Video & Transcript : 'uncertified educators' :
Page 293 of 500
FL
Transcript Highlights:
- We can worship and educate our children to follow our heritage.
- Are there any, you're an accomplished attorney, an educated and more engaged than most.
- Are there any, you're an accomplished attorney, an educated and more engaged than most.
- So this is another tool for us to help educate the public. And that is the bill.
- So this is another tool for us to help educate the public. And that is the bill.
Summary:
The Senate convened with opening prayer, the Pledge of Allegiance, and several recognitions, including guests from Miami Northwestern Senior High School, Clay County, and others. Senators also observed a moment of silence for Pope Francis. After routine announcements, the chamber moved to the special order calendar and took up a long series of bills, often substituting House companions for Senate bills before final passage.
Among the measures approved were bills creating an expedited DNA testing grant program for local law enforcement, adding aggravating factors in capital cases involving gatherings for religious, school, or government activities, requiring state health coverage for fertility preservation services for cancer patients, authorizing indemnification for commuter rail providers, prohibiting abandonment of migrant vessels in Florida waters, and creating new specialty license plates. The Senate also passed bills on Alzheimer’s awareness, relocating the Council on the Social Status of Black Men and Boys to Florida Memorial University, charter schools, sex offender registration, utility worker protections, juvenile justice, student mental health reporting, foster home licensure transfers, water access facilities, Florida Virtual School, school readiness, sexual images involving children, tampering with electronic monitoring devices, certified recovery residences, the FSU Election Law Center, the Office of Faith and Community, and bonuses for county property appraiser employees. Several other bills were temporarily postponed, including measures on social media use by minors, veterans’ nursing homes, Parkinson’s disease, mental health and substance use disorders, education, educator preparation, officers injured in the line of duty, school social workers, and Brownfields.
Debate was especially extensive on the Office of Faith and Community bill, where an amendment to bar political activity by office staff was offered but failed 13-23 after arguments over election-related communications and the scope of existing law. The certified recovery residences bill also drew notable debate, with supporters emphasizing housing as essential to recovery and opponents raising concerns about implementation and local control. Most other bills passed with little or no opposition, though a few drew dissenting votes, including the capital aggravating factors bill, charter schools, and the Office of Faith and Community measure.
FL
Florida 2026 Regular Session
FL House Floor Session - 2025-04-24 (10:00AM Session)
Florida House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- We can worship and educate our children to follow our heritage.
- Are there any, you're an accomplished attorney, an educated and more engaged than most.
- Are there any, you're an accomplished attorney, an educated and more engaged than most.
- So this is another tool for us to help educate the public. And that is the bill.
- Relating to education. Show that bill temporarily postponed. Please read the next bill.
Summary:
The Senate opened with prayer, the Pledge of Allegiance, and several recognitions, including guests from Miami Northwestern Senior High School, Clay County, and a moment of silence for Pope Francis. Members then moved to the special order calendar after adopting a motion to reconsider the earlier failed vote on CS/SB 1080, which was temporarily postponed. The chamber also temporarily postponed several bills during the day, including measures on social media use by minors, veterans’ nursing homes, Parkinson’s disease, mental health and substance use disorders, education, educator preparation, benefits for certain officers injured in the line of duty, Brownfields, and school social workers.
The Senate passed a series of bills with little or no opposition, often substituting House companions for Senate bills. These included expedited DNA testing grants for law enforcement; additional aggravating factors in capital felony sentencing; fertility preservation coverage for cancer patients; commuter rail indemnification; disposition of migrant vessels; specialty license plates; an Alzheimer’s and dementia awareness campaign; relocation of the Council on the Social Status of Black Men and Boys to Florida Memorial University; charter school changes; registration rules for sexual predators and offenders; assault and battery penalties for utility workers; juvenile justice revisions; reporting of student mental health outcomes; foster home licensure transfers; water access facilities and boating-related funding; Florida Virtual School changes; school readiness program improvements; protections against lewd sexual images of children; age-related criminal offense provisions; tampering with electronic monitoring devices; certified recovery residences; and codification of the FSU Election Law Center. Most of these bills passed overwhelmingly, though the charter school bill and the aggravating factors bill drew more divided votes.
One of the most debated measures was SB 820, codifying the Office of Faith and Community. Senator Polsky offered an amendment to bar political activity by office employees while on duty and using government resources, citing alleged election-related emails and concerns about mixing government and religious influence. Supporters argued the amendment was needed as a guardrail; opponents said existing law already covered the conduct and that the amendment could be confusing or overly broad. The amendment failed 13-23, and the underlying bill passed 27-9 after extended debate about faith, politics, and the office’s role. Another notable debate involved SB 954 on certified recovery residences, where senators emphasized the need for stable housing in addiction recovery and the bill passed unanimously after supportive remarks from members who had personal experience with recovery. The Senate also passed SB 674 on bonuses for county tax collector and property appraiser employees after questions about safeguards and the purpose of the bonuses.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- Once people become educated...
- Well, you'd need a fund for very large, robust education. A campaign to even educate adults.
- And I agree, education. We need more education in this state. We need more education on this topic.
- I heard you say education. I think you said education. No. No, there you go. Mr. Moore. Education.
- You talked about education.
Bills:
HB5
MO
Missouri 2026 Regular Session
Higher Education and Workforce Development Feb 24th, 2026 at 12:00 pm
Higher Education and Workforce Development
Transcript Highlights:
- The Committee on Higher Education and Workforce Development will come to order.
- This is language that is taken from the career and technical education advisory council that both Representative
- This is language that is taken from the career and technical education advisory council that both Representative
- That concludes the executive session of the Higher Education and Workforce Development Committee.
- That concludes the executive session of the Higher Education and Workforce Development Committee.
AZ
Transcript Highlights:
- 13th as Arizona Human Trafficking Awareness Day and encourage all Arizonans to observe this day by educating
- Survivor-led and survivor-informed, this coalition brings lived experiences to the forefront, driving education
- Education. Land, Agricultural and Rural Affairs. No, HB 2198 criminal...
- HB 2203, Department of Education reporting. HB 2207, appropriations.
- The Education Committee will be meeting in House Hearing Room 1 at 2 p.m.
FL
Florida 2025 Regular Session
April 3, 2025 - 08:30 AM
Transcript Highlights:
- clinical laboratory technicians to obtain licensure in Florida if they meet federal laboratory testing, education
- This eliminates Testing, education, and training requirements.
- the requirement to meet additional Florida-specific clinical laboratory personnel training and educational
- This would apply to any applicant who hasn't already obtained federal training, CLIA training, and education
- This would apply to any applicant who hasn't already obtained federal training, CLIA training, and education
Summary:
The Health Professions and Program Subcommittee met with a quorum and heard six bills. HB 1617 on stem cell therapy was presented as a way to expand access to biotherapy options through informed consent, sourcing standards, and required disclosures; an amendment clarifying definitions was adopted, supportive testimony was heard, and the bill passed 16-0. PCS for HB 1399 would give the legislature authority to terminate or refuse to extend a declared public health emergency; members raised a concern about what happens if the emergency prevents the legislature from meeting, but the sponsor said she was working on a fix, and the bill passed 16-0. PCS for HB 555 would change medical marijuana card renewals from annual to every two years and exempt veterans from the $75 fee; members described it as reducing barriers and helping seniors and veterans, and it passed 16-0.
PCS for HB 1487 would strengthen licensure for volunteer-based EMS providers such as Hatzalah South Florida; testimony and debate emphasized the value of these zero-cost, volunteer emergency services, and the bill passed 14-0. HB 115 on clinical laboratory personnel addressed workforce shortages by aligning Florida licensure more closely with federal CLIA standards and allowing qualified applicants with relevant bachelor’s degrees and federal training to work with on-the-job training; a strike-all amendment was adopted, industry witnesses supported the bill, and it passed 15-0 as amended. HB 1513 would require health care practitioners to refund patient overpayments within 30 days of learning of the overpayment, excluding insurer and HMO overpayments; it drew supportive debate and passed 15-0. The meeting then adjourned.
CA
California 2025-2026 Regular Session
Assembly Floor Session Jun 1st, 2026
California House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- And today that legacy continues in business, public service, education, the arts, and our military.
- Italian Americans have contributed to every corner of public life, arts, education, labor, science, and
- today to adjourn in memory of John Wesley Finney, Jr., a beloved California resident and devoted educator
- During this time, he continued his education, earning a master's degree in administrative services from
- Finney Educational Complex.
VT
Transcript Highlights:
- They provide education and accountability pathways for youth cited for alcohol or cannabis possession
- They provide education and courts.
- They provide education and accountability<00:02:00.399><c> pathways</c><00:02:01.360><c> for</c><00:02
- They're joining us from across the state today to talk about their education-to-career pathways.
- They're in the gallery. to talk about their education to career to talk about their education to career
WA
Washington 2025-2026 Regular Session
Senate Floor Session Feb 10th, 2026 at 03:30 pm
Washington Senate Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- In acting to Workforce Education, Investment, Accountability, and Oversight Board, administrative changes
- An act relating to the Workforce Education Investment Accountability and Oversight Board; administrative
- To ensure accountability that the investments funded from the Workforce Education Investment Account
- It works on a student emergency assistance grant program, cybersecurity enrollments, refugee education
- This is about the Workforce Education Investment Accountability and Oversight Board.
Summary:
The Senate considered Substitute Senate Bill 6184, which updates and clarifies statutes governing the Office of Homeless Youth Prevention and Protection Programs in the Department of Commerce. Supporters said the bill streamlines existing law, expands eligible housing and services for unhoused youth, supports reunification when appropriate, and removes county-based limitations so the program can continue statewide. Several amendments focused on parental notification and agency placement were offered, including proposals to move the program to DCYF and to require more direct notice to parents or law enforcement, but all were rejected after debate over safety, abuse concerns, and the role of DCYF. The bill then passed final passage by a vote of 30 yeas to 18 nays.
The Senate next took up Substitute Senate Bill 5931 concerning the Workforce Education Investment Accountability and Oversight Board. An amendment was offered to restore a public-facing data dashboard for transparency and accountability, but the sponsor withdrew it after discussion. The bill was described as making administrative changes without fiscal impact, and it passed final passage overwhelmingly, 47 yeas to 2 nays.
After the two bills were disposed of, the Senate announced a Rules Committee meeting following adjournment and then adjourned until 10:00 a.m. on Wednesday, February 11th, the 31st Legislative Day.
AZ
Transcript Highlights:
- and whereas Charlie Kirk, founder of Turning Point USA, played a prominent role in advancing civic education
- , constitutional literacy, and public engagement among young Americans through educational programming
- them on National Freedom Day in recognizing Charlie Kirk for his enduring contributions to civic education
- Chairman, your Committee on Education has, under consideration, HB 2008, and respectfully recommends
- Our Arizona Constitution requires that our public schools do not teach any sectarian education, and I
Summary:
The House opened with prayer led by Erica Kirk and the Pledge of Allegiance, followed by a proclamation sponsored by Representatives Teresa Martinez and Matt Gress recognizing Charlie Kirk on National Freedom Day. Several members then gave personal remarks honoring Kirk’s civic engagement, First Amendment advocacy, and legacy, and the chamber also welcomed the Doctor of the Day, visiting students from Carl Hayden High School, and guests from Arizona agriculture and local government.
The House then moved through Committee of the Whole action on several bills. In the first committee of the whole, HB 2091, HB 2104, and HB 2105 received do-pass recommendations, while HB 2016 and HB 2022 were retained on the calendar. In the second committee of the whole, members debated HB 2008, with supporters saying it would prevent public money from funding politically biased or sectarian library-related institutions and opponents calling it part of a broader effort to censor and defund libraries; the bill received a 33-23 do-pass recommendation. HB 2046, HB 2116, and HB 2132 also received do-pass recommendations, while HB 2142 was retained.
On third reading, HB 2148, a bill amending Title 41 to add provisions relating to federal monies, passed the House by a vote of 33-25 with two not voting and was transmitted to the Senate. The House also adopted the Committee of the Whole reports, referred several bills to engrossing, announced committee meetings and bill referrals, and adjourned until Monday, February 2, 2026.
FL
Florida 2026 5th Special Session
Ethics and Elections Jan 28th, 2026
Transcript Highlights:
- So there was something you said about educational institutions.
- Why does your bill restrict or eliminate cultural and educational exchanges and partnerships with foreign
- ...or eliminate cultural and educational exchanges and partnerships with foreign countries?
- It does not eliminate all educational partnerships. Is there a section that you?
- worked on this issue for the last five years, starting with the foreign influence in our higher education
Summary:
The committee first took up Senate Bill 1178, the Foreign Interference Restriction and Enforcement Act. Senator Grohl explained that the bill expands state restrictions and disclosure requirements related to foreign countries of concern and designated foreign terrorist organizations, including foreign-agent registration, gift bans for public officials, ethics training, procurement limits for IT and critical infrastructure, restrictions on sister-city/sister-state affiliations, changes to linkage institutes and in-state tuition provisions, and new criminal penalties for certain offenses committed to benefit foreign governments or terrorist organizations. Senator Polsky raised questions about higher education, election technology, federal FARA overlap, and whether the bill would affect candidates or events involving CARE; the sponsor responded that the bill focuses on foreign countries of concern, ownership/control, and gifts, and does not prohibit speaking at events. An amendment clarifying definitions, willful violations, and ethics-training content was adopted, and after supportive testimony from Kelly Curry and Robert Pierce, the committee reported CS for SB 1178 favorably.
The committee then considered Senate Bill 1622, which provides a one-time waiver of the automatic fine for a late-filed financial disclosure if the filing is made before the maximum fine accrues and the filer has not previously received such a waiver or accrued the maximum fine in prior years. Carrie Stillman of the Commission on Ethics testified that the bill supports transparency and makes the fine and appeals process more efficient, noting it was a commission recommendation. The bill was reported favorably.
Finally, the committee held confirmation hearings on appointments in Tabs 3 through 26. No senator requested separate votes on any appointee, no public testimony was offered, and the block of appointments was approved and recommended favorably to the full Senate.
VT
Transcript Highlights:
- Now you've heard the first reading of the bill, and it is referred to the committee on education.
- and it is referred to the committee bill and it is referred to the committee on<00:11:57.600><c> education
- :06.480><c> President,</c><00:13:06.880><c> the</c><00:13:07.120><c> Senate</c><00:13:07.519><c> Education
- President, the Senate Education >> Uh, Mr.
- President, the Senate Education Committee<00:13:08.240><c> will</c><00:13:08.399><c> meet</c><00:13:08.480
KY
Kentucky 2025 Regular Session
Senate Standing Committee on Transportation (2-19-25)
Transcript Highlights:
- to talk about it, we knew of and we have continued to see manifestations of a problem of lack of educated
- :17.320><c> of</c> manifestations of a problem of lack of manifestations of a problem of lack of educated
- educated educated Workforce<00:05:19.800><c> particularly</c><00:05:20.680><c> we</c><00:05:21.080><
- bottom part of this bill, the last few pages of the bill, instruct the Council on Postsecondary Education
- And I'd like to thank the President for offering some educational words to the people at CPE.
Keywords:
Roll Call 00:20
Approval of Minutes 01:00
SB 87 Discussion 01:23
SB 87 Vote 09:45, 958, all
Summary:
The committee met with a quorum, approved the minutes from the February 12 meeting, and then took up its only agenda item, Senate Bill 87. A committee substitute was adopted before testimony. Senator Shelley Funke Frommeyer presented the bill with representatives from CVG, describing it as an efficiency measure for Kentucky’s aviation sector.
The bill’s main provisions would streamline procurement rules for Kentucky’s three largest commercial airports by tying the acquisition threshold to the FAA’s simplified acquisition threshold, which adjusts with inflation. Testimony also explained that the bill directs the Council on Postsecondary Education and the Transportation Cabinet to study workforce needs in aviation, especially the shortage of air traffic controllers, and to examine ways Kentucky postsecondary institutions could help create a path to additional training and possibly a second site for final credentialing.
Committee members and the Senate President spoke in support of the bill’s workforce and aviation goals. The President said CPE should be doing this kind of planning without needing extra funding, and noted the bill fits CPE’s coordinating role. The chair announced the fiscal note on the underlying bill showed no impact, though it may change with the substitute. The committee then voted to report Senate Bill 87 favorably with the committee substitute attached, and adjourned after no further business.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- It is home to two higher education institutions, UT Arlington and Tarrant County College Southeast Campus
- Mission ADC manages the City's Center for Education and Economic Development, a 55,000 square foot business
- They've worked to advance the field of stenographic reporting through education and advocacy.
- Members, court reporters undergo years of training and complete continuing education. throughout their
- is the Chinese Community Center, a multi-ethnic organization that serves all Houstonians through education
MA
Massachusetts 2025-2026 Regular Session
Joint Committee on Aging and Independence Jun 21st, 2026 at 10:00 am
Joint Committee on Aging and Independence
Transcript Highlights:
- We represent the voice of assisted living in Massachusetts, providing information, education, and advocating
- What I ultimately followed was a thoughtful, structured, educational program with appropriate oversight
- What I ultimately followed was a thoughtful, structured, educational program with appropriate oversight
- They are kind, educated individuals who are well-trained and capable adults.
- If you could describe the ideal education and oversight program for administering meds in rest homes,
Summary:
The Joint Committee on Aging and Independence held a hearing on two assisted living bills, Senate 3057 and House 5376, which would create an Assisted Living Residence Trust Fund to support certification staffing, compliance reviews, complaint investigations, ombudsman services, public reporting, appeals, and oversight. Testimony from MassALA, AARP, and the Long-Term Care Ombudsman generally supported the bills and the dedicated funding stream, but MassALA urged amendments to expand career pathways for staff through certified medication aides and to add guardrails on the use of fines as a funding source. The Ombudsman supported the fund and emphasized the need for additional staffing to better serve the state’s assisted living residents. Committee members asked for draft amendment language, and the chairs indicated they were open to further discussion, especially on fines and CMA language.
The committee then heard testimony on Senate 3056 and House 5243 regarding medication administration in rest homes. Providers, including the Massachusetts Association of Residential Care Homes, LeadingAge Massachusetts, and several rest home operators, opposed proposed Department of Public Health changes that would eliminate the long-standing “responsible person” model and move rest homes toward the Medication Administration Program (MAP). Witnesses said the current model has been used for decades, is tailored to rest homes, and is essential to affordability, staffing stability, and resident continuity of care; they warned that replacing it with MAP or nurse-only administration would raise costs, worsen workforce shortages, and could force closures or resident displacement. They asked the committee to support legislation preserving responsible persons’ authority to administer medications while improving training and oversight.
Committee members asked questions about the history of the responsible person model, how medication administration works day to day, whether other states use similar systems, and whether data exist comparing medication error rates under MAP and the current model. The chairs said they were still reviewing building-code-related recommendations raised in the assisted living discussion and noted that some issues might be better addressed through a task force. The hearing concluded after testimony and questions, and the committee voted to adjourn.
AZ
Transcript Highlights:
- expanding access to affordable housing, ensuring long-term water security, equitable funding, public education
- This is a bill that was brought forward by the Department of Education. This is not a vendor bill.
- The Department of Education and Mike Curtinbach with the Department of Education, who leads the school
- We need to make sure we keep our children, educators, and staff safe, and we need to make sure they can
- And so I think that we should take some time to really look at the research, really talk to our educators
FL
Florida 2026 4th Special Session
January 28, 2026 - 01:00 PM
Transcript Highlights:
- The bill requires any general education course that integrates the use of technology to provide students
- Next, we will take up PCS for HB 1279 relating to education.
- Florida kids that we have already invested in through K-12 education.
- Florida kids that we have already invested in through K-12 education who have graduated.
- Our post-secondary education system is actually number one.
Summary:
The committee first took up PCS for HB 1503, which would require general education courses that use technology to provide students opportunities to build digital literacy, including instruction on applications of artificial intelligence and related topics such as software engineering, computer networks, database systems, and cybersecurity as applicable to the course. It would also require high school computer science courses offered by school districts to include instruction on AI. There was no public testimony or debate, and the bill was reported favorably on a unanimous roll call vote.
The committee then considered PCS for HB 1279, an education bill that the sponsor said was intended to improve consistency, oversight, and transparency while putting Florida students first. The bill drew extensive questioning and opposition over provisions affecting university admissions and funding, including a 95% Florida-resident first-time-in-college enrollment target tied to preeminent funding, a cap on nonresident students from any one country, standardized GPA weighting, limits on institution-wide graduation requirements, and changes related to accreditation references and other education programs. The sponsor argued these changes would open more seats for Florida students, preserve academic rigor, and align statutes with existing regulations and court action, while opponents said the bill would harm university competitiveness, research, revenue, faculty recruitment, and access for international and nontraditional students.
Public testimony on HB 1279 was largely opposed. Speakers included a student advocate, a dental hygiene representative concerned about dual regulation of expanded-function dental programs, and faculty representatives from FSU and FAMU who warned the bill would politicize admissions and curriculum, reduce competitiveness, and create negative fiscal impacts. During debate, supporters emphasized taxpayer investment in Florida students and the need to prioritize in-state applicants, while opponents argued the bill would weaken the state university system and undermine its national standing. The committee reported PCS for HB 1279 favorably by a 12-5 vote.
WA
Washington 2025-2026 Regular Session
House Civil Rights & Judiciary Jan 23rd, 2026 at 10:30 am
Civil Rights & Judiciary
Transcript Highlights:
- And so the money from that would either go to charity or it goes to the kids for their education.
- We encourage you to do this because the future of our land, we want it to be used for education.
- The future of our land, we want it to be used for education of young people. It's not for sale.
- Fourth, education requirements for law enforcement officers and prosecutors are made contingent on the
- Fourth, education requirements for law enforcement officers and prosecutors are made contingent on the
Keywords:
interment, location choices, remains, Washingtonians, funeral services, condominium, housing, warranty, property rights, construction, public safety, vulnerable users, pedestrians, protected classes, transportation, corporate filings, secretary of state, business entity filings, annual reports, foreign corporation
WA
Washington 2025-2026 Regular Session
House Civil Rights & Judiciary Jan 23rd, 2026
Transcript Highlights:
- And so the money from that would either go to charity or it goes to the kids for their education.
- We encourage you to do this because the future of our land, we want it to be used for education.
- The future of our land, we want it to be used for education of young people. It's not for sale.
- We encourage you to do this because the future of our land, we want it to be used for education. future
- of our land we want it to be used for education of young people.
Summary:
The committee heard public testimony on House Bill 2239, which would allow family burial grounds on privately owned land and exempt them from private cemetery requirements, while imposing limits such as recording burials with the county auditor, setbacks, and a cap on the burial ground covering no more than 10% of the parcel. The sponsor said the bill is intended to help rural landowners and families, including Native communities, keep burials on land with family and cultural significance. Testimony from a farmer and the Washington Cattlemen’s Association strongly supported the bill as a way to honor family ties to land. A question was raised about what happens if a later property owner wants to disturb an existing burial ground; staff said the bill requires notice but is silent on that issue. No action was taken on HB 2239 in the transcript.
The committee also heard House Bill 2304, a follow-up to last year’s condominium liability reform, expanding the option for declarants to use a 2-10 warranty for stacked-flat or mid-rise condominium buildings up to four stories. Supporters from housing, real estate, builders, AARP, Habitat for Humanity, the City of Seattle, and others said the bill would reduce liability barriers, increase condo production, and create more attainable and accessible homeownership options for first-time buyers, older adults, and people with mobility challenges. The Office of Insurance Commissioner supported the bill but suggested technical language changes to avoid referring to the warranty as insurance. Members asked about consumer protections and the distinction between warranties and insurance, and staff and testifiers noted existing layers of protection. No vote was taken on HB 2304 in the transcript.
In executive session, staff summarized House Bill 2095 on vulnerable users of public ways and House Bill 2248 on Secretary of State filing processes. For HB 2095, staff described a proposed substitute and several amendments, including changes to education requirements, civil liability language, protected areas, punitive damages thresholds, and liability rules. For HB 2248, staff said the proposed substitute made cleanup and consistency changes to corporate filing provisions. The committee then moved the proposed substitute for HB 2248 out of committee with a due pass recommendation, and it passed 11-0 with two excused members. Action on HB 2095 was deferred to a later date.
FL
Florida 2026 Regular Session
Appropriations Committee on Agriculture, Environment, and General Government Jan 14th, 2026
Appropriations Committee on Agriculture, Environment, and General Government
Transcript Highlights:
- As you can see, the largest portion is dedicated to health and human services, followed by education,
- As you can see, the largest portion is dedicated to health and human services, followed by education,
- At the lottery, our mission is simple: maximizing revenue to enhance education.”
- “Maximizing revenue to enhance education.
- Since our inception, we've generated more than $50 billion for education in Florida and helped over 1