Transcript Highlights:

• There are so many complex issues, so many concerns to attend to, so many places to invest energy, time
• to attend to so many places<00:02:21.480><c> to</c><00:02:21.760><c> invest</c><00:02:22.160><c> energy
• </c><00:02:23.040><c> time</c> places to invest energy time places to invest energy time resources<00

Keywords: 1187, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• And the hope is that this can truly bring energy prices down, PRICES UP.
• ORES stands for the Office of Renewable Energy Siting, and it is about 20 megawatts.
• I’m not a scientist, but we’re putting solar panels out to generate energy.
• I'M NOT SCIENTIST BUT WE'RE PUTTING SOLAR PANELS OUT TO GENERATE ENERGY.
• A BATTERY STORAGE STATION, SOMEWHERE THAT THIS ENERGY WILL BE COLLECTED.

Keywords: 993, senate, all

Summary: The Senate convened, approved the prior journal, and then processed a series of motions to discharge bills from committees and substitute identical Senate bills, which were so ordered. Several bills were also recalled from the Assembly, had reconsideration votes taken, and were restored to the third reading calendar after receiving 58 ayes. Amendments were received on a number of bills, and those measures retained their place on the calendar. The main business of the day was Privileged Resolution 2318, sponsored by Leader Stewart-Cousins, honoring Senator Michael Gianaris with the President Pro Tempore and Senate Majority Leader’s Legislative Legacy Award. The resolution and floor remarks reviewed his long career in the Assembly and Senate, his role as Deputy Majority Leader and floor leader, and his work on housing, criminal justice, voting rights, labor, environmental, consumer, transit, animal welfare, and other major legislation. Members from both parties spoke at length, praising his strategic skill, mentorship, humor, and influence, while also noting his support for younger members and his commitment to family. Several senators described personal experiences showing Gianaris’s mentorship and political guidance, and many referenced his Greek American identity, Queens roots, and interests such as Star Wars and the Mets. Senators also emphasized that he was leaving on his own terms to spend more time with his wife and daughters. The resolution was adopted with broad support, and Gianaris then spoke in response, reflecting on nearly 30 years in state government, the major laws passed during his tenure, and the relationships he built in the chamber.

Transcript Highlights:

• There is a fairly comprehensive process led by the Office of Energy Safety to review those community
• After 30 years of chasing fire, I decided it was time to put my energy and effort into pre-fire work
• I direct the climate and energy policy program at Stanford University.
• And that's how the state as a whole will derive benefits in terms of affordable energy and affordable
• What we're talking about here touches upon energy and utilities.

Keywords: 987, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• Next, we have Angelie Baines from Fresh Energy.
• Fresh Energy is a more than 30-year-old clean energy advocacy nonprofit based in St.
• Fresh Energy is a more than Energy.
• Fresh Energy is a more than 30-year-old<00:42:47.920><c> clean</c><00:42:48.079><c> energy</c><00:42:
• 48.400><c> advocacy</c> 30-year-old clean energy advocacy 30-year-old clean energy advocacy nonprofit

Bills: HF3919 , HF3791 , HF1781 , HF3908 , HF4233 , HF3966 , HF3430

Committee: House Transportation Finance and Policy

Keywords: veterans benefits, Secret War, Laos veterans, eligibility process, burial fees, veteran designation, security, protective services, state officials, Capitol complex, state patrol, public safety, legislative protection, threat assessment, transportation, electronic attestation, traffic signals, accident reporting, legislative routes, agricultural aircraft

Transcript Highlights:

• Nobody can believe when they see the kind of numbers and especially energy.
• When they see energy going down to numbers like that, they cannot believe it.
• </c> kind of numbers and especially energy. kind of numbers and especially energy. when<01:17:05.280>
• ><c> down</c><01:17:06.480><c> to</c> when they see energy going down to when they see energy going down
• </c><01:21:57.440><c> demand</c><01:21:57.840><c> from</c> also concerned that energy demand from also

Keywords: Presidential address to the Joint Session of the United States Congress on Tuesday, February 24, 2026, 1012, house, all

Transcript Highlights:

• Missouri, what the bill proposes is to roll Missouri back to the 2009 energy codes with no process in
• Putting energy codes at 2009 puts us, rolls us back 17 years.
• Maryland Heights has upgraded their energy codes. St. Charles has updated their energy codes.
• These energy codes come from compromises between home builders, architects, all the players.
• I think the same goes for the energy efficiency concerns.

Summary: The House convened with prayer and the Pledge of Allegiance, then approved the House Journal by roll call vote, 115-6. Members then used points of personal privilege to honor Redd Foxx for Black History Month and to remember former Mayor Frank Klipsch, followed by the introduction of a first-grade special guest page for the day. The chamber also received first readings of three bills on mental health efforts in public schools, public labor organizations, and state contracts with certain telecommunications companies, along with committee reports recommending passage of several bills. The House then debated and passed several measures. A large vehicle-inspection bill, House Committee Substitute for House Bills 1838, 1692, 1695, 1983, 2036, 2662, and 2743, drew extended debate over whether inspections improve safety or impose unnecessary costs; it passed 104-43. House Bill 1917, a Jefferson County water district bill aimed at removing a local obstacle to a long-planned development, passed 148-2. House Bill 261, as amended, was approved 109-21 to require Missouri schools and universities to adopt nondiscriminatory policies protecting Jewish students from antisemitic harassment, using the IHRA definition as a guide while stating it would not limit First Amendment rights. Members also passed House Committee Substitute for House Bill 2384, 92-61, which would limit local energy-code mandates and reduce housing construction costs, despite objections that it would preempt local control and roll back newer codes. The chamber then moved into perfection and took up House Committee Substitute for House Bill 2989, a major gaming-regulation bill intended to legalize and regulate video lottery terminals and crack down on illegal machines. Multiple amendments were adopted, including a $250-per-terminal fee dedicated to developmental disability services, local opt-out and operating-hour provisions, a shorter grace period for existing machines, property-tax language, a 21-and-over restricted area requirement, a larger warning label, and a historical funding provision for the steamboat Arabia. Debate continued on the bill and its amendments, with supporters emphasizing regulation, local control, and new revenue, and opponents warning about gambling expansion, enforcement problems, and social harms.

Transcript Highlights:

• Message 305 regarding Senate File 123, Wyoming Energy Dominance Fund. >> President Biteman.
• </c> Energy Dominance Fund. Energy Dominance Fund. &gt;&gt; President<02:05:11.440><c> Bidman.
• I move concurrence on Senate File 123, the Wyoming Energy Dominance Fund, and ask you to vote aye.
• I think this is still a great bill. $105 million to get Wyoming energy dominance up and going.
• </c> bill. $105 million to get Wyoming energy bill. $105 million to get Wyoming energy dominance<02:06

Keywords: 916, all

Transcript Highlights:

• for synthetic nitrogen-based fertilizer generally relies on fossil fuels at two points: one, as an energy
• carbon intensity of nitrogen-based fertilizer production by replacing natural gas as a source of energy
• renewable These models typically capture hydrogen from water through electrolysis and use renewable energy
• We have fertilizer, but it's green, so it's worth just like renewable energy, like a REC.
• And the amount of time and energy the department has to put into an acre of clams, an acre of oysters

Bills: SB5816 , SB5971

Committee: Senate Agriculture & Natural Resources

Keywords: juice grapes, agriculture, commerce, state regulation, market access, green fertilizer, low-carbon, sustainability, incentive program, 904, all

Transcript Highlights:

• State and Local Government and Community Affairs for Cheniere Energy, Inc.
• We show you registered as Aaron Lapsley on behalf of High Road Energy and that you are for the bill.
• High Road Energy is a company dedicated to the adoption of hydrogen-fueled trucks, heavy trucks.
• High Road Energy is a company dedicated to the adoption of hydrogen-fueled trucks, heavy trucks.
• Like most things as it relates to energy and commodities, it's helped to build an ecosystem.

Committee: House Environmental Regulation

Summary: The committee first heard House Bill 1904, which would classify intentionally released helium balloons as litter and create criminal penalties for balloon releases. The author and supportive witnesses argued that balloon releases harm wildlife, livestock, waterways, and infrastructure, and that the bill would close a loophole in current litter law. Several members questioned whether criminal penalties were appropriate, and the author said he was willing to work toward civil penalties and fines instead. No vote was taken, and HB 1904 was left pending. The committee then took up several pending bills and reported them favorably to the full House, including HB 3249, HB 3866, HB 4112, HB 1768, HB 1499, HB 573, and HB 464. These measures dealt with topics such as TCEQ contested-case procedures, outdoor storage containers, high-level radioactive waste, concrete plant permitting and grants, unannounced concrete batch plant inspections, and a scrap tire grant program. Most were adopted with substitutes and passed on recorded votes, generally with unanimous or near-unanimous support. A major portion of the meeting focused on HB 3997, which would create expedited permitting timelines for LNG facilities and related wastewater permits. Industry witnesses said the bill would provide certainty for multibillion-dollar projects without eliminating public participation, while environmental groups opposed parts of the bill that they said could limit contested-case participation and be unrealistic for SOAH timelines. TCEQ staff described the current wastewater permitting process and said some of the bill’s timing provisions could be workable, especially with an expedited fee. The bill was left pending after the author said he would continue working on committee substitute language. The committee also heard HB 1237 on extending the renewal window for expired TCEQ occupational water licenses, and HB 4519, a TERP consolidation bill that would combine several clean transportation grant programs into fewer programs. HB 1237 was left pending without testimony, while HB 4519 drew broad support from environmental and industry witnesses who favored simplifying the program, though some asked for stronger emphasis on particulate matter and hydrogen funding. The committee withdrew the substitute on HB 4519 and left it pending. Finally, HB 5033, which would eliminate the motor vehicle emissions inspection and maintenance program if federal authority changes, drew opposition from environmental and inspection-industry witnesses who warned it would weaken air-quality protections and could remove an important enforcement tool. The author said the bill was intended as a trigger mechanism and would be refined, and HB 5033 was left pending. The committee also heard HB 1227 on municipal solid-waste franchise fees and private-provider access; the author said he would bring a substitute after hearing concerns from cities, and the bill was left pending.

Transcript Highlights:

• Additionally, I hope you will include policy language to establish the state building renewable energy
• This zero-dollar request would enable Admin to leverage federal funds for renewable energy and energy
• 10.559><c> renewable</c> leverage federal funds for renewable leverage federal funds for renewable energy
• <00:18:11.280><c> and</c><00:18:11.520><c> energy</c><00:18:11.840><c> storage</c><00:18:12.640><c> upgrades
• </c><00:18:13.360><c> at</c> energy and energy storage upgrades at energy and energy storage upgrades

Bills: HF2783

Committee: House State Government Finance and Policy

Keywords: state government finance, biennial budget, appropriations, Minnesota Management and Budget, Healthy Aging Subcabinet, Office of Healthy Aging, older adults, aging policy, long-term care, caregivers, public health, Medicaid fraud, medical assistance fraud, attorney general subpoena power, fraud enforcement, business filing fraud, Secretary of State, deceptive mailings, consumer protection, certified public accountant

Transcript Highlights:

• The Chair does see a quorum, so we will call to order the Energy Committee meeting today, February 18th
• Members, this is our last regularly scheduled Energy Committee meeting for this part of session.
• And with that, we will adjourn the last Energy Committee meeting for this part of the year.

Committee: House Energy

Keywords: 914, all

Transcript Highlights:

• and dispatchable energy.
• We need to shift our logic to provide energy to impacted states around us using their own energy for
• We can become their baseline energy.
• We can become their baseline energy. energy. energy.
• </c> Wyoming's energy. Wyoming's energy.

Keywords: 916, all

Transcript Highlights:

• House Concurrent Resolution 2057, a concurrent resolution supporting next generation geothermal energy
• House Concurrent Resolution 2057, a concurrent resolution supporting next generation geothermal energy
• I hope we'll keep that same energy when a trans person wants to have gender-affirming care, which is
• But yet we're here wasting time, wasting energy, and I realize there's irony in that in getting up and
• But yet we're here wasting time, wasting energy, and I realize there's irony in that in getting up and

Keywords: 1182, all

Transcript Highlights:

• dollars for the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, which are for us primarily in the area of energy
• dollars for the infrastructure investment and jobbs Act which are for us primarily in the area of energy
• And the automotive and energy and bioscience also fall under that sort of rethinking of how we want to
• The energy initiative and bioscience funds were removed from our appropriation for that year along with
• We know that energy, aerospace and defense, cybersecurity, there are areas like that that the state is

Committee: House A&B Natural Resources Subcommittee

Summary: The committee first heard a presentation from the Oklahoma Department of Commerce on its FY26 priorities, recent performance, and budget requests. Commerce said it had helped announce about 8,000 direct jobs and nearly $14 billion in investment year-to-date, while noting challenges such as tariffs, workforce recruitment, staffing/FTE management, and the condition of its 100-year-old office building. The agency highlighted projects and initiatives including a new Taiwan trade office, Route 66 Centennial planning, the National Main Street conference in Tulsa, Olympic-related coordination, census outreach, and continued improvements to its grants and CRM systems. Requested funding included $8.3 million for building repairs or relocation planning, census support, $300,000 for EDGE, $135,000 for IT/cybersecurity upgrades, $250,000 for the Taiwan office, and additional support for Head Start, senior nutrition, and the Strategic Air and Space Commission. Members asked about the meaning of the investment totals, the building condition, delays in senior nutrition distributions, and staffing vacancies; Commerce said the investment figures reflected formal company capital announcements, the building had significant facade and roof damage, delays were due to multiple contracting layers, and several open positions were expected to be filled soon. The Oklahoma Tourism and Recreation Department then presented its FY26 budget and goals. New director Amy Blackburn and special advisor Sterling Zearley said the department oversees 38 state parks, six lodges, seven golf courses, and nine travel information centers, and emphasized tourism’s economic importance. They reported savings from bringing marketing and tracking functions in-house and from shared services, but said the department faces more than $271 million in deferred maintenance needs, staffing shortages, and connectivity problems at parks. Their goals include increasing park visitation to 10.2 million, raising occupancy to 36%, and growing travel to Oklahoma, with major marketing tied to the Route 66 Centennial, America 250, the FIFA World Cup, the Olympics, and other events. The department also discussed a request to raise its purchasing exemption cap from $25,000 to $75,000, a possible TravelOK.com redesign, and efforts to improve restaurant operations at lodges through a new RFP structure. Members questioned the apportionment cap, the size and timing of deferred maintenance requests, park revenue, and the use of parking pass funds; tourism said annual park-related revenue is about $32 million to $34 million and parking pass revenue is about $2.5 million. Finally, the OSU Veterinary Medicine Authority presented its budget request and program updates. The authority said it supports the veterinary teaching hospital and related student training, and that its FY26 budget is entirely state-appropriated. It requested continued support for hospital operations, the large animal scholarship program, and a new $12.5 million annual payment tied to the $250 million Legacy Capital Fund authorization for the veterinary teaching hospital, along with additional funding to expand in-state enrollment. Officials said in-state enrollment had increased from 58 to 69 students after prior funding, with a goal of reaching 90 of 106 total seats, and that there were 195 in-state applicants this year. Members asked whether standards would be lowered; the authority said academic standards would not change and noted strong board-pass rates and retention outcomes. It also said accreditation concerns tied to faculty shortages and off-site teaching had been addressed by bringing students back to the main campus and improving staffing. The committee ended by thanking the presenters and announcing its next meeting date.

Transcript Highlights:

• House Committee on Energy Resources will come to order. Clerk will call the roll. Darby chair here.
• Energy? What did I miss? Plenty more eye guys.
• I have you registered as owner of EPEC Energy and Self. You're testifying for House Bill 4572.
• I'm here representing Epic Energy in support of House Bill 4572. Mr.
• I'm also on the board of the Texas Energy Council, which advocates energy education for K through 12

Committee: House Energy Resources

Transcript Highlights:

• And in doing so, we have an integrated waste-to-energy facility and solid waste management system in
• And in doing so, we have an integrated waste-to-energy facility and solid waste management system in
• </c> integrated uh waste manage waste energy integrated uh waste manage waste energy facility<00:37:48.800
• that food waste, again, moving through our system, is really hard on our burners at our waste-to-energy
• </c> Dames alluded to such as HVAC Energy Dames alluded to such as HVAC Energy Management<01:04:58.760

Committee: Senate Taxes

Keywords: 1187, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• That includes hauling, construction and demolition, MRFs, and three waste-to-energy facilities.
• The Saugus waste-to-energy facility is an important part of the municipal solid waste infrastructure
• And until we can severely reduce that, we still feel waste-to-energy remains an important asset.
• The EPA, previous EPA, and DEP still say that waste-to-energy is the preferred method for end disposal
• DEP still say that waste-to-energy is the preferred method for end disposal over landfilling.

Committee: Joint Joint Committee on Environment and Natural Resources

Keywords: 995, all

Summary: The Joint Committee on Environment and Natural Resources held a hybrid hearing with testimony on a range of environmental bills. Early testimony focused on H. 1018, which would update management of the Commonwealth’s water resources and limit new conditions on historic water registrations. Water officials from Wellesley and the Springfield Water and Sewer Commission supported the bill, arguing that drought-related restrictions on registered withdrawals are difficult to administer, create customer confusion, and can undermine utility revenue needed for infrastructure upgrades. A Massachusetts Waterworks Association representative also backed the bill, saying registered systems have long operated within their allocations and should not have those withdrawals conditioned by regulation. A major portion of the hearing centered on H. 1040, which would ban tire-derived materials on playgrounds and playing fields. The bill’s petitioner, environmental advocates, and an environmental chemist testified that crumb rubber and other tire-derived infill can release chemicals into soil and water and may pose risks to aquatic life and public health. Committee members asked about alternatives and costs; witnesses said natural grass and some organic infills are available, though more research is needed on some substitutes. Rep. Schwartz also testified on CSO-related bills, describing combined sewer overflows as a public health and environmental problem and saying the bills set deadlines but leave implementation methods to local and regional officials. Rep. Chacolo supported H. 909, a grant program for low-noise, low-emission landscape equipment, citing worker health, noise, and emissions concerns, and Sen. Cyr testified for bills addressing coastal and environmental acidification and nutrient pollution. The hearing also included extensive testimony on H. 4040, which would prevent discharge of radioactive materials from the Pilgrim decommissioning process. Speakers including a Sierra Club representative, a physician, and the Massachusetts Lobstermen’s Association opposed Holtec’s plan to dispose of radioactive wastewater through evaporation or discharge, citing public health, transparency, and economic risks to fisheries and coastal communities. Another large block of testimony addressed CSO legislation, especially H. 1046 and related bills for the MWRA service area. Environmental groups, residents, and river users described sewage overflows into the Charles, Mystic, and Alewife Brook, impacts on health and recreation, and the need for a timeline to eliminate or sharply reduce overflows. Industry representatives opposed the CSO and waste bills, arguing they would be costly, duplicative, and disruptive, while waste facility operators said they already use continuous emissions monitoring and comply with existing regulations. No votes were taken during the hearing.

Transcript Highlights:

• Arts, the Commission for the Blind and Visually Impaired, the Office of Drug Policy, the Office of Energy
• Arts, the Commission for the Blind and Visually Impaired, the Office of Drug Policy, the Office of Energy
• In the House of Representatives, House Bill 593 by the Environment, Energy, and Technology Committee.
• In the House of Representatives, House Bill 714 by the Environment, Energy, and Technology Committee.
• We have the Governor's Office of Energy and Mineral Resources and the Office of Species Conservation.

Summary: The Senate convened with 27 members present, heard prayer and the Pledge, approved the corrected journal, and then moved through committee reports, messages from the House, and first and second readings of several bills. Among the measures introduced or advanced were appropriations bills, child custody and visitation bills, a digital identification bill, a virtual currency kiosk fraud prevention bill, and bills on public outdoor target ranges, hearing loss screening, and small claims procedure. The chamber also re-referred or held several resolutions and bills, including SCR 125 and SR 121 for printing, and later took a short recess for caucus and announcements. On third reading, the Senate passed SB 1347, a transparency bill requiring more reporting from the Idaho Housing and Finance Association on federal housing and homelessness funds; supporters said it would improve oversight of subrecipients and outcomes, while opponents argued it duplicated existing HUD and IHFA reporting. The Senate also unanimously passed SB 1369, which rewrites Idaho’s civil venue statute and allows certain lawsuits to be filed either where the defendant resides or where the cause of action occurred, and SB 1358, which lets returning school administrators count prior administrative service toward the teacher career ladder if they meet performance requirements. SB 1379 passed 28-7 to raise the Project Choice vehicle registration fee by $5 to help recruit and retain Idaho State Police troopers, with supporters citing public safety and opponents warning about taxpayer burden and impacts on local law enforcement. The Senate then passed HB 635, requiring the Professional Standards Commission to report suspected criminal conduct in education cases to law enforcement; HB 532, standardizing identity requirements for DMV transactions; HB 520, standardizing hearing-notice requirements under the Administrative Procedure Act; and HB 541, expanding the definition of a child for electronic enticement offenses to cover some 16- and 17-year-olds when the offender is at least five years older. Later, the chamber passed HB 581, allowing the Legislature to formally notify the Supreme Court when it believes a court rule conflicts with statute or substantive rights, despite separation-of-powers concerns raised by one senator, and HB 599, changing distribution of digital curriculum funds to a needs-based process. The Senate also approved HB 544 on military leave, HB 642 on death benefits for surviving spouses and dependent children of fallen public safety officers and firefighters, HB 560 allowing county election workers to be drawn from the jury pool, HB 697 separating election-crime offenses into distinct code sections, HB 698 closing a loophole for out-of-state felony convictions, HB 503 transferring the Soil and Water Conservation Commission to the Department of Water Resources, and HB 676 on geothermal water applications, which began debate on Boise’s geothermal system before the transcript ended. Most final votes were unanimous or near-unanimous, with the main recorded opposition on SB 1347, SB 1379, and HB 581.

Transcript Highlights:

• Our niches are really in the areas of energy, water, cybersecurity, advanced manufacturing, and applied
• Her work is also bridging environmental science to address those challenges in energy and sustainability
• It's between the Department of Energy, the State of New Mexico, and the citizens, particularly of that
• bringing along the provost, and we will be interacting with the staff of CMERC, the Department of Energy
• I haven't run this by the Land Commissioner or the Secretary of the Energy Department, who could have

Committee: House Radioactive & Hazardous Materials Committee

Transcript Highlights:

• from ICC in the energy code, it would mean an increase of $19,000 on average for every home.
• But when we get into energy codes them.
• Now, this goes back through several different iterations of building codes and energy codes, mind you
• Now, this goes back through several different iterations of building codes and energy codes, mind you
• Now, this goes back through several different iterations of building codes and energy codes, mind you

Keywords: 958, all

Summary: The committee first heard a presentation from Northern Kentucky building industry representatives Brian Miller and Matt Mains on housing affordability and construction workforce issues. They argued that regulatory and code requirements add significant cost to new homes, citing an estimate of nearly $94,000 per home nationally and $15,000 to $20,000 per home in Boone County over the past decade. They recommended reforms to building code adoption, architectural design mandates, permit fees and delays, and setback/land dedication rules, saying these changes could reduce costs by $25,000 to $35,000 per home without affecting public safety. They also discussed workforce training efforts through the Enzwe Building Institute, dual-credit programs, apprenticeship incentives, and workforce grants, saying these efforts have helped hold wage growth below regional trends and improve housing affordability. Committee members asked about the breakdown of regulatory costs, the effect of energy codes, and ways to speed up permitting. The presenters said the costs were roughly split among federal, state, and local requirements, with local regulations adding about $25,000 to $35,000 and some energy-code changes adding about $19,000 per home. They said faster plan review, coordination with the Kentucky Division of Water, and addressing municipal staffing shortages could cut 30 to 45 days from approvals. Members also discussed the difficulty of building starter homes under about $350,000 and the need for more missing-middle housing, with the presenters saying such homes are hard to produce without sacrificing quality. The committee then took up Representative Kim Moer and Dr. Dale Bertram’s discussion of marriage and family therapist licensing and healthcare workforce data reporting. They explained that the bill would allow Kentucky to recognize out-of-state marriage and family therapists who meet licensure requirements, have no disciplinary history, and have passed the national exam, in order to reduce barriers and address provider shortages, especially in rural areas. They also described a separate workforce data reporting section that would require licensure boards to collect consistent information on where licensees practice and whether they are actively seeing patients, including through telehealth, so the state can better understand its healthcare workforce. Members supported the portability idea, noted that some qualified applicants are currently working in Indiana instead of Kentucky, and asked whether the data collection could be handled administratively; the sponsors said the bill would create consistency across boards. The committee also briefly discussed occupational board updates and the need for stronger communication between legislators and licensing boards, including architecture licensure issues and efforts to recruit more professionals.