Video & Transcript Research : 'plastic reduction'
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LA
Louisiana 2026 Regular Session
Natural Resources and Environment May 6th, 2026
Natural Resources & Environment
Transcript Highlights:
- upon a finding that market conditions, commodity prices, or other economic factors warrant royalty reduction
- That way, we could possibly have a reduction in some of these premiums for our residents, and that's
- Governor Landry and this department do not support the emission reduction goals in the 2022 Climate Action
- Governor Landry and this department do not support the emission reduction goals in the 2022 Climate Action
- changes in our climate, fires out of control in Louisiana, drought in Louisiana, dead zones growing, plastics
Summary:
The committee heard a series of natural resources and environmental measures, mostly local property transfers and Wildlife and Fisheries bills. It reported favorable on Senate Bills 229 and 71, which authorize property transfers in Bossier and Lafayette parishes, and on several department bills dealing with fishing and boating rules: SB 203 on possession of catch during multi-day trips, SB 429 on registration of lapsed or “orphan” boats, SB 204 on commercial fishing gear licenses for nonresidents, SB 205 reducing duplicate registration for federally documented boats, SB 213 on titling certain vessels and outboard motors, SB 257 removing Social Security number requirements from certain tags, and HB 662, a substitute bill setting a hierarchy for handling seized sick, injured, or orphan wildlife. The committee also adopted amendments and reported favorable SB 379, a technical cleanup bill tied to the Department of Conservation and Energy reorganization, though an opposition witness warned it could reduce minimum oil and gas royalties and asked for a fiscal note.
Members also advanced several measures aimed at coastal and flood-related concerns. HCR 62, by Rep. Domangue, urges FEMA to review flood maps every five years instead of every ten and to better account for local flood-protection projects; members broadly supported it and discussed the burden of flood insurance in coastal parishes. SB 214 would give the Teche-Vermilion Fresh Water District authority to stop pumping during immediate flood risk events identified by the National Weather Service or GOSEP, and it was reported favorable. SB 274, as amended, requires lead hazard risk assessments and remediation for certain child care and pre-kindergarten facilities, with DEQ and LDH testimony supporting the update. HCR 78 memorializes Congress to pass the American Seafood Competitiveness Act of 2026, which supporters said would help Louisiana’s seafood industry and access federal loans and grants.
The committee also debated broader policy resolutions. HCR 216, by Rep. Owen, sought to repudiate the Louisiana Climate Action Plan of 2022, but after extensive discussion about its purpose, possible effects on existing projects, and whether the legislature should instead hold a hearing, the resolution was voluntarily deferred. Finally, the committee took up SCR 24 on chronic wasting disease rules, adopted amendments raising the prevalence threshold from 1.5% to 2.5% and adjusting zone and baiting provisions, and continued discussion of the bill’s reset of management rules for deer disease control.
HI
Hawaii 2025 Regular Session
EEP/WAL Joint Public Hearing - Tue Mar 18, 2025 @ 9:00 AM HST
Transcript Highlights:
- We have in our comments provided a willingness to consider some temporary reduction in amount in the
- 70%, but not a permanent reduction and not an elimination of weight requirements.
- <01:21:51.600>
in consider some temporary reduction in consider some temporary reduction in - not an permanent reduction and not an elimination<01:21:56.320>
of <01:21:56.560>weight - The curbside power plants are burning electronics, and you're smelling the plastics, the poisons, and
Summary:
The joint hearing covered three measures. SB 1602 would appropriate funds to DLNR for monitoring wells for the Koho aquifer system; DLNR and HHFDC supported it, and written testimony from several organizations and individuals was also in support. Members asked whether monitoring wells are a statewide function rather than a county function, and staff confirmed they are done statewide. The second bill was an administration measure clarifying that criminal water pollution enforcement remains with the Department of Health rather than DLNR. The Attorney General’s office said it was a cleanup clarification and that DOH has stronger enforcement powers and better testing capability; DOH and DLNR supported it, and there was no opposition noted.
The final and most heavily debated measure was SB 1074 on environmental impact statements. The bill would let previously authorized or permitted commercial activities continue for up to one year while an agency determines whether environmental review applies after a challenge, and would allow permit renewals during that review. DLNR said it stood on written comments and suggested aligning the bill with similar House language. Supporters, including several ocean tourism and Maui business representatives, argued the bill would provide certainty and keep families and small operators working while environmental review is completed, especially in the wake of the Lahaina fires and ongoing business losses. Some supporters said the measure should be narrowed with a sunset or limited to recently renewed permits.
Opponents, including the Office of Planning and Sustainable Development, Earthjustice, the Sierra Club, and other environmental advocates, argued the bill was overly broad and could weaken HEPA/NEPA-style environmental review, especially for fisheries and other commercial activities. They said the bill could be used as a “Trojan horse” to avoid review and that DLNR could resolve the underlying disputes more quickly through settlement or existing exemption processes. No votes were taken during the hearing.
CA
Transcript Highlights:
- behavioral health capacity, and detailing strategies for regional coordination and homelessness reduction
- or a set of quantifiable goals toward how we're trying to align funding to achieve a quantifiable reduction
- manager, and they have enforcement and oversight there, using all of the resources of a board for plastic
Summary:
The committee heard SB 866, which would require jurisdictions that do not receive HAP homelessness grants to include homelessness data, strategies, and regional coordination in their housing elements. The author and supporters said the bill would close a gap in planning by requiring more jurisdictions to collect and report data and outline homelessness reduction efforts. Opposition from the League of California Cities and several cities argued the bill would impose duplicative reporting, require data cities cannot control, and burden small jurisdictions without added resources; members discussed possible amendments, including thresholds for very small cities. No final vote was taken on SB 866 during the excerpt.
The committee then heard SB 967, which would allow qualifying interim housing units to count toward a jurisdiction’s RHNA obligations for acutely low-income housing, with safeguards against double counting. Supporters said interim housing is a faster, cheaper way to get people indoors and should be incentivized because many Californians remain unsheltered; opponents argued the bill would blur the line between temporary shelter and permanent housing and could reduce pressure to build deeply affordable permanent units. Members debated the policy tradeoff, with some supporting the bill as a practical response to street homelessness and others objecting to counting temporary units toward housing targets. The committee ultimately voted to pass SB 967 to the Senate Appropriations Committee, with the bill kept on call for absent members.
The committee also considered SCR 131, a resolution urging a coordinated state effort to end unsheltered homelessness and prioritize a broader set of interventions, including interim housing, permanent supportive housing, and prevention. Supporters framed the resolution as a call to action in response to the scale and human cost of unsheltered homelessness, while one member abstained over concerns that the language could be read as endorsing funding without clear metrics or accountability. The resolution was moved and kept on call. Finally, the committee heard SB 1238 on homeowners association management, which would increase disclosures, transparency, and accountability for HOA managers and boards, including proposed changes to reserve use and inspection reporting. Supporters said the bill would protect homeowners and improve financial clarity, while opposition from community managers objected to a proposed fiduciary duty to individual homeowners and raised concerns about litigation and insurance costs; members discussed those issues and indicated the bill would continue to be worked on in Judiciary.
CA
Transcript Highlights:
- behavioral health capacity, and detailing strategies for regional coordination and homelessness reduction
- a set of quantifiable goals towards how we're trying to align funding to achieve a quantifiable reduction
- manager, and they have enforcement and oversight there, using all of the resources of a board for plastic
Summary:
The committee heard SB 866, which would require jurisdictions that do not receive HAP grants to include homelessness data, strategies, and regional coordination in their housing elements. The author and supporters said the bill would close a gap in planning and create more consistent, data-driven local responses to homelessness. Opponents, including the League of California Cities and several cities, argued the bill would impose costly and duplicative reporting requirements on small jurisdictions, require data cities cannot control, and should instead be aligned with existing regional planning processes. Members raised concerns about burden on small cities, but also emphasized the need for statewide, standardized homelessness planning.
The committee then heard SB 967, which would allow jurisdictions to count qualifying interim housing toward a portion of their acutely low-income RHNA obligations, with safeguards against double counting and reporting requirements for moved units. Supporters said interim housing is a faster, less expensive way to get people indoors and should be incentivized as a bridge from encampments to permanent housing. Opponents, including housing law experts and advocacy groups, argued the bill would blur the line between temporary shelter and permanent housing, weaken obligations to build deeply affordable housing, and create a two-tier system for the lowest-income Californians. After discussion, the committee passed SB 967 on a due pass motion to Appropriations, with several members voting aye and the bill held on call for absent members.
The committee also considered SCR 131, a resolution calling for a coordinated state effort to end unsheltered homelessness and prioritize a broader set of interventions, including interim housing, prevention, and permanent supportive housing. Supporters described unsheltered homelessness as a moral and public health crisis and urged stronger state alignment and funding. One member explained an abstention based on concerns that the resolution’s language could be read as endorsing more funding without clear metrics or evidence of effectiveness. The author said amendments had already narrowed the language and was open to further changes. The resolution was adopted on a motion, with the roll held open for absent members.
Finally, the committee heard SB 1238, which would strengthen oversight and transparency for homeowners associations and HOA management companies, including disclosures, reserve-fund protections, and a fiduciary-duty provision. The author and supporters said the bill would protect homeowners from mismanagement and improve financial clarity in common interest developments. Opponents from community manager and HOA groups said managers are administrative agents, not decision-makers, and objected especially to imposing a fiduciary duty to individual homeowners. Members generally supported the bill but flagged the fiduciary-duty issue and reserve-fund language as areas for further review, noting that some amendments had been agreed to and others would be addressed later in the process.
VA
Transcript Highlights:
- They began producing reinforced plastics in 1956 through a unique process called pultrusion at their
- It clarifies the capacity reduction credit process and provides a carve-out for our nation's shipbuilders
- awards and denials under the Affordable and Special Needs Housing, Housing Trust Fund, Homeless Reduction
NH
New Hampshire 2025 Regular Session
House Finance Division II (01/29/2025)
Transcript Highlights:
- The witness said the reduction shown was the freeze and then the additional reduction, and that the overall
- He also said they were continuing to work with the governor and her team to address the 4% reduction
- The witness said the reduction shown was the freeze and then the additional reduction, and that the overall
- The witness said the reduction shown was the freeze plus the additional reduction, and that the overall
- The witness said the reduction shown was the freeze and then the additional reduction, and that the overall
Summary:
The Division 2 Finance Committee heard an overview and budget presentation from New Hampshire Fish and Game, led by new Executive Director Stephanie Simi and Business Division Chief Kathy Leonti. The agency described its mission to conserve and manage fish, wildlife, and marine resources, and emphasized growing pressures from disease, climate impacts, habitat change, and increased public demand. Simi said the department is largely funded by hunting and fishing license revenue and federal grants, is reviewing staffing and internal processes, and faces critical needs including permanent funding for environmental review staff, infrastructure and IT modernization, and possible service reductions if additional support is not found.
Members asked about specific program and policy issues, including chronic wasting disease in deer, hemorrhagic disease in rabbits and hares, moose population decline, and a proposed bait-disease bill. The department said it is actively monitoring diseases and did not see a need for the bait bill at this time. Legislators also discussed the Hike Safe program, which the department said has grown from an expected $100,000 annually to more than $300,000, and a possible boating version of that program, which the department said remains under consideration but would involve complex logistics and multiple agencies. Questions were also raised about rescue costs, out-of-state hikers, and whether boat registrations could be used as a revenue source; Fish and Game said boat registration is handled by the Department of Safety, though the department receives $5 per registered boat for the public boat access program.
The budget discussion focused on revenue projections, use of unrestricted Fish and Game funds, and dependence on federal reimbursements. Leonti said the department met the governor’s general fund target but not the Fish and Game fund target without using surplus unrestricted funds, leaving only about $100,000 in the fund by the end of the biennium. She said the budget uses more than $18 million in Fish and Game funds annually against about $14 million in unrestricted revenue, and that five of 193 full-time positions remain unfunded. The department warned that if federal grants were halted, it could cost about $5 million over five months and force the Fish and Game fund to cover the gap. Committee members also requested that future presentations be sent electronically in advance, and the department agreed to do so.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- We have seen tangible benefits in the form of a reduction in our tax rate of over 10 cents in the last
- Because the signs, she mentioned as well, that the signs are corrugated plastic, so it's non-biodegradable
- This technology has been effectively used in 30 other states, with some reporting as much as a 30% reduction
- I did not print the information, but I believe that they reported a reduction in work zone incidents
Bills:
HB341, HB791, HB1564, HB1695, HB1722, HB1729, HB1772, HB2003, HB2954, HB2989, HB3084, HB3134, HB3135, HB3309, HB3611, HB3679, HB3727, HB3832
Keywords:
affordable housing, zoning, development, community support, local regulations, bicycle lanes, traffic collisions, Texas Department of Transportation, study, public safety, bicycles, electric bicycles, scooters, road safety, transportation study, HB 791, Central Catholic High School, San Antonio, specialty license plate, specialty plates
MN
Minnesota 2025-2026 Regular Session
Committee on Jobs and Economic Development - 02/18/26
Jobs and Economic Development
Transcript Highlights:
- 23:39.679>
operators, <00:23:40.480>metal <00:23:40.799>and <00:23:41.039>plastic - machine operators, metal and plastic machine operators, metal and plastic workers,<00:23:42.000>
- 10, um, about half of all machine operators and 30 to 40% of all physical scientists and metal and plastic
- <00:37:11.359>
Um <00:37:12.000>and plastic workers are foreign born. - Um and plastic workers are foreign born.
MA
Massachusetts 2025-2026 Regular Session
Senate Session (Full Formal without Calendar) Jun 21st, 2026 at 11:00 am
Massachusetts Senate Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- Over nearly two decades, followed by roles at Raviac and later Barry Plastics Corporation, he became
- dedication earned him numerous accolades, including being named the 2013 Salesperson of the Year at Barry Plastics
Summary:
The Senate opened with the Pledge of Allegiance, adopted two resolutions recognizing the town of Sturbridge on the nation’s 250th anniversary and congratulating Zachary Erich on becoming an Eagle Scout, and then took up several committee reports and extension orders. The chamber suspended rules multiple times to act immediately on committee extensions for Financial Services and State Administration and Regulatory Oversight, and it referred a House petition on cleft lip and cleft palate treatment to Financial Services. Members also adopted an order extending the Financial Services committee’s reporting deadline on credit union and mortgage financing matters.
The Senate then considered and passed House No. 4361, a bill on teacher retirement benefits, after extensive debate in support of a one-time window for certain teachers who were excluded from Retirement Plus due to administrative errors. Senators described the measure as a long-overdue fix for more than 8,500 educators, noting that eligible teachers would have to pay the difference in contributions. The bill was ordered to a third reading, passed to be engrossed by a 39-0 roll call, and sent on for further action. The chamber also passed Senate No. 3106 on toxic-free medical devices and Senate No. 3107 on commercial interior design licensure, both after supportive remarks about patient safety and professional regulation.
A major item was the conference committee report on H. 5280, the FY26 fair share supplemental budget. Supporters highlighted funding for municipal winter relief, MBTA operations and capital needs, education initiatives, housing incentives, home heating assistance, and collective bargaining agreements, while opponents raised concerns about MBTA subsidies, legal defense funding, and tax policy implications. After roll call, the report was approved by a 37-3 vote. The Senate also adopted the emergency preamble and passed H. 5470, the FY26 supplemental appropriations bill, and later enacted local bills including Berkeley recall authority, a Milton school deadline extension, a Lexington parkland exchange, and long-term municipal roads and bridges financing.
Near the end of the session, the Senate recognized guests from the Caribbean diplomatic corps and the Authentic Caribbean Foundation, who spoke about Caribbean American Heritage Month and partnership agreements with Massachusetts. The chamber then concurred in a House amendment to Senate No. 2563, a bill updating disability-related terminology in the general laws, with senators emphasizing the importance of person-first language and dignity for people with disabilities. The Senate adopted the emergency preamble and enacted the bill. The session concluded with an adjournment order to meet again the following Monday and with adjournment in memory of Richard Louis Volpe of Sturbridge.
FL
Florida 2025 Regular Session
Fiscal Policy Mar 27th, 2025
OK
Transcript Highlights:
- state board department of Education finds the school District noncompliant, then they receive a 5% reduction
- I mean, almost every kid you see, the plastic bags lined up at the door.
Bills:
SB1632, SB1594, SB2045, SB1251, SB1884, SB1250, SB1630, SB1262, SB1374, SB1292, SB1432, SB1199, SB1790, SB1481, SB1614, SB1734, SB1437, SB1489, SB1718, SB1778
Keywords:
career readiness, education reform, high school assessments, workplace skills, state education, credentialing, teacher certification, principal requirements, education administration, special education, Oklahoma education law, SB2045, Grow Your Own Educator Program, teacher recruitment, teacher retention, alternative certification, alternative teacher certification, teacher preparation, tuition reimbursement, course fee reimbursement
NM
New Mexico 2026 Regular Session
House - Health and Human Services Feb 4th, 2026 at 08:36 am
House Health & Human Services
NM
Transcript Highlights:
- Their brains are much more plastic; they're not matured, and we're trying to give them a way to get back
- In communities that are more populated, and there's no reduction in the number of judges or court staff
MN
Transcript Highlights:
- Um, they sell a very modest white plastic bassinet for $14,000, which is $1,739, but they also have a
- Um, they sell a very modest white plastic bassinet for $14,000, which is $1,739, but they also have a
- Refunds and tax reductions would be limited to taxpayers’ liability for tax.
- offset the cost of ontime tax reductions offset the cost of ontime tax reductions refunds<01:10:
- ><01:10:20.320>
be refunds and tax reductions would be refunds and tax reductions would be limited
AL
Transcript Highlights:
- things these are not yeah the problem is things these are not yeah the problem is the the little plastic
- ones that you see the the little plastic ones that you see the the little plastic ones that you see
- ones that they so the little plastic ones that they so the little plastic ones that they have you have
- I have a that you know when I leave home I have a that you know when I leave home I have a little plastic
- bag and in that plastic little plastic bag and in that plastic little plastic bag and in that plastic
Keywords:
teacher compensation, education funding, public school educators, teacher retention, teacher designation, lottery, gambling, internet gaming, mobile application, criminal offenses, aquifer, water management, Edwards Aquifer, sustainability, regulatory framework, SB 565, Texas Water Code, TCEQ, Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, compliance agreement
FL
Florida 2025 Regular Session
October 15, 2025 - 11:30 AM
Transcript Highlights:
- Neurosurgical Society, Florida Society of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Florida Society of Plastic
- Surgeons, Florida Society of Plastic and Cardiovascular Surgeons, Large Strategy, and National Lipid
Summary:
The Civil Justice and Claims Subcommittee considered one bill, HB 603, which would repeal section 768.21(8), the Florida medical negligence wrongful death exception often referred to by supporters as the “Free Kill” law. The sponsor argued the current statute unfairly bars certain families—especially adult children or parents of unmarried adults without minor children—from recovering non-economic damages when a loved one dies from medical negligence, while such damages are available in other wrongful death cases. Supporters, including family members, AARP, and some legal advocates, testified that the law is discriminatory and denies equal access to justice for grieving families and vulnerable adults.
Opponents, including physicians, hospital and insurer representatives, and business groups, argued that repeal would increase malpractice exposure, raise premiums, worsen access to care, and accelerate physician retirements or departures from Florida. Several urged that if the bill moves forward, it should be paired with caps on non-economic damages to balance the impact on the health care system. Supporters countered that negligence must still be proven, that the law creates unequal treatment, and that existing tort reforms have not lowered premiums. The sponsor closed by rejecting claims that the bill is “jackpot justice” and emphasizing that families deserve court access and accountability.
After debate, the committee voted on HB 603 and passed it 16-2. The meeting then adjourned.
CA
California 2025-2026 Regular Session
Assembly Business and Professions Committee Apr 1st, 2025
Transcript Highlights:
- California chapter of the American College of Emergency Physicians and the California Society of Plastic
- California chapter of the American College of Emergency Physicians and the California Society of Plastic
Summary:
The Assembly Business and Professions Committee held its first regular bill hearing of 2025 and considered a wide range of measures on health care access, professional regulation, animal welfare, and consumer protection. Early in the hearing, the committee adopted its rules and then approved a consent calendar of several bills, including measures by Chen, Caloza, Carrillo, Arreguín, Berman, and Flora. The committee also took up AB 1082, which would allow California nursing students enrolled in out-of-state programs to complete clinical training in California; supporters said it would help address the nursing shortage and keep students closer to home, while opponents warned it could worsen already limited clinical placement capacity and reduce oversight. The bill passed on a do pass recommendation to Appropriations after a quorum was established.
The committee then heard and advanced several health-related bills. AB 50, by Assembly Member Bonta, would ease Medi-Cal access to over-the-counter hormonal contraception by removing the need for a prescription for coverage purposes; pharmacists, reproductive health advocates, and medical groups supported the bill, and it passed unanimously to the Committee on Health. AB 489, also by Bonta, would prohibit AI systems from misrepresenting themselves as licensed health professionals; supporters from medical, psychiatric, behavioral health, and other professional groups said the bill would protect patients from misleading chatbot advice, and it passed to Privacy and Consumer Protection. AB 481, by Assembly Member Rubio, would expand the tasks that federally qualified lab personnel can perform under CLIA supervision to help address lab staffing shortages; labor groups raised concerns about training, certification, and supervision, but the bill passed to Appropriations with an amended do pass recommendation.
The committee also considered animal welfare and access-to-care measures. AB 631, by Assembly Member Lee, would require animal shelters to post intake and outcome data online; supporters said the reporting would improve policy and resource allocation, while members discussed how the requirement would work for shelters without websites, and the bill passed to Appropriations. AB 867, also by Lee, would prohibit cat declawing except when medically necessary for the animal; animal welfare groups strongly supported the bill, while the veterinary association opposed it as an improper legislative regulation of veterinary surgery, and the bill passed to Appropriations. Finally, AB 1307 would create a pilot program allowing a limited number of qualified dentists trained in Mexico to practice in underserved California areas; supporters framed it as a cost-neutral way to address major dental access gaps, the California Dental Association remained opposed unless amended, and the bill passed to Appropriations. Several members later added their votes on the various items after the hearing, and the committee kept the hearing open briefly to allow additional add-ons.
FL
Florida 2025 Regular Session
March 20, 2025 - 11:30 AM
Transcript Highlights:
- about strawberry farmers with their tractors and their row implements and their seeders and their plastic
- about strawberry farmers with their tractors and their row implements and their seeders and their plastic
Summary:
The Ways and Means Committee met on March 20, 2025, and first approved HB 4025, creating the Duke Farm Stewardship District in Lee County, on a 17-0 vote. The committee then advanced HJR 1215, which proposes a constitutional amendment to exempt agricultural tangible personal property from property tax, after extended debate about the fiscal impact on counties, especially rural and fiscally constrained ones; it passed 16-1. HB 411 also passed unanimously after an amendment, extending affordable housing tax exemption treatment to certain nonprofit projects on leased land, including Habitat for Humanity projects. The committee likewise approved CS/HB 669, allowing local governments to purchase certain unrated bonds, and CS/HB 4017, codifying the Vermont Drainage District charter in Charlotte County, both without opposition.
The committee also approved HJR 1039, which would let the Legislature prevent assessed-value increases for homestead properties that are improved to mitigate flood damage, and the related implementing bill HB 1041; both passed 17-0. Public testimony on these items included some opposition to the flood-related amendment, but no floor debate changed the outcome. The final major item was CS/HB 1221 by Rep. Miller, which would require local option taxes to be renewed by voter referendum every eight years, with longer terms allowed for bonded projects. That bill drew the most extensive testimony and debate, with counties, tourism groups, and local officials warning about impacts on tourism funding, infrastructure, schools, and public safety, while supporters argued for taxpayer accountability and periodic review. After debate, the committee reported the bill favorably on a 13-4 vote.
NH
Transcript Highlights:
- <00:18:32.160>
that Um when you mentioned the reduction that Um when you mentioned the reduction - uh reduction in health costs. uh reduction in health costs.
- <02:46:14.479>
in <02:46:14.640>salt years due to reductions in salt years due to reductions - <03:16:04.080>
That's <03:16:04.319>another landfill plastic bottles. - That's another landfill plastic bottles. That's another issue. issue. issue.
NH
New Hampshire 2026 Regular Session
House Science, Technology and Energy (01/14/2026)
Science, Technology and Energy
Transcript Highlights:
- act that um uh for reduction act that um uh for implementation<01:37:37.679>
of <01:37:38.239> - So, the<03:17:18.080>
Defense <03:17:18.479>Threat <03:17:18.880>Reduction <03:17 - Reduction Agency or DIRT,<03:17:20.880>
Idaho <03:17:21.439>National <03:17:21.760> - And that's the other big hail reduction.
- to weather modification, and that is primarily through hail reduction.