Video & Transcript Research : 'forensic evaluation'

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HI

Hawaii 2025 Regular Session

JHA Public Hearing - Thu Jan 30, 2025 @ 2:00 PM HST

Judiciary & Hawaiian Affairs

Transcript Highlights:
  • This is again because CB also has an issue with evaluations.
  • Branch thank you uh the evaluations Branch thank you uh the adult<01:07:38.319> mental<01:07:
  • Evaluation Branch supports the bill and stands on its written testimony.
  • Keith Pedra, and I'm with the Department of Health and Forensics.
  • uh the Department of Health forensics uh the Department of Health does<02:04:28.440> support<
Keywords: 910, house, all
Summary: The House Committee on Judiciary and Hawaiian Affairs heard House Bill 4000, the Judiciary’s biennium budget bill for FY 2026-2027. Judiciary Director of Policy and Planning Brandon Kimura testified in strong support, outlining operating requests of about $6.17 million in FY 26 and $6.25 million in FY 27, 17 permanent positions and one temporary position, plus $9.9 million in capital improvements. He described funding needs for specialty courts, preparations for the Wahiawa District Court, an additional district court judge and staff for Kona, cybersecurity upgrades, the Criminal Justice Research Institute, statewide priority items, and restoration of several essential staff positions. He also said the Judiciary was seeking an additional $2 million for the Children’s Justice Center relocation lump sum because updated estimates had risen to about $8 million. The committee also discussed potential impacts from uncertain federal funding and asked for written follow-up on those risks and on the capital request, including coordination with Budget and Finance. Several organizations and individuals testified in support of the Judiciary budget, including the Hawaiʻi State Bar Association, Legal Aid Society of Hawaiʻi, and legal service providers. Mioko Eto asked for an additional $1 million for civil legal service providers, explaining that the current funding is spread across multiple providers and that the need remains high. David Copper of Legal Aid supported the request, citing statewide demand, 105 staff, 7,100 cases closed in the past year, and 15,000 calls received, while noting that many people seeking help cannot be served because of capacity limits. He also said recent federal funding disruptions and proposed cuts could affect legal services and related programs. Committee members asked about the Criminal Justice Research Institute’s mission; Kimura said its primary statutory role is to build a database focused on pre-trial reporting and data analysis, though it is also working on probation and mental health-related projects. No vote or final action on HB 4000 was taken in the hearing excerpt provided.
MN

Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session

House Floor Session 3/9/26

Minnesota House Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • This bill grants forensic scholarships.
  • This bill creates grants for forensic training scholarships.
Keywords: 1183, house
AZ

Arizona 2026 Regular Session

01/26/2026 - Senate Floor Session

Arizona Senate Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • SB 1333, SNAP error rate, forensic audit.
  • SB 1333, SNAP, error rate, forensic, audit. SB 1333, SNAP error rate, forensic audit.
Keywords: 1182, all
Summary: The Senate opened with prayer, the Pledge of Allegiance, attendance, and approval of the prior journal. Members then recognized several guest groups and proclamations, including the Alzheimer’s Association, the Arizona Society of CPAs, the Arizona Airports Association (with a proclamation designating Arizona Aviation Day), and students from Onyose Day Academy in Yuma for School Choice Week. Additional guest introductions included school choice and community advocates. The chamber then handled executive nominations and a long list of bill introductions and committee referrals. Measures covered a wide range of topics, including veterans’ property tax exemptions, ESA reporting and spending limits, public school communications requirements, sentencing and expungement, SNAP work and audit provisions, immigration-related restrictions, water and land issues, election law, domestic relations, health insurance and fertility coverage, and several education, transportation, and public safety proposals. The Senate also moved through second-reading consideration of numerous bills and resolutions, including measures on voting security, prison sentencing, weather modification, water supply, emergency shelters, rural health, reentry programs, and foreign contributions. A large portion of the floor time was taken up by personal privilege statements focused on human rights and immigration enforcement. Senators from both parties spoke about alleged abuses by federal immigration authorities, citing deaths and injuries in several states and calling for investigations, transparency, and an end to excessive force. Separate remarks also addressed a humanitarian crisis in Iran, with a resolution read in support of human rights and the Iranian people. The chamber recessed and later reconvened to continue reading bills and announcements. No substantive floor votes on legislation were taken in the transcript beyond routine procedural actions, and the meeting ended with committee announcements and adjournment until the next scheduled session.
ND

North Dakota 2025-2026 Regular Session

Senate Appropriations - Government Operations Division Apr 16th, 2025 at 02:00 pm

Appropriations - Government Operations Division

Transcript Highlights:
  • there because of the change of practice: sexual offenders, people there for criminal assessment, forensic
  • offenders, people there for criminal assessment, vendors, people there for criminal assessment, forensic
  • the campus and doing it at the right level, if you want sex offenders in a new building and the forensic
Bills: SB2012
Summary: The Government Operations division met to consider House Bill 1015, the OMB budget, with several amendments already in hand. A major portion of the discussion centered on Senator Mathern’s concerns about the proposed new state hospital in Jamestown. He argued the project is outdated, too expensive, and should be delayed or reduced in favor of local behavioral health services and deferred maintenance at the existing LaHogue facility. Other members questioned him about staffing, capacity, constitutional issues, and the relationship between the hospital proposal and broader mental health investments in other bills. The committee also reviewed budget mechanics, including the transfer of up to $240 million from the Social Services Fund to the Human Services Finance Fund, a $40 million deferred maintenance fund, a $3 million deficiency appropriation for the new and vacant FTE pool, and other OMB-related items. Members discussed whether OMB should have managerial control over the Jamestown project and generally agreed that OMB oversight could help manage costs, though concerns about the hospital remained. The committee then considered two funding items that drew the most debate: guardianship grants and a pro-life education campaign. After testimony from a representative supporting the campaign, members agreed to reduce that item by $500,000 and add $1 million for guardianship grants, while leaving the overall bill to be finalized in conference. The committee adopted Amendment Version 2006 with those changes and then passed HB 1015 as amended on a roll call vote, with all members voting aye except Senator Burckhard on the amendment vote; he later voted aye on the bill itself. The chair indicated the bill would move to conference committee.
NV

Nevada 2025 Regular Session

Senate Floor Session Jun 1st, 2025 at 12:00 pm

Nevada Senate Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • She continued that the bill provides parameters for evaluating teachers, which is important because teachers
  • introduced by Assembly Members Roth and Yeager and Senator Wynn, revises provisions relating to forensic
Keywords: 909, all
WY
Transcript Highlights:
  • House Third Reading Amendment No. 116 added $100,000 for a forensic audit of the Wyoming Business Council
  • 49.320> $100,000 added $100,000 added $100,000 for<00:09:51.200> a<00:09:51.280> forensic
  • c> audit<00:09:52.360> of<00:09:52.520> the<00:09:52.600> Wyoming for a forensic
  • audit of the Wyoming for a forensic audit of the Wyoming Business<00:09:53.320> Council.
Keywords: 916, all
Summary: The committee met with a quorum and first addressed an unintended consequence in the Joint Conference Committee report involving dual and concurrent enrollment funding. Staff explained that a dollar-for-dollar reduction tied to Senate File 81 would have fully funded public school dual/concurrent enrollment while leaving no funds for non-public school students. Senator Salazar moved to strike that provision, the motion was seconded, and it carried. Budget and Fiscal Administrator Don Richards then walked through the conference committee report and the major adopted amendments. He reviewed Senate and House amendments affecting items such as sign language interpreters, rural veterinary education, predator management authorization, petroglyphs and pictographs, senior services, community college funding, school district entitlement payments, the School Foundation Program reserve transfer, a tourism-related rodeo museum change, archaeological work on human remains, a jet airplane reduction, abortion-related language, livestock ear tags, provider rates for developmental disabilities, student-athlete endorsement restrictions, a forensic audit for the Wyoming Business Council, and the Yellowstone tree inscription. He also described several deleted sections and policy changes, including removal of spending-policy provisions, flex authority language, and other budget sections. Richards further summarized new or revised appropriations and conditions, including funding for local cybersecurity, stormwater fees, the Wyoming Natural Resource Trust Fund, lab services, IT modernization, Wyoming Public Television, matching funds, cloud services, and restored governor FTE requests. He noted a compromise on the outdoor trails matching program, a conditional $10 million University of Wyoming operational review appropriation tied to future cost savings, and a stablecoin appropriation. He also explained that the report retained the base-bill reversion language, discussed the remaining general fund balance and statutory reserve, and said the committee would circulate the amendment and signatures for floor action later that day. The meeting then adjourned without further action.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
  • I am a forensic psychologist, and I oppose Senate Bill 1362.
  • As I said, I am a forensic psychologist, a professor emeritus, a small business owner, a person of faith
  • In my role as a forensic psychologist, I have worked in federal law enforcement.
  • Forensic evidence later showed that Jocelyn was sexually assaulted by her killers.
Keywords: 1184, house, all
NH

New Hampshire 2025 Regular Session

Senate Executive Departments and Administration (01/22/2025)

Executive Departments and Administration

Transcript Highlights:
  • My name is Paula Mattis, and I am the director of medical and forensic services for the New Hampshire
  • director of Paula Mattis and I am the director of medical<00:18:34.799> and<00:18:34.960> forensic
  • <00:18:35.480> services<00:18:36.039> for<00:18:36.280> the medical and forensic
  • services for the medical and forensic services for the New<00:18:36.600> Hampshire<00:18:37.000
Keywords: 1191, senate, all
KY
Transcript Highlights:
  • Including a detective in our special victims unit, a computer forensic examiner, an intelligence analyst
  • 00:04:39.919> unit,<00:04:40.720> a<00:04:40.960> computer<00:04:41.280> forensic
  • victims unit, a computer forensic victims unit, a computer forensic examiner,<00:04:42.800> an
  • Our new computer forensic examiner has processed 44 cases, 165 items of evidence, and 64 terabytes of
Summary: The Budget Review Subcommittee on General Government met without a quorum at first, then heard an update on child exploitation enforcement efforts from the Office of the Attorney General and the Department of Criminal Investigations. The presenters described the specialized investigation and prosecution unit funded in House Bill 6, saying the added resources allowed them to hire four staff members and expand work on cyber tips, search warrants, arrests, forensic processing, victim advocacy, and training for local law enforcement. They highlighted a recent rescue of a 5-year-old victim from a Discord-related case and said the office had also filed a civil lawsuit against Roblox, alleging the platform lacked adequate age verification and allowed predators access to children. Senators asked about the lawsuit, and the presenters said Kentucky was one of only two states to sue Roblox and that the complaint was based on evidence collected by the office. The committee then received an update from the Kentucky River Authority on lock and dam repairs funded in the 2024-2026 budget. The authority reported progress on three capital projects: upper guide repairs at Locks 2 and 3, design and repair work at Dam 7, and design work to reopen Lock 5 for navigation. Officials explained that river construction is limited by flooding and fish-spawn restrictions, and they described the engineering and safety issues involved in replacing guide walls and repairing Dam 7’s spillway. They also said the authority had demolished three obsolete lockmaster houses and filled a fifth lockmaster position, while continuing to work on pay retention for those employees. Members asked about the transfer of the lock and dam properties from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the permitting process through the Division of Water, and the timeline for reopening navigation. The authority said the Corps had transferred the properties to Kentucky, that permits for river work are handled through the Division of Water and the Army Corps, and that Locks 1 through 4 are open seasonally from Memorial Day weekend through the end of October. Officials said Lock 5 would add 14 miles of navigation if reopened, but that it would still take a few more years before that project is complete.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
  • protect children through early identification. informed interventions and improved protocols for case evaluation
  • not require scientific peer-reviewed clinical data and would be developed absent any input from forensic
  • peer-reviewed, science-based evidence and input from rare disease experts, complex care providers, forensic
MA

Massachusetts 2025-2026 Regular Session

Joint Committee on State Administration and Regulatory Oversight Jun 21st, 2026 at 01:00 pm

Joint Committee on State Administration and Regulatory Oversight

Transcript Highlights:
  • just describing, Massachusetts has the unfortunate distinction of being the only state where our forensic
  • Our forensic mental facility is a prison instead of a hospital.
  • medicine services in Massachusetts. ...behavioral health programs, including forensic medicine services
  • It is not running the secure psychiatric inpatient care for forensic patients that we need to be.
  • And DMH is running a number of forensic beds in a secure psychiatric hospital and several hospitals now
Keywords: 995, all
Summary: The committee heard testimony on several bills related to open meeting law, municipal meetings, town meetings, and remote participation. Senator Rausch supported S. 2205 and S. 2206, and House companion H. 3382, saying they would make remote participation in public bodies permanent and streamline open meeting law and public records complaint processes to reduce burdens on local officials. Committee members and the senator discussed concerns about complaints being weaponized, the role of the Attorney General, and whether public testimony should be presumed allowed unless a chair limits it with justification. The senator said the bills do not change public records fees and are meant to improve process and transparency. A large portion of the hearing focused on H. 3342 and S. 2197, which would modernize municipal meetings, town meetings, and local elections by allowing permanent remote or hybrid participation. Supporters included Wayland officials, the Massachusetts Municipal Association, Newton Mayor Ruthanne Fuller, MAPC, MACC, and others, who argued that hybrid and remote options increase participation, help parents, caregivers, people with disabilities, and residents with travel or work constraints, and have worked well during the pandemic-era extensions. Municipal officials emphasized that a mandate would be costly and difficult for smaller communities because of staffing, technology, room design, cybersecurity, and uneven internet access, especially in western Massachusetts. Committee members asked about equal access, funding, and whether local discretion should remain; the chair said the committee wants a permanent solution beyond emergency rules but must balance access with local capacity. The committee also heard testimony on H. 3328, which would allow remote participation to count toward quorum for statewide appointed bodies such as commissions on women and LGBTQ issues. Supporters argued this would improve regional equity and make it easier for people outside Greater Boston to serve, while committee members noted it is a separate issue from municipal meetings and may be easier to address than broader local-government changes. Another bill, H. 4351, was supported by Rep. Brandy Fluker Reed, who described it as creating an Office of Freedmen Affairs to address longstanding racial wealth disparities affecting descendants of enslaved Americans. The hearing also included testimony on H. 3299 from Common Cause and MASSPIRG in favor of guaranteed hybrid access for public meetings with public participation components, with advocates saying it would improve transparency, accessibility, and civic engagement.
MD

Maryland 2026 Regular Session

Senate Floor Session, 3/23/2026 #1

Maryland Senate Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • to the life or safety of the individual or of others" for provisions of law regarding emergency evaluations
  • Administration to submit a report to the General Assembly on the use of petitions for emergency evaluation
  • Senate Bill 412, Senator Augustine, Maryland Department of Health Community Forensic Aftercare Program
  • Senate Bill 412, Senator Augustine, Maryland Department of Health Community Forensic Aftercare Program
  • to a court, authorizes certain agents to attend forensic review board meetings virtually, and alters
Summary: The Senate first handled routine announcements, including welcoming a new group of pages and noting donations of donuts and chicken from local businesses, along with a citation planned for Mr. Herman’s Bakery, which is closing after 103 years. The chamber then took up Senate Bill 858, establishing a Department of Budget and Management Audit and Finance Compliance Unit. A senator moved to send the bill back to second reading to add an amendment, which was adopted without objection, and the bill was reprinted for third reading. The Finance Committee then reported several bills. Senate Bill 84, concerning collective bargaining for graduate assistants at UMCP and UMBC, was laid over after questions about whether graduate assistants are employees or students. Senate Bill 455, creating a transformational project financing program tied to tax increment financing districts, had two committee amendments adopted and was ordered printed for third reading. Senate Bill 623, creating a premium cigar lounge alcoholic beverage license, also received two committee amendments and was ordered up, but a later Howard County amendment was proposed and the bill was laid over. Senate Bill 777, directing workforce development support in hospital closures and related events, was adopted and sent to third reading. Senate Bill 831, addressing child labor penalties, private-sector labor relations, and state labor standards, was adopted with two amendments and sent to third reading. Senate Bill 932, requiring social media platforms to display users’ general geographic location, was laid over after questions. The committee also advanced Senate Bill 340, requiring at least $2 million annually for the Long-Term Care Ombudsman office, with two amendments adopted and the bill sent to third reading. Senate Bill 489, creating a limited license pathway for physicians trained abroad and repealing the fifth pathway program, was adopted with two amendments and sent to third reading. Senate Bill 496, expanding Medicaid coverage for obesity treatment, prompted extended debate over the fiscal note and who would bear the costs; the sponsor argued the estimate was overstated and did not account for likely lower utilization or health-care savings, while an opponent pressed concerns about the state share and structural deficit. The discussion continued without a final vote in the excerpt provided.
AZ

Arizona 2026 Regular Session

01/28/2026 - Senate Health and Human Services

Health and Human Services

Transcript Highlights:
  • Once he finally got a bed at Valleywise Hospital for court order evaluation, we were relieved.
  • That does mental health evaluations? I don't know who can answer that.
  • You'd be happy to evaluate any data, but the number that I have is only for that upfront cost.
  • These evaluations, I just noticed, you can see my situation.
  • These evaluations were condemned.
Summary: The Health and Human Services Committee approved the January 21 minutes and then heard a series of bills focused on developmental disabilities oversight, behavioral health fraud, AHCCCS operations, child safety, and state hospital capacity. SB 1179 would make the Developmental Disabilities Group Home Monitoring Program permanent and remove the appropriations contingency; Disability Rights Arizona and program managers testified that Commit had identified systemic care problems, while the sponsor said the work should continue. The bill received a 6-1 do-pass recommendation. SB 1114 would appropriate $1 million to the Maricopa County Attorney’s Office for behavioral health patient brokering investigations; Native advocates described widespread recruitment and exploitation of vulnerable people, especially Native Americans, and the bill passed 8-0. SB 1115 would prohibit AHCCCS from allowing remote work for Access employees; the sponsor argued in-person oversight was needed, while AHCCCS warned of space and staffing problems. It passed 4-3. SB 1051 would require hospitals to collect and report patients’ citizenship or immigration status for cost accounting; supporters called it a data-collection measure, while nurses and physicians said it would create fear and deter care. It passed 4-3. SB 1122, as amended, would replace prior authorization with 100% prepayment review for certain behavioral health services under the American Indian Health Plan, and passed 7-0 after AHCCCS said it had worked on the amendment. SB 1132, to appropriate unspecified funds for a new Arizona State Hospital wing, drew testimony from families and advocates describing severe shortages of state hospital beds and the need for more long-term treatment capacity; it passed 7-0. SB 1169, to fund graduate medical education and a new residency program, passed 6-0. SB 1171, requiring AHCCCS to check for dual enrollment in exchange plans and AHCCCS, passed 4-2-1 after AHCCCS said implementation would require system changes and costs. SB 1172, requiring more experienced DCS investigators for repeated abuse/neglect reports and court notification of hotline calls in dependency cases, passed 7-0. SB 1173, requiring behavioral health facility applicants, owners, and licensees to be U.S. citizens or lawfully present permanent residents with fingerprint clearance cards, passed 4-3 after an amendment clarifying the lawful-presence requirement.
TX

Texas 89th Regular

Public Health Apr 28th, 2025 at 08:04 am

Public Health

Transcript Highlights:
  • To combat this crisis, this bill directs HHSC to evaluate current bed capacity and project future needs
  • both state and private facilities to provide a complete picture of available It also calls for the evaluation
  • Nowhere is there more apparent than the growing forensic waitlist for individuals found incompetent to
  • The nearest appropriate facility for her to get evaluated at was in another county completely.
  • They have a lot more medical training in dealing with conditions and diagnoses and medical evaluation
HI

Hawaii 2026 Regular Session

WAM-HHS, WAM-EDU Informational Briefings 01-14-2026

Hawaii Senate Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • So, we're evaluating that.
  • case, the um the original um forensics case, the um the original um forensics on<02:58:25.439>
  • So, who evaluates this?
  • but what I'm asking is is who evaluates but what I'm asking is is who evaluates the<03:18:37.279
  • > the<03:26:05.359> contract<03:26:05.760> so evaluate you evaluate the contract
Keywords: 912, senate, all
KY
Transcript Highlights:
  • So, we're talking about a director of forensic psychology, a psychologist, a licensed program administrator
  • , psychological associates, program administrators, physicians, forensic directors, so professional clinical
  • <00:32:46.880> psychology, about a director of forensic psychology, about a director of forensic
  • <00:32:56.560> directors,<00:32:57.000> so physicians, forensic directors, so physicians
  • , forensic directors, so professional<00:32:58.000> clinical<00:32:58.520> staff<00:32:
Keywords: 958, all
Summary: The committee first approved a motion and then deferred a large batch of 246 contracts totaling about $187.8 million until the April 2026 meeting. It then moved through the agenda and reviewed several pulled items, beginning with four Attorney General contingent-fee contracts. Committee members questioned why the contracts were new, what the $20 million maximums meant, and how the fees would work; the AG’s office explained they were new awards from a September RFP, that the $20 million was an outside estimate tied to a full recovery, and that one contract would require a $380 million recovery to pay out the maximum. The committee voted to consider those contracts reviewed without objection. The Department of Highways then explained an “alternative delivery support” contract, describing it as a procurement method different from the usual design-bid-build model and noting it can help with innovation, speed, timeliness, or cost reduction. After that explanation, the committee again voted to consider the contract reviewed without objection. The Kentucky Horse Park/Kentucky Horse Racing and Gaming Corporation presented eight legal services contracts; members focused on differing hourly rates and retroactive approval. The corporation said it had selected four firms through an RFP to maintain flexibility and avoid conflicts, would use in-house counsel first, and did not expect to use the maximum rates. Senator Thomas argued the committee’s statutory hourly rate cap is outdated and should be revisited. The committee then approved the contracts. One Transportation Office of the Secretary contract was deferred to the April meeting, consistent with the agency’s prior request. The committee then reviewed Cabinet for Health and Family Services items from the Department of Community Based Services: three contract amendments and one memorandum of agreement. Members asked about funding sources, service outcomes, and whether the programs reduce future need; the agency said one amendment was a $55,000 increase offset by reductions elsewhere, that the total contract amount with the agency did not change, and that follow-up data show over 90% of children remain in the home after services. The committee approved those items. Finally, the committee reviewed a LIHEAP contract amendment from the Division of Family Support, which the agency said used federal funds, not state general funds, to add newly appropriated federal money for low-income home energy assistance and crisis heating support. Members asked about future funding and were told that continuation depends on Congress. The committee approved that item. It then began reviewing Behavioral Health, Developmental and Intellectual Disabilities memoranda of agreement tied to Kentucky Correctional Psychiatric Center staffing; members asked for a count of personnel, and the agency said it would provide that information, after which the discussion continued.
OK

Oklahoma 2026 Regular Session

Health and Human Services Oversight REVISED: SB1304 - Added Apr 15th, 2026 at 03:00 pm

Health and Human Services Oversight

Transcript Highlights:
  • I don't know whether they were doing the evaluation of that, but they weren't going to the healthcare
  • Senator Rossino has a task force bill that's going to evaluate mental health and maybe put some of that
  • willing to look at all the tick-related illnesses and maybe make some investments to where we do tick evaluation
  • There's no specific clinical evaluation that diagnoses it.
TX

Texas 89th 2nd C.S.

Natural Resources Jun 23rd, 2026

Natural Resources

Transcript Highlights:
  • ... ...agency-speak on you, but there are flood management evaluations.
  • So TCEQ does, again, what we call an individual or site-specific evaluation.
  • We have the ability to constantly evaluate how can we use less water.
  • If not, we have to do an edge case evaluation. Is that the concept?
  • I'm a retired forensic social worker, so I am very familiar with very serious talks.
Keywords: 1184, house, all
WY

Wyoming 2026 Regular Session

House Labor, Health & Social Services Committee, February 27, 2026

Labor, Health & Social Services

Transcript Highlights:
  • You really want as... initial evaluation and that's that is initial evaluation and that's that is what
  • Was this evaluation or examination initially conducted, and what level of review is needed beyond that
  • <00:28:39.120> or would be that secondary evaluation or would be that secondary evaluation
  • <00:29:32.320> or<00:29:32.480> examination that initial evaluation or examination
  • that initial evaluation or examination was<00:29:33.440> not<00:29:33.679> sufficient<00
Bills: SF0023, SF0057
TX
Transcript Highlights:
  • I am a forensic psychologist. I oppose Senate Bill 1362.
  • As I said, I'm a forensic psychologist, a professor emeritus, a small business owner, a person of faith
  • As a forensic psychologist, I worked in federal law enforcement.
  • Forensic evidence later showed that Jocelyn was sexually assaulted by her killers.