Transcript Highlights:

• , and other state education partners.
• I send out legislative updates to education committee members and ranking members.
• And both of those processes involve the role and approval of the State Board of Education.
• their education is uninterrupted and as seamless as possible.
• This would not be focused on continuity of education for the students currently being served.

Summary: The Joint Administrative Rules Review Committee (JARC) met on July 31, 2026 to consider a citizen petition challenging the Washington State Charter School Commission’s April 2026 continuity of operations policy. Staff explained JARC’s authority under the Administrative Procedures Act and framed the issue as whether the Commission was using a policy in place of a rule, and whether that policy was within legislative intent. Staff also reviewed the Charter School Commission’s statutory framework, including limits on charter terms, transfer provisions involving the State Board of Education, and the Commission’s new process for identifying nonprofit operators to assume existing charter contracts when schools close or contracts are surrendered, revoked, or not renewed. The petitioner, Cesar Harrison, argued the Commission had created a new transfer mechanism through policy rather than rulemaking, potentially bypassing statutory procedures and extending charter authority beyond the five-year framework. Commission Executive Director Marcus Hardin responded that the policy was only a procedural framework for evaluating proposals, not a transfer of contracts or creation of new authority, and said the Commission had used similar discretionary processes before. Public testimony from the Washington Education Association supported the petition, emphasizing that the policy should have gone through formal rulemaking for transparency and public input. After discussion, committee members asked staff about the statute’s silence on contract continuation and the relationship between the Commission’s practice and legislative authorization. The committee then voted 7-0, with two members excused, to find that the Charter School Commission is using a policy or interpretive statement in place of a rule and that it is not within the intent of the Legislature as expressed by the statute. Staff explained that the finding will be sent to the agency, which must hold a hearing and then notify JARC of its intended action; JARC may later object to that action or take further steps. The committee then adjourned.

Transcript Highlights:

• and adult education.
• and adult education.
• To understand the value of public education is to understand the full spectrum of education.
• education.
• So with that, I vote aye and fight another day for education, education funding, and all forms from our

Summary: The meeting began with prayer, the Pledge of Allegiance, attendance, and a guest introduction for Deputy Frank Sloop. The Senate then moved through multiple Committee of the Whole calendars, with most measures receiving do-pass recommendations after brief explanations and, in several cases, floor amendments. Topics included public records, capital outlay review, local government, taxation, state budget implementation, higher education appropriations, utility regulation, towing regulation, homeowners association disclosures, nursing board regulation, veteran services, criminal justice, human services, K-12 education, state property management, and the continuation of the Arizona State Board of Nursing. Several bills were amended on the floor before receiving favorable recommendations. House Bill 2114 on motorcycle-related provisions was amended to require that at least one registered owner be legally licensed to operate a motorcycle in Arizona. House Bill 2397 on HOA/condominium disclosures was amended to change disclosure timing and fee rules and make other conforming changes. House Bill 2408 on nursing board regulatory action was amended to remove a clear-and-convincing-evidence burden in disciplinary matters and clarify complaint-sharing procedures. House Bill 2957 on driver’s license/handheld provisions, House Bill 2305 on towing regulation, and House Bill 2321 on DCS-related reporting also received amendments before do-pass recommendations. The largest item was Senate Bill 1847, the 2026-2027 General Appropriations Act. Senators offered extensive floor amendments affecting agriculture, corrections, criminal justice, school safety, law enforcement equipment, vehicle theft task force funding, liquor licensing, and other budget items. During third reading and debate on the budget, Democratic senators praised negotiated gains such as funding for aging services, food assistance, civil legal aid, school meals, heat relief, and a three-year moratorium on new data center tax incentives, while criticizing border-related funding, ESA/voucher policy, and cuts to higher education and adult education. One member’s remarks were ruled dilatory after repeated off-topic comments, and the ruling of the chair was sustained by a 16-12 vote. The transcript ends with additional budget-related explanation of votes continuing after the budget’s third reading.

Transcript Highlights:

• Parents already play the central role in their kids' education.
• religious education as part of their school day.
• High-stakes testing affects students, educators, and systems.
• High-stakes testing affects students, educators, and systems.
• nutrition education and physical activity.

Summary: The committee first heard House Bill 2266, which would change school release-time policy for religious instruction from permissive to mandatory for school districts and charter governing bodies. The sponsor and supporters said the bill protects parental choice, religious liberty, and constitutional release-time programs, while opponents argued it would reduce local control, pull students from instructional time, and expose schools to constitutional and social harms. After public testimony and debate over liability, indoctrination, and academic impact, the committee voted 7-5 to give HB 2266 a due pass recommendation. The committee then took up House Bill 2193, a cleanup measure related to student directory information and parent organizations. The bill would allow parents of enrolled students or representatives of nonprofit organizations supporting a school to receive directory information unless a parent or eligible student opts out. Supporters from PTO/PTA groups said the change is needed so parent organizations can continue communicating with families and building school community, while members raised concerns about whether the language should be narrowed to avoid political or other misuse of student data. The sponsor said he was open to an amendment, and the committee approved HB 2193 on a 10-1 vote, with one member present. Finally, the committee heard House Bill 2075, which would require public school districts to submit superintendent and other top administrator contracts or attestations to ADE and create a searchable online database of compensation details, including salary, benefits, and car allowances. The sponsor described it as a transparency measure, and the committee discussed an amendment to add more specific filing deadlines and the online database requirement. Opponents from school administrators and rural districts argued that superintendent salaries are already public, that the bill should also apply to charter and private schools receiving public funds, and that it could add burdens or distort comparisons across different public-sector labor markets. Supporters said the bill would make total compensation easier to access and reduce public records requests. The sponsor closed by saying the bill would centralize compensation information and simplify disclosure for districts.

Transcript Highlights:

• ,</c><00:30:53.679><c> and</c> from administrators, educators, and from administrators, educators, and
• We had people sit former educators.
• </c> right here that were former educators. right here that were former educators.
• </c> instruction by some educational instruction by some educational professional.<00:51:40.400><c> But
• </c> parents and educators. parents and educators.

Keywords: 928, house, all

Summary: The committee took up Senate Bill 206, which requires public schools to adopt policies limiting student cell phone use. Supporters argued that cell phones and personal devices contribute to student mental health problems, bullying, distraction, and disruptive behavior, and said teachers and administrators want a clear statewide rule rather than having to enforce policies themselves. Opponents raised concerns about local control, the breadth of the term “personal communication device,” and whether the bill would interfere with instructional uses of devices, especially in schools that rely on bring-your-own-device or have limited access to school-issued laptops. Members debated Amendment 2249H, which added an exception for teacher-led instruction and clarified that superintendent-approved exceptions could still apply for medical, disability, or language-proficiency needs. After discussion about whether the amendment was too restrictive or too broad, the committee adopted the amendment on a 9-8 vote, with one member not voting. The committee then voted 9-8, with one not voting, to recommend Senate Bill 206 ought to pass as amended. The committee then moved to Senate Bill 96, concerning mandatory disclosure by school district employees to parents. The sponsor offered Amendment 2199H to replace language that would have required referral to DCYF whenever an educator withheld information due to concern about possible abuse at home. The amendment instead allows a district to withhold information if a reasonably prudent person would believe disclosure would result in abuse, abandonment, or neglect, and requires the decision to be documented in the student record. The amendment was discussed as a narrower, more workable safeguard, and the committee was still in discussion on the bill at the end of the transcript.

Transcript Highlights:

• Well, welcome, everyone, to Senate Education today.
• world in our education system on ways that would allow them to move on the career ladder.
• that we meet the needs of our special education students.
• And our career technical educators are very important across the state.
• , and Career Technical Educators of Idaho.

Summary: The Senate Education Committee heard House Bill 815, a narrow fix for Answer Charter School in Boise. Rep. Sonia Galavis and school representatives explained that a past, very small transportation reimbursement request from 2010 was being used as the school’s base for a transportation block grant, leaving Answer with far less funding than similarly sized schools despite operating a full bus program since 2022. Supporters said the bill would correct an unintended funding disparity affecting only Answer and would not create a broader fiscal impact. The committee asked whether other schools could qualify, and Galavis said the language had been checked with the Department of Education and Legislative Services to ensure it applied only to this school. The committee voted to send HB 815 to the floor with a do pass recommendation. The committee then took up House Bill 849, which would change Idaho’s career ladder rules for career technical education instructors and pupil service staff such as counselors, psychologists, nurses, physical therapists, and occupational therapists. Rep. Galavis, Sen. Lent, and Legislative Services analyst Jared Taitro explained that CTE teachers can currently receive placement credit for industry experience but must wait four years and meet evaluation requirements before moving up the ladder, while pupil service staff do not currently receive the same placement treatment for prior professional experience. The bill would allow both groups to count relevant experience for placement and movement, with the goal of improving recruitment and retention in hard-to-fill positions. Testimony in support came from Dr. Joy Jansen of Lake Pend Oreille School District, who said districts struggle to recruit pupil service staff and often must pay much more for contracted services, and from Rep. Sean Dygert, who emphasized the importance of retaining industry-based CTE teachers, especially in rural districts. The committee voted to send HB 849 to the floor with a do pass recommendation before adjourning.

Transcript Highlights:

• We should celebrate education.
• </c> excellent and enriching educational excellent and enriching educational opportunity<00:19:48.160
• </c> general education and major programs. general education and major programs.
• ,</c> what's next for higher education, what's next for higher education, regardless<01:01:32.319><c>
• This council on education.

Keywords: 958, all

Summary: The Interim Joint Budget Review Subcommittee on Education met to hear updates from Kentucky public universities and the Kentucky Community and Technical College System on compliance with House Bill 4, which restricts DEI-related activities and requires institutional and viewpoint neutrality. The chair emphasized that the hearing should focus on both compliance and the financial effects of the law. Eastern Kentucky University said its board adopted a House Bill 4 compliance resolution and an institutional neutrality policy. KCTCS reported systemwide reviews of programs, websites, scholarships, personnel, and admissions language, along with board actions removing a cultural competency course requirement, adopting institutional neutrality, and certifying compliance. KCTCS said about $2.5 million annually had been reallocated to other needs, and that no personnel were eliminated, though some roles were reassigned and DEI-related offices closed. Kentucky State University said it had already dissolved DEI offices before the bill passed, ended DEI-specific training, revised policies and gift acceptance rules, adopted a viewpoint neutrality policy, and was conducting ongoing reviews of programs, job descriptions, and web content. KSU said it had achieved substantial compliance, expected full operational integration by August 1, and had not terminated staff or closed academic programs because of the law. In response to questions, KSU said it was broadening outreach to all students rather than targeting specific populations and that its prior diversity finding was tied to not meeting a diversity quota. Morehead State University said it had no DEI office before House Bill 4, amended its non-discrimination statement to include political and social viewpoint neutrality and condemnation of religious and ethnic discrimination, and remained focused on serving its largely low-income student body. Murray State University reported reviewing scholarships, expenditures, training, and academic programs to ensure no differential treatment or indoctrination, revising its neutrality policy, and updating non-discrimination posters and training. When asked about a statement that DEI would “look different,” the university said it meant student support services would continue in a different form. Northern Kentucky University said it dissolved its diversity office and chief diversity officer position in 2024, reviewed programs, events, scholarships, and employee affinity groups, adopted a statement on intellectual diversity and viewpoint neutrality, and reviewed about 2,000 courses for compliance. NKU also said its new Center for Belonging would focus on first-generation and commuter students rather than rebrand prior DEI efforts. The University of Kentucky began its presentation by describing earlier changes made in August 2024, including disbanding its office of institutional diversity, removing diversity statements and mandatory training, adopting institutional neutrality, and ending race-based consideration in admissions and scholarships; the transcript cuts off before the rest of UK’s testimony and any committee votes or formal actions beyond receiving the presentations.

Transcript Highlights:

• This is your Committee on Education.
• </c> behalf of Department of Education. behalf of Department of Education.
• </c> education offering comments. education offering comments.
• </c> in higher education. Thank you. in higher education. Thank you.
• workshop</c> Then, education—any education workshop type of component.

Keywords: 910, house, all

Summary: The committee heard testimony on HB 1783, which would expand public-private partnership options for charter school facilities. The Department of Education offered comments, the Charter School Commission and SFA supported the bill, and Hawaii Technology Academy, Hawaii Kids, Hawaii Children’s Action Network, HGA, Aloha Project, and several individuals testified in support, while UPW opposed it. Supporters said charter schools need faster and more flexible ways to address severe facility shortages and high costs, and SFA described the bill as a pilot model that could leverage developer partnerships and state contributions, citing Maryland as an example. Members asked whether the bill was limited to charter schools; DOE said the language could be read to include other public school facilities, but if focused only on charter schools, DOE was less concerned. The Charter School Commission also described an existing public-private preschool model through Parkway Village Preschool and PACTED. The committee then took up HB 1778, which would establish a CIP database for school facilities. SFA supported the bill, saying it would create a more disciplined, transparent basis for funding decisions by documenting facility condition, needed repairs, classification, and timing. DOE initially said it rested on its comments, then responded to questions by saying it already maintains deferred maintenance lists, uses systems such as Maximo, CPT, GIS, and finance software, and sends legislators project-status letters twice a year. DOE said it is working on improving its outward-facing dashboard and integrating its systems, but questioned whether the bill would add value beyond existing tools. Members emphasized the need for a publicly accessible, real-time transparency tool, while DOE said it was still evaluating its current systems and was not yet seeking funding for a new IT program. For HB 2344, creating an Independent Public School Realignment and Closure Commission, DOE said it wants to remain part of any consolidation process to keep students and education central, while SFA said the bill is timely and framed it as a restructuring response to changing conditions and possible federal funding cuts. SFA compared the proposal to the federal BRAC process for military base closures and said Hawaii has the same enrollment as in 1961 but many more schools, arguing that the state needs a more deliberate approach to school closures and land reuse. The Attorney General’s office raised technical concerns about several sections, including unclear references to administrative support, a governor-approval sequence, a possible conflict with existing statutes governing closed-school disposition, and a missing section number. Testimony on HB 2345, which would establish a geographic CIP district, began with DOE in opposition; DOE said the bill would duplicate existing work, add confusion by creating two agencies doing the same thing, and spend money inefficiently because district project coordinators and project lists already exist.

Transcript Highlights:

• All right, I'll begin with the education provisions.
• special education and aren't eligible for aid.
• The bill gives money to special education, right?
• goes toward education?
• We all value education. We want our kids smart, educated, go off into the world and do your thing.

Keywords: 970, all

Transcript Highlights:

• Over 90% of Arizona families choose public education.
• And we constantly have public education...” “...under attack.
• But the reality is, how can public education stay afloat?
• in Washington the Educational Choice for Children’s Act.
• But if we just fund education properly...” “...then we wouldn't have to have tax credits to fund education

Keywords: 1182, all

Transcript Highlights:

• You have before you the requested budget for the health education programs.
• That's one-time money that will be put back into education.
• We're competing with other salaries, even in K-12 education.
• Co-Chair, this is the budget for the Idaho Division of Career Technical Education.
• There were no... ...for the Idaho Division of Career Technical Education.

Summary: The committee took up a series of FY 2027 budget items, beginning with health education programs. Members approved additional general fund support and FTPs for psychiatry residents, a Burley family medicine resident, a family medicine OB fellowship, additional family medicine residents, child psychiatry residents at the University of Utah, and a veterinary education FTP adjustment. They then approved language to shift fellowship funding to the rural health transformation program if available, with debate focused on whether that money should instead be reserved for broader rural health needs; the language ultimately passed despite objections. The Office of the State Board of Education budget was approved with funding for Canvas LMS renewal, transfer of risk managers to institutions, and a federal post-secondary education grant. In the colleges and universities budget, a substitute motion to add general fund support and restore a rescission failed, but the original motion passed, providing dedicated funds for endowment adjustments and restoring the FY 2027 rescission. Community colleges were then considered, and a motion to reduce the Canvas LMS item and leave the rescission unfilled failed; the original motion restoring the rescission passed. The committee also approved a one-time Career Ready Students Fund appropriation for secondary CTE programs, then later approved a separate one-time Career Ready Students Fund increase for Idaho Division of Career Technical Education secondary programs after rejecting a general fund substitute. The Department of Administration budget drew the most debate. Members discussed utilities transfers, new procurement staff for Medicaid managed care contracting, training and administrative support transfers, inflationary utilities costs, IT hardware, and a vacancy adjustment correction. The committee rejected the motion, largely over concerns about the Medicaid procurement staffing request. It then approved the Permanent Building Fund budget, including state match for a Bonneville County National Guard Readiness Center design and replacement items for public works projects, along with standard language and reporting language by unanimous consent. Finally, the State Lottery budget was approved for $25,800 in replacement items for design equipment. The committee adjourned after announcing the next meeting schedule.

Transcript Highlights:

• Education is an important aspect of our state.
• education.
• The governor did leave out education completely out of any of those cuts.
• Education policy does not exist in a vacuum.
• And in the education realm, we're trying to figure out ways to educate their children as they see fit

Summary: The committee heard testimony from Representative Josh Tanner, the House co-chair of JFAC, on state budgeting and education funding. Tanner argued Idaho has a spending problem driven by policy decisions and supplementals, said education funding should be judged by outcomes rather than inputs, and criticized what he described as declining test results, enrollment shifts, and loopholes in the funding formula, including students allegedly being counted for sports participation without attending class. He also questioned heavy technology spending in classrooms and said many programs should be reexamined for return on investment. Members responded by asking for more information from LSO and the Impact Team on how the school funding formula and support units work, and several suggested the committee should better educate itself before making changes. Tanner agreed that the formula is complicated and supported more analysis, audits, and possible sunset provisions or other mechanisms to force policy review. He also said JFAC analysts can help members understand the budget and that the committee should look backward at existing programs, not just forward at new ones. The discussion broadened to whether the state has a spending problem or a revenue problem, with Tanner pointing to growth in supplemental spending, Medicaid, corrections, and uncertainty around federal conformity costs, while noting education had not been targeted for cuts. Members raised concerns about mental health resources, school climate, and the need to listen to local school boards and parents. The meeting ended with the chair saying he would gather the needed materials for the committee’s upcoming discussion with JFAC, and the committee adjourned without taking a vote.

Transcript Highlights:

• For education, the bill directs more than $25 million of new funding to our rural education consortia
• Senate Bill 318 establishes an expanded education stabilization fund...
• Education is a big deal. It's not easy.
• We have fundamentally changed how we have funded education.
• But nonetheless, the point is that we have revolutionized education.

Summary: The Senate convened with prayer, the Pledge of Allegiance, and several introductions, including recognition of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority’s Founders’ Day and a visiting debate student. The chamber then received and adopted, by a 39-0 vote, a committee report confirming 52 gubernatorial executive appointments to various state, regional, and local boards and commissions. The first major bill was SB 250 on rural communities, described as a broad “Rural Renaissance” package. Sponsor Senator Simon outlined provisions creating an Office of Rural Prosperity, a Renaissance Grant Program for counties facing population loss, housing and transportation investments, additional funding for rural education, and rural health care support. Two amendments were adopted to remove overlapping grant language tied to new federal rural health funding and to update hospital funding estimates. Senators from both parties generally supported the bill, though some raised questions about eligibility for certain rural areas and how funds would be accessed. The bill passed 39-0. The Senate then took up CS/SB 318 on educational scholarship programs. Senator Gates said the bill responds to Auditor General findings by separating scholarship funding from public school funding, requiring student identification and enrollment verification, reducing administrative fees for scholarship funding organizations, requiring annual audits, and directing the Department of Education to develop a competitive selection and performance-based business plan for those organizations. Three amendments were adopted, including changes to the stabilization fund and documentation requirements. Senators from both parties debated transparency, accountability, and implementation concerns, with some also urging future attention to declining-enrollment school districts and the quality of scholarship providers. The bill passed 38-0. At the end of the session, the Senate waived rules to immediately certify SB 250 and CS/SB 318 to the House, welcomed Palm Beach County visitors in the gallery, and adjourned until the next scheduled meeting.

Transcript Highlights:

• The Senate Standing Committee on Education will come to order. Please call the roll.
• I'll read the rules for the Education Committee. I'll read the rules for the Education Committee.
• Theoretically, this will be our last Education Committee of the session.
• I heard from some adult education providers that we're losing a lot of funding.
• c> teacher</c><00:02:15.840><c> at</c> He's an adult education teacher at He's an adult education teacher

Keywords: 958, all

Transcript Highlights:

• And so with the help of the Department of Education, the State Board of Education, and others, and because
• At the outset, I want to also thank the State Department of Education, the State Board of Education,
• I am a voice for our community, an educational lobbyist, an emotional support educator for families as
• Board of Education.
• Educators that the education profession is a mandatory reporting profession.

Keywords: 989, all

Transcript Highlights:

• As chairs of the education, finance and As chairs of the education, finance and policy<00:02:28.239><
• ,</c> lives of our children, our educators, lives of our children, our educators, and<00:12:03.920><c
• </c> programs and our adult education programs and our adult education programs.<00:17:51.120><c> So,
• </c> family, staff, and educators. family, staff, and educators.
• </c> valuable educational time and momentum. valuable educational time and momentum.

Keywords: 918, senate, all

Summary: The meeting focused on the impact of recent ICE enforcement activity in Minnesota, especially on schools, students, and families. Speakers, including legislators, superintendents, a school board chair, teachers, parents, and a student, described fear in immigrant and non-immigrant communities, increased absenteeism, disrupted school routines, and broader trauma affecting children’s mental health and learning. Several speakers said students were staying home, families were avoiding bus stops and public places, and educators were taking on extra duties such as transporting students, delivering food, and helping with housing and remote learning options. Testimony included specific examples from Columbia Heights, Fidley Public Schools, Rochester, and Maple Grove. Speakers reported detained students and family members, canceled in-person classes in some districts, expanded virtual learning, and sharp attendance declines; one superintendent cited more than 530 additional daily absences in Rochester and large increases in excused absences among multilingual, low-income, Asian-American, and Latino students. A parent and student speaker described organizing neighborhood safety efforts and a planned student walkout to demand safe busing, suspension of a policy that unenrolls students after 15 consecutive absences, and a pause on standardized testing. The speakers repeatedly called for ICE to be removed from schools and from Minnesota, and urged elected officials to act to protect children and educators. One senator reflected on democracy, liberty, and freedom from fear, linking the situation to the purpose of public education. No formal committee vote or legislative action was taken during the excerpt; the session ended with a transition to questions and a call for community responsibility and support.

Transcript Highlights:

• The first item is a letter from the Department of Education, Division of Higher Education.
• The first item is a letter from the Department of Education, Division of Higher Education.
• E2 is a letter from Education, Division of Elementary and Secondary Education.
• The first item is a letter from the Department of Education Division of Higher Education.
• E2 is a letter from Education Division of Elementary and Secondary Education.

Keywords: 1204, all

Transcript Highlights:

• Our public schools are the backbone of this state in our education and always will be.
• Personally, my family is a product of public education. I'm a product of public education.
• And my children are going to be a product of public education.
• There is 1.5 billion in new special education funding. It is long overdue.
• they need to educate them at the levels required.

Transcript Highlights:

• As you can see from education-related events already happening this month, I am happy to announce that
• next week we will gather to celebrate and remember the critical role that education plays in shaping
• , and faculty who play a vital role in our robust education system.
• , and faculty who play a vital role in our robust education system.
• , and faculty who play a vital role in our robust education system.

Keywords: 912, senate, all

Summary: The Senate met with 21 members present and four excused. The Journal of the previous day was approved, and Governor’s Message Nos. 727 to 733, transmitting nominations to various boards and commissions, were referred according to the order of the day. The body also adopted Standing Committee Reports Nos. 1080 to 1088 without objection. During announcements, Senator Kidani highlighted upcoming Education Week activities, including recognition of outstanding students, educators, administrators, and faculty. She also noted the Friends of the Library’s continued support and announced the annual book fair at the Capitol on Monday, March 17, from 8:30 to 11:30 a.m. in Conference Room 224. Senator Dela Cruz introduced Jiha, Mrs. Kim, and Noah to the Senate. At the end of the session, Senator Wai moved to adjourn until 11:30 a.m. Monday, March 17, and Senator Dela Cruz seconded the motion. The Senate adjourned without objection.

Transcript Highlights:

• So we reached out with an inform and educate letter, educated the employer that it's not a choice whether
• So we reached out with an inform and educate letter, educated the employer that it's not a choice whether
• So we reached out with an inform and educate letter, educated the employer that it's not a choice whether
• c><00:35:07.760><c> the</c><00:35:07.920><c> public</c> education uh uh educating of the public education
• </c> uh through this in this education uh through this in this education process<00:38:01.200><c> there

Keywords: 1187, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• education? education?
• </c> education option means by definition. education option means by definition.
• </c> children to receive education. children to receive education.
• </c> charge onto a special education student. charge onto a special education student.
• </c> general education in in and of itself. general education in in and of itself.

Keywords: 1189, house, all