.
FL
Florida 2026 5th Special Session
Agriculture Jan 27th, 2026
Transcript Highlights:
- Yeah, so for me, I started 4-H at a very young age.
- Actually, I started attending 4-H events at the age of four before I could officially be part of the
- My love for this industry and the FFA is thanks to my mother, a middle school ag educator.
- This is also about the next generation of agriculture and a new age of discovery.
- This is also about the next generation of agriculture and a new age of discovery.
Summary:
The Agriculture Committee took up SB 806, the consumer and agricultural equipment right-to-repair bill by Senator Trumbull. Trumbull said the measure would expand repair options for portable wireless devices and farm equipment while protecting trade secrets. The committee adopted two amendments: one clarifying the bill does not apply to motor vehicles, and a technical staff amendment. Testimony was mixed: an Everglades Equipment representative opposed the bill, warning it could weaken local dealer support, reduce parts inventory, and increase downtime for farmers; the Consumer Technology Association also opposed the bill in its current form, citing concerns about a patchwork of state repair laws, private lawsuits, and inconsistent standards. The bill was reported favorably as CS for SB 806 by a roll call vote of 4-0, with Senator Rouson not voting.
The committee then heard a presentation from Florida 4-H state officers Timmy Hawes, Summer Wayne, and Taylor Thigpin. They described 4-H as a youth development organization focused on citizenship and leadership, agriculture, STEM, and healthy living, serving more than 216,000 youth statewide. They highlighted personal stories about how 4-H built confidence, leadership, and entrepreneurship skills, and they outlined goals to grow participation to 300,000 youth and to invest in 4-H camps, especially Camp Cherry Lake and Camp Timpoochee, as year-round learning sites. Senators praised the program and asked questions about how youth get involved and what drives participation.
Florida FFA state officers Hope Storder and Isabel Jenkins then presented on agricultural education and FFA. They explained FFA’s three-part model of classroom instruction, supervised agricultural experience, and leadership development, and noted that Florida now has more than 65,000 FFA members and that state funding has allowed all agricultural education students to participate at no cost. They emphasized agriculture’s role in feeding a growing population and discussed how technology, innovation, and urban agriculture can help meet future production needs. Senators commended the organization’s work and its role in preparing future leaders and agricultural professionals. At the end of the meeting, Senator Burton requested a group photo with the students, and the committee agreed.
CA
California 2025-2026 Regular Session
Assembly Appropriations Committee May 7th, 2025
Transcript Highlights:
- I will also note that the three-year age differential is consistent with how we handle statutory rape
- be extraordinarily clear: it is against the law in the state of California to solicit a minor of any age
- I think that this bill, no bill is ever children and people of all ages from exploitation.
- Extending the required age for booster use and implementing straightforward testing can significantly
- Minnesota to specifically implement the following here in California: to require children under the age
Summary:
The Assembly Appropriations Committee met on May 7, 2025, considering a large number of bills, with several measures heard in detail before the committee moved through consent and suspense items. Early in the hearing, AB 876 by Assemblymember Flora was heard on CRNA scope of practice and anesthesia access. Supporters said it would clarify that certified registered nurse anesthetists may provide anesthesia services independently, while opponents from physician and medical groups argued that anesthesiologists and CRNAs are not interchangeable and that physician-led care is needed for patient safety. The bill was ultimately voted out, with a later vote change recorded for Mr. Tangipa from not voting to aye.
The committee also heard AB 379, a major human trafficking and child exploitation bill, which would expand penalties for solicitation of a minor, create a misdemeanor for loitering with intent to purchase commercial sex, increase fines on businesses that fail to post trafficking notices or knowingly allow trafficking, create a survivor support grant program, and establish a vertical prosecution grant program. The bill drew strong support from the author and some members who emphasized tougher enforcement and victim services, but also significant opposition from sex worker and civil liberties advocates who argued the bill would worsen criminalization, disproportionately harm Black and Brown communities, and fail to address housing and other root causes. After extensive discussion, the committee voted the bill out, with one member later changing from not voting to aye.
Other bills heard included AB 435 on child passenger safety, which would adopt a five-step test and update booster-seat and front-seat rules; AB 1415, which would give the Office of Health Care Affordability more access to information from health systems and private equity-related entities; AB 539, the Timely Care Act, which would extend the duration of approved prior authorizations for treatment; AB 1466, relating to groundwater adjudication and sustainability disputes; AB 127, which would tie the cap-and-trade price ceiling to the social cost of carbon; and AB 672, which would require public employers to notify PERB of certain court actions and allow intervention to protect labor rights. The committee also approved a large consent calendar and then deemed the suspense calendar approved, sending many bills onward. The hearing concluded with several bills reported out, some on call, and the committee adjourned.
MA
Massachusetts 2025-2026 Regular Session
Continuing Care Retirement Communities Jun 21st, 2026 at 10:00 am
Transcript Highlights:
- So following up on June's question, how does the aging of the resident population and their increased
- I just want to mention that the guy that the state puts out the age office, thousands of problems.
- The state puts out, the age office, has a pretty good definition from Chapter 93A?
- And I think we're with Alyssa and others in leading age, we're well aware I don't know.
- I'm Robin Lipson from the Executive Office of Aging and Independence.
Summary:
The commission met at Brookhaven at Lexington to continue discussing continuing care retirement communities (CCRCs), with a focus on financial viability, entrance fees, refund policies, and how the industry is evolving. Speakers explained that nonprofit CCRCs have shifted away from building entirely new campuses since the 2008 financial crisis, and now more often grow through expansions, affiliations, mergers, or added home- and community-based services. They also noted that many newer CCRCs, especially nationwide, are being built without on-campus skilled nursing, relying instead on assisted living, memory care, or off-site arrangements, and that zoning and local approval can affect expansion plans.
A substantial portion of the discussion centered on financial health and consumer protection. Panelists said the most important indicators of a strong CCRC are high occupancy, strong liquidity, and reinvestment in the property, with low occupancy and declining days cash on hand cited as warning signs. They described how actuarial reviews are used to estimate health care utilization and set pricing, and said staffing shortages are often a bigger financial pressure than resident care utilization itself. On refunds, speakers said entrance-fee refunds are generally paid when a unit is resold and the new entrance fee is received, and that resident refunds are usually protected even in bankruptcy, though residents are unsecured creditors. Massachusetts examples such as Reed’s Landing and the Groves were cited as cases where residents remained in place and refunds were ultimately protected.
The group also discussed a pending disclosure bill on Beacon Hill related to entrance fees and refund transparency. LeadingAge Massachusetts said it supports clearer disclosure so residents understand refund provisions, and reported that among surveyed member CCRCs, the average time to provide an entrance-fee refund over the past two years was about 117 days. Participants emphasized the need to balance consumer protection with preserving the financial stability of the communities. The commission also reviewed upcoming dates: a virtual public hearing/listening session on June 16, the next commission meeting on June 23, and a later discussion planned on consumer rights, protections, and advertising practices. The meeting concluded with introductions of commission members and an invitation for attendees to tour the Brookhaven campus.
AR
Transcript Highlights:
- In the survey, I was asking about people age 55-ish.
- I focused on the older or senior age group and thought, I guess they're retired.
- This isn't that you can get on at age 16 and then hopefully get services later on.
- There's certain ages.
- There's certain ages.
AR
Transcript Highlights:
- This is a request for DHS Division of Aging and Adult Behavioral Health Services.
- So what's going into Ag is the whole thing.
- So what's going into Ag is the whole thing.
- the secretary has it just seems like we're leaving more money in Ed and then finding new money for Ag
- the federal appropriation and all the federal for those fully funded federal positions is going to Ag
Summary:
The committee first considered the Lieutenant Governor’s Office budget and personnel request. Office representatives said they wanted to move the office to the state pay plan to better align salaries with other constitutional offices and remain competitive, noting that OPM had approved the positions and grades. Senators questioned the size of the requested increases and the office’s workload, and after discussion the motion to adopt the proposal failed on an 8-8 tie. The committee then voted to expunge that vote and returned to the regular agenda.
The committee approved a series of Governor’s letters involving position transfers and appropriation adjustments across several agencies. These included changes for AETN, the Department of Health and Nursing Board/Dietetics Board, multiple DHS divisions, DFA shared services and budget management, and the Department of Public Safety shared services division. Most of these items involved moving positions and associated salary appropriations between divisions, with no major opposition and motions passing.
A lengthy discussion followed on the transfer of child nutrition and related nutrition programs from the Department of Education to the Department of Agriculture. Education and DFA officials explained that the programs fit better under Agriculture because the funding and commodities are tied to USDA programs, and they clarified that both state and federal funding and all related positions would move. Senators raised concerns about the math in the letters, the split between state and federal funding, and whether all program resources were being transferred. After the explanation, the committee approved the Education side of the transfer and then approved the Agriculture companion letter.
The committee also discussed the Educational Freedom Account program budget. Officials said the $309 million request matched current participation and included a $70 million reserve in case applications increase. Several senators expressed concern about the program’s growth and its effect on public education funding and adequacy, while others noted that the program’s rules and funding levels could be adjusted through the State Board and future legislative action. The committee then approved a Public Safety classification change and a member amendment changing a title at East Arkansas Community College from assistant to the president to assistant to the chancellor, with no change in positions or appropriation.
AL
Alabama 2026 1st Special Session
Alabama House Agriculture and Forestry Committee Jan 21st, 2026
Agriculture and Forestry
Transcript Highlights:
- So we're trying to separate those out that you either come to us or you have to abide by the ag rules
- So we're trying to separate those out that you either come to us or you have to abide by the ag rules
- So we're trying to separate those out that you either come to us or you have to abide by the ag rules
- So we're trying to separate those out that you either come to us or you have to abide by the ag rules
- So we're trying to separate those out that you either come to us or you have to abide by the ag rules
Keywords:
HB267, Alabama, minor consent, medical consent, mental health, school counseling, parental rights, parental consent, parental access to records, health information, health records, vaccine consent, school mental health services, student counseling, youth healthcare, adolescent health, emancipated minor, pregnancy care, sexually transmitted infections, STI treatment
FL
Transcript Highlights:
- This bill repeals the diagnosis age of eight years old and also repeals the age cap for mandated coverage
- We took care of that age requirement.
- I was going to mention that very fact: requiring a diagnosis by age eight is, for many, many parents,
- their lives, so to somehow limit them to have to have this done by age eight feels unrealistic.
- And I think absolutely Vice Chair Sharief also did my close on beyond the age of 18.
Summary:
The committee heard and acted on six bills. SB 480, by Senator DeSigley, would allow a narrowly tailored nonprofit agricultural organization to offer health coverage to its members, especially farmers and ranchers, outside the Florida Insurance Code; supporters said it would improve affordable access in rural areas, while the American Cancer Society Cancer Action Network warned the plans would not have to cover preexisting conditions or comply with ACA protections. An amendment aligning the bill with the statute for nonprofit religious organizations was adopted, and the bill passed as amended. SB 1226, also by Senator DeSigley, would create a regulatory framework for pet insurance and wellness programs; it drew no opposition and was reported favorably. SB 988, by Senator Truenow, would revise securities exemption and filing requirements under Florida’s Invest Local exemption law; a strike-all amendment clarifying terms, fingerprinting, and related compliance provisions was adopted, and the bill was reported favorably with the committee substitute.
SB 944, by Senator Davis, would correct an omission in the law governing insurance overpayment claims so the 12-month limit applies to psychologists and HMO claims, with an effective date tied to January 1, 2026; the Florida Psychological Association supported the measure, and it was reported favorably with committee substitute after an amendment. SB 756, by Senator Burton, would remove the age-8 diagnosis cutoff and age cap for mandated insurance coverage for autism services, update the autism definition to the current DSM, and also repeal age caps for Down syndrome diagnosis; disability advocates and provider groups supported the bill, and it passed as amended. SB 1078, introduced on behalf of Senator McLean, would streamline permitting and inspection procedures for certain fire alarm and sprinkler projects, set deadlines for local agencies, limit extra documentation demands, and restrict enforcement of local ordinances not properly submitted; fire industry representatives supported the compromise amendment, some senators questioned local flexibility and permitting delays, and the bill was reported favorably after the amendment was adopted. The committee also approved a motion allowing staff to make technical and conforming changes and then adjourned.
KY
Kentucky 2025 Regular Session
Interim Joint Committee on Economic Development & Workforce Investment (11-20-25)
Transcript Highlights:
- goal is to increase the working age goal is to increase the working age population<00:37:00.960>
- We also conducted an internal survey, and they were working age.
- So, um, they were those individuals that are prime working-age population.
- So um they were those working age.
- And then we also age population.
Keywords:
Meeting Start 00:00:00
Call to Order and Roll Call 00:00:58
Putting Young Kentuckians to Work: First Year Update 00:04:06
Kentucky Talent Attraction Initiative 00:21:59
Kentucky Manufacturing Extension Partnership 00:57:15, 958, all
Summary:
The committee met with a quorum, approved the October minutes, and heard first a progress report on the state-funded “Putting Young Kentuckians to Work” initiative. Workforce leaders from Cumberland Workforce Development Board and Kentucky Works said the HB 1 funding has allowed them to contract with all 10 workforce boards and build new pipelines with high schools, area technology centers, school districts, and community and technical colleges. They reported an end-of-year goal of 3,600 job placements, with 218 placements reported as of October 2025 and enrollment numbers continuing to rise. Testimony emphasized that the program is aimed at disconnected youth and high school seniors, that federal WIOA funds are too limited to support this work alone, and that the flexible state funding has enabled short-term training and placements in fields such as welding, CDL, and CNA. Members asked about barriers to implementation, wage levels, and services for students with disabilities; presenters said the main challenge was building school relationships and that wage growth should improve as students gain more skills and credentials.
The committee then received an update on the Kentucky Talent Attraction Initiative. Representatives from Greater Louisville Inc. and Commerce Lexington explained that the General Assembly previously provided $250,000 for a consultant to develop a statewide talent attraction and retention strategy, and that more than 13 organizations across the state support the effort. Development Counsellors International described its research process, including statewide stakeholder engagement, and said the goal is to create a Kentucky talent value proposition that combines job opportunities with quality-of-place messaging. They reported that Kentucky faces a shrinking labor force and a projected national worker shortfall, while internal research found 47% of working-age respondents could consider leaving the state within two years because they are not confident in career opportunities. At the same time, they said 96% of surveyed higher education students would stay if offered a full-time job, and 72% of employers expect to expand staffing in the next two years. The presenters said they are moving from research into messaging and an action plan, and that the strategy should be customized and measurable rather than one-size-fits-all.
WY
Wyoming 2026 Regular Session
Senate Travel, Recreation, Wildlife & Cultural Resources Committee, February 17, 2026 - AM
Travel, Recreation, Wildlife & Cultural Resources
Transcript Highlights:
- somebody of any age really above the age somebody of any age really above the age of<01:08:52.799
- <01:09:04.239>
who just somebody of any age who just somebody of any age who >> uh<01 - <01:16:28.560>
or illnesses that are 20 years of age or illnesses that are 20 years of age - <01:16:43.840>
regulation Uh it's felt that this age regulation Uh it's felt that this age - <01:16:49.920>
12 and should be expanded down to age 12 and should be expanded down to age
Keywords:
landowner licenses, hunting, wildlife management, quota hunt areas, game and fish commission, game management, hunting regulations, black bear, tracking dogs, wildlife conservation, conservation, contracting, supervisor, funding, districts, hunting licenses, donated licenses, life-threatening illness, vision impairment, nonprofit organizations
FL
Florida 2025 Regular Session
Banking and Insurance Mar 10th, 2025
Transcript Highlights:
- the age cap and it coverage, which is currently 18, as I just said, the bill also agrees definition
- We took care of that age requirement.
- I was I was going to mention that very fact that you're requiring a diagnosis by age 8 and is for many
- And I think it's absolutely a a vice chair sheriff also to buy clothes on on be on age of 18.
- You know, when when a Floridian a young Floridians, any age, quite frankly, is diagnosed with autism,
MN
Transcript Highlights:
- Aging board on Aging Minnesota Board of Aging board on Aging which<00:17:03.399>
is <00:17:03.800 - <00:17:10.720>
so them is seven area agencies on Aging so them is seven area agencies on Aging - kind of seven area agencies on Aging kind of seven area agencies on Aging there<00:17:22.520>
- and then the Minnesota Board on Aging and then the Minnesota Board on Aging requires<00:18:51.120
- I'm sure that's what everybody at the Minnesota Board on Aging wants.
Summary:
The Human Services Committee met on January 22, 2025, to focus early in session on waste, fraud, abuse, and program integrity in Minnesota human services programs. The chair said taxpayers expect funds to reach people in need and asked the Office of the Legislative Auditor (OLA) to present on resources, progress, and possible solutions. Members also asked the auditors to note where the legislature or agencies had already taken action to address prior findings.
OLA staff summarized recent reports on grants management and oversight. They said noncompliance with grants policies has been pervasive across agencies, including problems at DHS in conflict-of-interest documentation and pre-award financial reviews. In one DHS review, 30 of 41 grant reviewers had missing or incomplete conflict forms, and 20 of 57 grants lacked required financial review documents; the issues affected about $11.5 million in grant funding. OLA said DHS spent more than $400 million in grants to nonprofit organizations from 2018 to 2022, and they identified broader factors affecting compliance such as inconsistent funding for grants administration, ad hoc training, inconsistent data systems, and limited enforcement authority. They noted 2023 legislative changes that allowed agencies to retain some grant funding for administration and directed an assessment of a statewide grants management system, and they said OGM training and staffing have increased, though training is still not required for all staff.
The Financial Audit Division then discussed the senior nutrition program at DHS, which delivered about 3.1 million meals to more than 40,000 participants in 2022 through the Minnesota Board on Aging, area agencies, service providers, and subcontractors. The audit found nine findings across documentation, monitoring, contract oversight, participant recertification, and data quality. Examples included service providers failing to recertify participants or recording inaccurate data, the Board on Aging not performing monitoring visits since 2017 or financial reconciliations in 2022, and area agencies failing to complete required site visits. Survey results also suggested participant database inaccuracies. OLA recommended stronger monitoring, clearer procedures, and more reliable data to ensure services reach intended recipients. No formal votes or committee actions were taken in the portion of the meeting provided.
HI
Hawaii 2026 Regular Session
AEN-WLA-EIG, WLA-AEN-EDT, WLA-AEN, WLA-AEN-PSM Public Hearings 03-20-2026
Agriculture and Environment
Transcript Highlights:
- Heavlin said, you know, bona fide true agriculture and the primary activity on ag land should be ag production
- Heavlin said, you know, bona fide true agriculture and the primary activity on ag land should be ag production
- Heavlin said, you know, bona fide true agriculture and the primary activity on ag land should be ag production
- Bona fide true agriculture, and the primary activity on ag land should be ag production.
- So that is something that could truly impact a bona fide farmer doing real ag and also doing real ag
Bills:
HB1979
Keywords:
environmental review, affordable housing, clean energy, judicial proceedings, public participation, Hawaii Revised Statutes, 912, senate, all
Summary:
The committee heard testimony on HB 1979 HD3, which would shorten the time to file certain judicial challenges to environmental assessments and environmental impact statements for affordable housing and clean energy projects, and would also affect transfer of some environmental court appeals to the Supreme Court. The Office of Planning and Sustainable Development supported the amended bill, saying the changes were improved from earlier versions and that the shorter filing period was reasonable for these priority projects. Hawaii Gas asked that the bill’s clean energy definition be broadened to align with existing renewable energy law so emerging technologies like renewable hydrogen and renewable gas would be included. Kauai Island Utility Co-op and Greenpeace Hawaii testified in support and opposition, respectively, with supporters arguing the bill would reduce litigation uncertainty and opponents saying the shorter deadline would limit public participation and not solve the real causes of project delays.
Opposition testimony came from the Office of Hawaiian Affairs, Earthjustice, Sierra Club, 350 Hawaii, and others, who argued the bill could chill legitimate public-interest claims, especially where there is limited public notice, and that environmental review was being unfairly blamed for delays caused by permitting, financing, or infrastructure problems. Several speakers said the measure would reduce transparency and make it harder for communities to respond in time. One testifier from Earthjustice said the environmental review process itself is not the problem and should not be weakened for projects that still need public disclosure and community engagement.
The committee then moved to decision-making and, citing the volume of opposition and concerns about public participation, transparency, and whether the bill would actually improve timelines, the chair deferred HB 1979 HD3 indefinitely. The hearing was adjourned after the vote decision was announced.
The transcript then shifted to HB 2585, relating to tourism and statewide standards for agritourism. Testimony was mixed: farmers and agricultural groups described agritourism as essential to keeping small farms and ranches viable, while also urging safeguards so it would not be abused or displace real agricultural production. Some speakers warned the bill’s revenue-based limits could unintentionally shut down existing farm stays and related operations, especially in Maui County. The Hawaii Farm Bureau said it supported the intent but wanted clearer protections for bona fide agriculture and more flexibility around revenue requirements and force majeure situations. The discussion was still underway when the transcript ended.
MN
Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session
House Judiciary Finance and Civil Law Committee 2/13/25
Judiciary Finance and Civil Law
Transcript Highlights:
- The AG made this point explicitly in data litigation in Stinson LLP v.
- How does the AG do that?
- Again, the AG does not do a lot of criminal investigations, but they do some.
- And the AG decided, hey, we're not going to go forward with it.
- there is a remedy and statute so the AG there is a remedy and statute so the AG has<00:59:51.000
KY
Transcript Highlights:
- I became involved in the justice system at a young age and carried that involvement into my adulthood
- I became involved in the justice system at a young age and carried that involvement into my adulthood
- decreases with age. decreases with age.
- <00:57:09.359>
carry Lowering the age of concealed carry Lowering the age of concealed carry - I'm concerned that people of this age are not fully mature enough.
MN
Transcript Highlights:
- By replacing the separate aging footprints of the St.
- the separate aging footprints of the St. the separate aging footprints of the St.
- So, it is an aging building.
- We are Um so, it is an aging building.
- <00:31:27.840>
old aging infrastructure, 75-plus years old aging infrastructure, 75-plus years
MN
Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session
Committee on Environment, Climate and Legacy - 02/19/26
Environment, Climate, and Legacy
Transcript Highlights:
- <00:10:34.399>
and <00:10:34.640>female comes to youth older aged and female comes - Um in in age or sex types um by hunters.
- So that is hunters age 50 to 60.
- of the female hunters and uh more aged of the female hunters and uh more aged uh<00:19:00.720>
- It's kind of for those same age groups.
MN
Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session
House Public Safety Finance and Policy Committee 3/17/26
Public Safety Finance and Policy
Transcript Highlights:
- For now, the bill before the committee will simply raise the minimum age to align with the age set for
- age we've set for age to align with the age we've set for tobacco,<00:41:26.600>
alcohol, <00: - order to testify in support of this age order to testify in support of this age restriction.<00:
- kratom deceiving consumers above the age kratom deceiving consumers above the age of<00:47:25.480
- We support the age 21 and then with for.
Keywords:
disaster assistance, contingency account, Minnesota emergency management, public safety, state disaster aid, FEMA, federal cost-share, emergency relief, natural disaster, budget report, appropriations report, management and budget, local governments, utility cooperatives, public works, infrastructure repair, chapter 12B, chapter 12A, emergency management, disaster recovery
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- . 2, that the court couldn't hold the hearing for 2 hours after notifying the AG 3, that the AG can waive
- Let the AG know.
- So let's say the AG looks at and says, Well, OK, I'm OK with that.
- And I think the AG should be notified that this is going on. That's really what this bill does.
- It just says notify the AG. Everything else stays the same.
Bills:
HB304
AL
Alabama 2026 1st Special Session
Alabama Senate Education Policy Committee Feb 4th, 2026
Education Policy
Transcript Highlights:
- Now after that it birth to age three. Now after that it starts<00:13:17.680>
pruning. - We represent um young people aged 18 to 30 in Alabama.
- taught to students aged 12 through 14. taught to students aged 12 through 14.
- While specifics were not mentioned, my mom was ensured it would be age appropriate.
- The day of it would be age appropriate.
Keywords:
military installations, tall structures, local government, construction approval, wind energy facilities, tobacco regulation, vaping, sales restrictions, youth protection, tobacco compliance, public health, education programs, electronic nicotine delivery systems, judicial compensation, salary adjustments, district attorneys, Judges, local officials, computer science, education reform