Transcript Highlights:

• You hire an attorney.
• Injury compensation program, there are very few attorneys nationwide who are trained.
• no no we we pick we've got we've got an in-house attorney.
• No no no I'm the attorney. Well we have an in-house attorney.
• No I'm the attorney and that in-house attorney hasn't even talked with this person. we're going to a

Bills: HB 3772, HB 1656, HB 4504, HB 1896, HB 4420, HB 4421, HB 4076, HB 3708, HB 2806, HB 3540, HB 1586, HB 5459, HB 4553, HB 4535, HB 3811, HB 3749, HB 4255, HB 4051, HB 5098, HB 3554, HB 4539, HB 5274

Keywords: e-cigarettes, health and safety, regulations, directory, penalties, regulation, certification, compliance, manufacturers, FDA, nicotine, mental health, emergency detention, paramedic authority, mental illness, healthcare facility, public health, covenants not to compete, health care practitioners, physicians

Transcript Highlights:

• Speaker, representing New Hampshire state law enforcement, the Attorney General John Formella and Colonel
• He saw potential in me at a young age and provided me the opportunity to serve as attorney general.
• attorney attorney general<00:54:14.079><c> but</c><00:54:14.280><c> unfortunately</c><00:54:15.040><
• I've spent my life in public service, first as a murder prosecutor, later as attorney general, U.S. attorney
• </c> taxpayers as a former Attorney taxpayers as a former Attorney General<01:20:12.080><c> it's</c><

Keywords: 1189, house, all

Transcript Highlights:

• for retainers just money to my attorney for retainers just trying<00:20:59.040><c> to</c><00:20:59.160
• As an attorney, I feel attacked personally, professionally, in every way imaginable.
• As an attorney, I feel attacked personally, professionally, in every way imaginable.
• As an attorney, I feel attacked personally, professionally, in every way imaginable.
• As an attorney, I feel attacked personally, professionally, in every way imaginable.

Keywords: 1183, house

Transcript Highlights:

• </c> deliberations or attorney-client deliberations or attorney-client privileged<00:10:02.040><c> communications
• working on a case, that's why they have attorney-client privilege, right?
• </c><00:26:25.600><c> uh,</c> for instance, if you're an attorney uh, for instance, if you're an attorney
• </c><00:26:28.520><c> So,</c> attorney-client privilege, right?
• So, attorney-client privilege, right?

Keywords: Meeting Start 00:00 Attendance Roll Call 02:25 SB 100 Discussion 02:59 SB 100 Roll Call Vote 31:10 SJR 134 Discussion 32:41 SJR 134 Roll Call Vote 33:43 SB 222 Discussion 34:43 SB 222 Roll Call Vote 39:55, 958, all

Transcript Highlights:

• We have the Attorney General's office online offering comments or in the room. Good morning.
• Deputy Attorney General Chris Han with comments on the bill.
• </c><00:04:23.400><c> General's</c><00:04:23.960><c> office</c> we have the Attorney General's office
• My name is Emma Olen, and I'm an enforcement attorney with OCP. OCP offers comment on this bill.
• </c><00:37:36.440><c> General's</c> testimony from the Attorney General's testimony from the Attorney

Keywords: 912, senate, all

Summary: The Senate Commerce and Consumer Protection Committee held its first hearing of the 2025 session and reviewed several measures. SB 102 would restrict third-party restaurant reservation services from listing or selling reservations without a written agreement from the restaurant; the Attorney General recommended amendments to strengthen the bill against First Amendment and Contracts Clause challenges, and the Hawaii Restaurant Association strongly supported it, saying restaurants should control who represents them. The committee also heard SB 137 on electric utility mergers and acquisitions, with support from Ulupono Initiative and IBW Local 1260. Supporters said the bill would preserve state policy protections, including renewable energy and rate-making goals, and protect workers; IBW also suggested amendments, including a severability clause. The committee discussed a possible alternative approach from the PUC involving solicitation of bids from non-investor-owned utilities, and Ulupono said it would consider that idea but was concerned about preserving time for co-op formation. Members then heard SB 142, which would require insurers paying claims by check to send them by certified mail with restricted delivery and return receipt. The Insurance Division stood on its written testimony, while the Hawaiian Insurers Council, State Farm, NAMIC, and the American Property Casualty Insurance Association opposed the bill. A senator questioned whether the measure was too prescriptive and could create problems for claimants displaced by disasters; the response was that insurers and claimants usually remain in contact and that other payment methods may already be available depending on the carrier. SB 157 would ban algorithmic price setting in Hawaii’s rental market and require a public education program; the committee noted written testimony in support and comment, but no oral testimony was taken before moving on. SB 158 would create a state-owned bank implementation board within DCCA; DCCA’s financial institutions division, the Budget and Finance Department, and the Legislative Reference Bureau submitted comments, while the Hawaii Bankers Association opposed and the Hawaii Credit Union League commented. The committee also heard SB 318, which would require DCCA to adopt privacy rules for direct-to-consumer genetic testing and specify whether genetic information may be used for investigative genetic genealogy. The Office of Consumer Protection and Andrew Crossland opposed the bill, saying federal law and existing state protections already cover much of the area and that rulemaking would be a better way to address it; members raised concerns about federal changes and the need for state protections, but OCP said the bill was not the best approach. SB 332 would prohibit bundling foreclosed homes at public sale and delay finality of sales; L. Strong and written testimony supported it, citing Lahaina’s post-fire foreclosure risks and warning of investors profiting from the disaster. The final measure, SB 525, would require written notice and consent before mortuaries, cemeteries, or pre-need funeral authorities sell or recycle precious metals recovered after cremation. DCCA’s consumer protection and licensing divisions offered comments, while the Hawaii Funeral and Cemetery Association opposed the bill, saying it was surprised by the measure and was unaware of current consumer problems in the industry.

Transcript Highlights:

• This bill allows a district or county attorney to request civil intervention if specific criteria are
• This bill allows a district or county attorney to request civil intervention if specific criteria are
• There's a lot of attorneys involved in this process, as you can imagine.
• All opposed, no. attorneys involved in this process as attorneys involved in this process as you<00:41
• ,</c> Um specifically around county attorney, Um specifically around county attorney, competency<00:47

Keywords: 981, all

Transcript Highlights:

• First up, we have the Attorney General's Office offering comments. >> Good morning.
• I'm Deputy Attorney General Jungman Charles Lee for the Department of the Attorney General.
• Maybe Attorney General. [clears throat] &gt;&gt; We might have it.
• Maybe attorney actually. Maybe it's ACL. Maybe attorney attorney<00:13:10.959><c> general.
• Election Commission as an attorney and Election Commission as an attorney and now<00:15:29.519><c> with

Bills: SB2004, SB2039, SB2042, SB2043, SB2044, SB2132

Keywords: outdoor advertising, billboards, public safety, penalties, community pollution, elections, campaign finance, business entities, political activity, regulation, liability, non-natural persons, insurance, captives, examination, regulations, policyholders, dormant captive, tax exemption, Hawaii revised statutes

Summary: The Senate Commerce and Consumer Protection Committee opened its first hearing of the year with remarks from Chair Jared Kohole outlining hearing procedures, a two-minute testimony limit, rules for remote testimony and decorum, and a revised testimony-publication pilot that keeps 96-hour notice but returns to a standard 24-hour testimony deadline. He then moved through the agenda, beginning with SB 2004 on outdoor advertising, which would increase penalties for violations of billboard and outdoor advertising laws. Testimony on that measure was limited; Henry Curtis of Life of the Land was first up, and written support was noted from Hawaiian Electric and the Outdoor Circle. The committee then heard SB 2039 on election campaign finance, which would prohibit certain business entities from engaging in campaign finance activities. The Attorney General’s office offered comments and did not take a formal position at the hearing. Several proponents testified in support, including Josh Frost, Tom Moore of the Center for American Progress, Hapa/Hawaii Alliance for Progressive Action, and Common Cause Hawaiʻi, all arguing the bill would curb corporate and dark-money influence and return elections to the people. Moore distinguished between regulating corporate “rights” and limiting corporate “powers,” and said the state can redefine the powers it grants corporations. In questions, Senator McKelvey asked whether the bill could be expanded to include unions; the Attorney General said he would need to get back with legal analysis, while Moore said his preferred approach would include all entities and that leaving out nonprofits or unions would create problems. Members also discussed whether the bill would affect PACs, and Moore explained that the proposal would prohibit corporate and dark-money flows into PACs while leaving individual political giving and existing political committees in place. The committee then moved on to the next measure. SB 2042, relating to insurance, was heard next. The bill would reduce the unimpaired minimum capital and surplus required of class 4 sponsored captive insurance companies under certain circumstances. The DCCA Insurance Division said it stood on its written testimony, and the Hawaii Captive Insurance Council testified in support, describing the change as a narrow, risk-based adjustment that would not affect the commissioner’s authority where actual risk resides and would help keep Hawaii competitive. The committee noted additional written support and proceeded without a vote or final action in the portion of the hearing provided.

Transcript Highlights:

• First to testify on this measure, we have Emma Olsen, enforcement attorney for the Office of Consumer
• You know, an attorney is not going to take it for, I don't know, more than $5,000 as a retainer fee.
• </c><00:25:28.080><c> You</c> attorney for something under $5,000.
• You attorney for something under $5,000.
• Judges make far less than attorneys in private practice already.

Keywords: 910, house, all

Transcript Highlights:

• I don't know how attorneys reconcile what law.
• an attorney.
• I happened to end up with the same attorney.
• I chose my attorney and ended up on the opposite end of the same attorney for both journeys, and so my
• That history is why I became a family-building attorney.

Keywords: 1185, senate, all

Transcript Highlights:

• attorneys fees that place<00:05:13.360><c> their</c><00:05:13.600><c> homes</c><00:05:13.840><c> in<
• Our attorney found the evidence to sustain our client’s story and sent that to the HOA’s attorney.
• </c><00:19:11.120><c> fee</c> no protection against attorney fee no protection against attorney fee escalation
• I'm an attorney, a partner at Jacobson.
• </c> foreclosures and filed an attorney foreclosures and filed an attorney general<00:43:05.599><c> complaint

Keywords: 1183, house

Transcript Highlights:

• Next up is the Attorney General's office.
• Deputy Attorney General Elise Amia appears on behalf of the Attorney General's office and thanks the
• </c><00:03:01.120><c> general</c> the committee Deputy attorney general the committee Deputy attorney
• Deputy Attorney General Christopher Han, with comments on the bill.
• I'm a deputy attorney general with the Criminal Justice Division of the Department of the Attorney General

Keywords: 912, senate, all

Summary: The committee heard several measures on agriculture, energy, stadium governance, and hotel consumer protections. On SB 448 relating to agriculture, Agra Business Development Corporation and the Hawaii Farm Bureau testified in support of a proposed conservation easement acquisition in Central Oahu; the chair asked follow-up questions about the exact location, cost, and agricultural potential of the land, and the witness said the parcel had good soil and water and was former pineapple land, with cost still to be provided. On SB 827 relating to meat processing, the Department of Economic Development and Tourism said the state needs more meat-processing capacity and that any grant program should complement, not compete with, existing efforts; the Attorney General’s office warned the bill lacked legally sufficient standards for grants of public money under the state constitution and offered draft standards. Several industry and chamber witnesses supported the measure, while discussion focused on the need for brick-and-mortar or modular facilities, infrastructure costs, federal inspection needs, and access for hunters and neighbor islands. The committee then took up SB 1269 relating to geothermal resources, which drew broad support from county officials, energy consultants, utility representatives, and community advocates, with one witness opposing it. Supporters described geothermal as a viable, indigenous, firm baseload energy source that could help reduce Hawaii’s high electricity costs and support clean energy goals; one witness emphasized prior work in New Zealand and another urged the state to move forward with exploration. A DBEDT representative explained that the department is coordinating geothermal-related work with the Hawaii Technology Development Corp., the University of Hawaii, and the Hawaii State Energy Office, noting a prior $3 million appropriation, phase-one community engagement work, and plans to seek a contractor for geoscience and exploration in phase two. Members pressed DBEDT to explain how this bill fits with other geothermal measures moving through different committees, and the chair asked the department to review SB 993 and better coordinate the package of geothermal bills. On SB 1337 relating to the Stadium Authority, the stadium manager testified in support of clarifying quorum rules, explaining that the authority currently has eight seated voting members out of nine possible voting seats and that the bill would help ensure voting members are counted for quorum; he said meetings have not been delayed. Finally, on SB 883 relating to hotels, the Attorney General’s office raised First Amendment and contract-law concerns and recommended adding a purpose statement and a non-impairment savings clause. Unite Here Local 5 and other supporters said guests should be notified of hotel service disruptions such as construction, closures, or labor disputes, while opponents questioned who would enforce the law, what penalties would apply, and whether the measure could require hotels to pay damages even without a complaint. No votes or final committee actions were taken in the portion of the hearing provided.

Transcript Highlights:

• Attorney Brown, the attorneys really have nuanced this stuff. The attorneys did or the legislature?
• Attorney Brown, the attorneys really have nuanced this stuff. The attorneys did or the legislature?
• Attorney Brown, the attorneys really have nuanced this stuff. The attorneys did or the legislature?
• Attorney Brown, the attorneys really have nuanced this stuff. The attorneys did or the legislature?
• ><c> really</c> Attorney Brown, the attorneys really Attorney Brown, the attorneys really have<01:38:

Keywords: 1189, house, all

Summary: The commission on the costing of special education met to review several documents and updates, including draft materials on residential placements, an LBA dispute resolution report, prior minutes, rate-setting rules, and a letter involving Senator Hassan. The minutes from March 16 were approved by motion, second, and one abstention. Members also received an update that the LBA special education performance audit is still pending; the report is expected to be very large, NHED and the Board of Education must review and comment before release, and it likely will not be available until late summer or early fall. The separate EFA audit was also noted as still unreleased, and members said they may return later to issues involving EFA costing and differentiated aid. A major focus was HB 1099, which would create a committee to study the cost and liability of providing educational services to students placed in residential facilities. The chair explained that the House version had passed unanimously and the bill was headed to a committee of conference. Members discussed a proposed amendment to add the phrase “including but not limited to” so the study would cover not only court-ordered or treatment-related placements but also other residential placements, including those tied to school district decisions. Some members said this was a substantial expansion, while others said it would simply give the committee broader latitude. Jason Stock of the Winnisquam Regional School Board described how the issue arose during budget work at Winnisquam, where the district was trying to determine who should pay for educational services for students living at Spaulding Youth Center in Northfield. He said the district had 10 students attending Winnisquam, including three foster students and seven students connected to Spaulding, and that Spaulding-specific invoicing for 2024-2025 totaled $141,417.05 for eight students. Members also discussed rising private placement tuition costs and the difficulty of determining residency and fiscal responsibility for students placed in residential settings. Department counsel explained that under RSA 193:27 and 193:28, children placed in a home for children may attend the local district school, and that special education cost responsibility depends on whether the student is identified as disabled and on the nature of the placement. Spaulding representatives had not yet presented by the end of the excerpt, and the committee was still working through the residency and funding questions.

Transcript Highlights:

• , attorneys, attorneys, many<02:57:05.439><c> of</c><02:57:05.600><c> which</c><02:57:05.840><c> are<
• </c> not enough attorneys in the state. not enough attorneys in the state.
• So we have if we don't have the attorneys, attorneys, attorneys, and<03:31:23.040><c> I'm</c><03:31:23.760
• We have great attorneys, very talented attorneys.
• We have great attorneys, very<03:51:17.840><c> talented</c><03:51:18.239><c> attorneys.

Keywords: 916, all

Transcript Highlights:

• </c><00:16:42.360><c> General</c> act relating to Attorney General act relating to Attorney General investigations
• </c> H.171, an act relating to Attorney H.171, an act relating to Attorney General<00:16:55.440><c> investigations
• </c><01:02:39.200><c> at</c><01:02:39.320><c> the</c> uh Legislative Attorney at the uh Legislative Attorney
• ><01:02:40.600><c> and</c> Department of State's Attorneys and Department of State's Attorneys and Sheriffs
• </c><01:15:20.280><c> General,</c> information with the Attorney General, information with the Attorney

Keywords: 926, house, all

Transcript Highlights:

• I'm Deputy Attorney General Miranda Ste.
• The Attorney General just has a brief comment on this bill.
• I'm Deputy Attorney General Miranda Ste.
• first up for the Attorney General.
• attorney attorney general general general um<00:42:23.839><c> do</c><00:42:24.079><c> we</c><00:42:24.440

Keywords: 910, house, all

Summary: The committee heard testimony on several agriculture, water, invasive species, and land-use bills. HB 299 and HB 1220, both relating to invasive species, drew broad support from the Hawaii Invasive Species Council, DLNR, the Department of Agriculture, C-GAPS, Sierra Club, Hawaii Farm Bureau, Hawaii Farmers Union, and others. Testifiers said HISC funding fills gaps between agency mandates, supports research and technology, and helps respond to both terrestrial and marine invasive threats. On HB 1220, C-GAPS described a marine anemone infestation in Kāneʻohe linked to aquarium release and said control and restoration would be difficult without the bill’s funding. A committee member asked for tracking information on the species, and the Division of Aquatic Resources said it maintains monitoring data and annual reports. No opposition was noted on either measure. HB 506, relating to conservation enforcement, also received support from DLNR and Malama Pu‘u Ma. Committee discussion focused on the bill’s scope and how the funding would be used. Members asked about a prior boat purchase mentioned in opposition testimony and about whether mainland vendors were being used; the department said it did not buy that boat and that procurement follows the normal state process, with total bid price including delivery, taxes, and other fees. The department explained that the bill’s funding is primarily for marine enforcement work in nearshore fisheries, including herbivore protection around O‘ahu. HB 915, relating to water use, had mixed testimony. DLNR supported alternative water sources and amendments to the water code, while the Department of Agriculture opposed the bill as drafted, saying its irrigation program is designed for non-potable agricultural use and is not structured for residential or mixed-use development. The Department of Health said it needed more information on its reuse guidelines and noted concern about removing the recycled water manager requirement, which it said helps ensure safe operation and maintenance of reuse systems. Members questioned the bill’s preemption language and whether county or state rules would be displaced, and Agriculture suggested county water agencies might be better suited for some of the proposed uses. HB 502, concerning land use, drew support from the Attorney General’s office, the Land Use Commission, Hawaii Realtors, Hawaii Farm Bureau, and Hawaii Farmers Union, with the Department of Agriculture standing on its written testimony. The Attorney General warned that allowing important agricultural lands to be redistricted through a declaratory ruling process could conflict with the state constitution and recommended excluding IAL from the bill. The Land Use Commission said it has an inventory of IAL lands and did not believe the bill would affect them, and it agreed to the suggested protection. Supporters said the bill could help move lands with limited agricultural value into the rural district, reduce pressure on productive farmland, and better align land use with actual farming potential. HB 929, relating to the agricultural land conveyance tax, received comments from the Department of Taxation and opposition from Hawaii Farm Bureau and Hawaii Realtors; Farm Bureau said it supports preserving agricultural land but was concerned about unintended consequences and questioned whether speculative flipping of ag land is a current problem.

Transcript Highlights:

• Senate Bill 333 transfers administration of that program to the Office of the Attorney General.
• </c><00:48:55.520><c> From</c><00:48:55.760><c> a</c> Office of the Attorney General.
• From a Office of the Attorney General.
• Since launching the Attorney General's body armor grant program in July of '24, they've delivered more
• Since launching the Attorney General's body armor grant program in July of '24, they've delivered more

Keywords: 958, all

Transcript Highlights:

• I'm not an attorney but that's a non attorney's attorney but that's a non attorney's attorney but that's
• Whenever the attorney general has reason to believe attorney general has reason to believe attorney general
• The attorney general may seek the revocation attorney general may seek the revocation attorney general
• Section nine, the attorney general shall adopt rules attorney general shall adopt rules attorney general
• fees, and court attorney fees, and court attorney fees, and court costs.

Keywords: 920, all

Transcript Highlights:

• My office. was informed that such districts without broadband access send physical mail to the Attorney
• However, another stakeholder informed me that communications with the Attorney General's Office is. completely
• So I've got my attorney, legal assistant, bookkeeper, engineer...
• I think there could be some blending. there, but it's far easier for a district that meets at an attorney
• can be posted to you know a Facebook page or a YouTube most districts are I will tell you that the attorney

Bills: HB279, HB310, HB365, HB391, HB420, HB422, HB638, HB279, HB310

Keywords: HB 279, uranium mining, uranium permit, production area authorization, production zone, Texas Water Code, TCEQ, Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, contested case hearing, administrative hearing, groundwater restoration, groundwater baseline, water quality, mining permit, restoration values, natural resources, environmental regulation, in-situ uranium mining, permit amendment, public hearing

Transcript Highlights:

• I'm an attorney for the State Board of Home Inspectors.
• I'm the attorney for the State Board of Home Inspectors.
• Related to property claims, 24 years of experience as an insurance attorney handling property claims.
• I never really—I've never dealt with a public adjuster or attorneys when it came into insurance work
• Representative McCormick, and let me say, as a former practicing attorney, there were attorneys in the

Summary: The committee first heard House Bill 267, which would change the membership rules for the Louisiana State Board of Home Inspectors by adjusting appointment qualifications, term limits, and nomination procedures. Vice Chair Thomas explained the bill was meant to address the lack of nominations from existing entities and to allow the governor more flexibility, especially in smaller districts. After adopting a technical amendment, the committee reported HB 267 favorably. The committee then considered House Bill 478 on utility overcharge reimbursements. The bill, as amended, requires utilities to clearly label reimbursements on customer bills and sets a deadline for issuing refunds. After discussion with the Public Service Commission and utility representatives, the committee changed the reimbursement timeline from 45 days to 90 days and clarified that the bill would not interfere with larger settlement or regulatory credits. HB 478 was then reported favorably as amended. The longest discussion centered on House Bill 924, a consumer protection measure aimed at contractors who solicit residential property owners after declared disasters. The author said the bill was intended to curb predatory storm-chasing and fraudulent insurance-related practices, while still allowing emergency mitigation work. The committee adopted technical amendments and then a conceptual amendment shortening the catastrophe response period from six months to 30 days. Testimony was split: the Insurance Commissioner and some roofing industry witnesses supported the bill as a way to deter fraud, while other contractors argued it would hurt small businesses, limit legitimate door-to-door work, and not solve enforcement problems. The bill remained under consideration after extensive testimony and public comment.

Transcript Highlights:

• We do know that the Attorney General has requested additional funds.
• We do know that the Attorney General has requested additional funds.
• We do know that the Attorney General has requested additional funds.
• We do know that the Attorney General has requested additional funds.
• We do know that the Attorney General has requested additional funds.

Bills: SB2580, SB2578, SB2259, SB3084, SB2816, SB2928, SB2075, SB3322, SB2377, SB2436, SB2835, SB3248

Keywords: SB2580, Hawaii film tax credit, motion picture tax credit, digital media credit, film production incentive, income tax credit, general excise tax exemption, DBEDT, DOTAX, local hires, local workforce, film industry, movie production, television production, streaming platform, streaming series, loan-out companies, motion picture project employer, qualified production, qualified production costs

Summary: The committee opened by reviewing hearing procedures and then took up SB 2580, which concerns Hawaii’s film production tax credit and related incentives. Testimony was strongly supportive overall, with witnesses saying the measure would help attract productions, extend the sunset date, include streaming platforms, and strengthen the state’s competitiveness. Several supporters asked for cleanup language on grant administration, tax credit management, local-hire uplifts, and limits on third-party audit requirements for smaller productions. The state film office said the bill was generally strong but suggested clarifying language and noted that DBEDT and DOTAX already provide oversight of the current credit. No vote was taken in the transcript, but the bill drew broad support with a few comments and one opposition noted later in the hearing. The committee then heard SB 2578 SD1, a measure to create a film commission and related grant structure. Testifiers said the proposal would formalize industry input, improve accountability, and help the state compete globally, but they also raised concerns about how a new grant program would interact with the existing tax credit system. The film office said the grant program and tax credit should be separated operationally, that the advisory structure should include industry voices and possibly union representation, and that county film commissioner language may need technical adjustment. A testifier also suggested a Hawaii film museum and related tourism opportunities. The measure was described as having 42 supporters, one opposition, and five comments, with no final action shown. The committee next considered SB 2259, a dementia training measure. Supporters, including the bill’s drafter and the Alzheimer’s Association, described personal caregiving experiences and said free dementia training could help workers and families. Suggested amendments focused on clarifying the relationship between EOA and DBED and allowing retraining every two years because of workforce turnover. DBED said the bill is worthwhile but is not really an economic development initiative, and it should align with existing dementia programs and be easy for businesses to use, preferably online. The committee then moved to SB 3084 SD1, which HTDC said would expand its R&D matching program beyond SBIR to other federal research grants because of uncertainty at the federal level; the transcript ends as testimony begins, with no vote or final action recorded.