Video & Transcript Research : 'affirmative action'

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TX

Texas 89th Regular

Criminal Jurisprudence May 20th, 2025

Criminal Jurisprudence

Transcript Highlights:
  • And your affirmation shows that you are joyful.
  • The chair calls Lauren Lawrence, and your affirmation, Ms.
  • And your affirmation shows you're Brady Mills on behalf of Texas DPS Crime Laboratory.
  • And one other housekeeping measure, I show two affirmations recorded twice.
  • OK, so your affirmation shows that you are Jocelyn Huynh.
FL

Florida 2026 Regular Session

Commerce and Tourism Jan 21st, 2026

Commerce and Tourism

Transcript Highlights:
  • Private cause of action is expressly stated in the bill.
  • Unauthorized use of someone’s likeness has been actionable since 1967.
  • Please show me in the affirmative on tab 9. Thank you. Anyone else? Senator Wright.
  • I would like to be recorded in the affirmative for tab 9, tab 10, and tab 4. Anyone else?
  • Please show me in the affirmative on tab 9. Thank you. Anyone else? Senator Wright.
Summary: The Committee on Commerce and Tourism heard and advanced several bills focused on economic development, consumer protection, workforce issues, and technology. SB 1076 would raise Florida’s research and development tax credit cap from $9 million to $50 million beginning with the 2027 allocation, and it was reported favorably. SB 1266, as amended, creates a cybersecurity experiential internship and clearance-readiness program with Cyber Florida and was also reported favorably. SB 554, a Florida Bar-backed update to the not-for-profit corporations statute, was approved without opposition. SB 1004, aimed at protecting buyers of dogs and cats from deceptive sales practices and predatory financing at retail pet stores, received supportive testimony from animal welfare advocates and was reported favorably. SB 1074, which sets rounding rules for cash transactions if pennies are unavailable, also passed favorably. The committee also considered SB 998, the Department of Commerce package, which combines updates to the Small Cities CDBG program, clarification of rural community eligibility, an exemption from a reverter clause for military-related land conveyances, and revisions to E-Verify enforcement. The E-Verify portion drew the most debate, with questions about employer cure periods, treatment of current investigations, and whether the bill creates a loophole for independent contractors. Senator Smith opposed the bill, arguing it creates unequal enforcement between employers and immigrant workers, while Senator Wright supported the military-related provisions. SB 998 was reported favorably on a divided vote. SB 214, which expands the rural community definition to include special districts in rural counties, was reported favorably. The committee then took up SB 482, an artificial intelligence consumer-protection bill that creates an “AI bill of rights” covering companion chatbots, parental controls for minors, data privacy, de-identified data, unauthorized use of likeness, and enforcement by the Attorney General, with a limited private cause of action for minors. The bill drew extensive testimony both in support and in opposition, including concerns about privacy, age verification, and enforcement, but it was reported favorably. Finally, the committee approved SPB 7030, a public-records exemption tied to Department of Legal Affairs investigations under the AI bill, and adjourned after members requested to be recorded on certain votes.
AZ

Arizona 2026 Regular Session

02/11/2026 - Senate Regulatory Affairs and Government Efficiency

Regulatory Affairs and Government Efficiency

Transcript Highlights:
  • not in violation of any other state or municipal requirement, law, regulation, or standard if the action
  • we hear testimony saying that we need to wait for the impact of other legislation before we take action
  • 31st, 2026, submit a report of its findings and recommendations for administrative or legislative action
  • So talk to me more about the parks and how they got there because of city action.
  • It repeals the five-year statute of limitations for a quiet title action.
FL

Florida 2026 Regular Session

Judiciary Feb 10th, 2026

Judiciary

Transcript Highlights:
  • and a class action?
  • Every class action is putative.
  • Every class action is putative.
  • action. Okay.
  • By your action, the amendment is adopted.
Summary: The committee first considered SB 1434 on infill redevelopment. A late-filed strike-all amendment narrowed eligibility criteria, including environmental and adjacency requirements, density and intensity limits, and exclusions for certain lands and military areas. The amendment was adopted without opposition, and the bill then passed favorably on an 8-0 vote, with testimony both for and against from advocacy groups. Members then heard several bills related to criminal justice, land use, and local government operations. SB 212 on sexual offenders and sexual predators was amended to add public swimming pools and related restricted-location provisions; the committee heard extensive opposition testimony arguing the bill lacked empirical support and could worsen homelessness and burden families, while supporters said it would reduce temptation and improve safety. The amended bill passed 8-1. SB 686 on agricultural enclaves also received a strike-all amendment clarifying development allowances near interstates and protected-area non-preemption; after opposition from a county Republican committee and support from housing and business groups, it passed 10-0. SB 554 updating nonprofit corporation law, SB 1338 on charitable giving and endowment restrictions, SB 532 on court fee retention by clerks, and SB 218 on land use regulations after hurricanes all passed favorably, each with little or no opposition. The committee also approved SB 692 on cybersecurity standards and liability after debate over whether the bill created enough compliance incentives and whether its liability presumption should apply retroactively; supporters said it would encourage adoption of cybersecurity frameworks, while opponents warned it could weaken local standards and create litigation issues. The bill passed 9-2. SB 1138 on qualified contractors was amended to preserve local government authority while allowing licensed professionals to conduct limited pre-application reviews, and it passed 11-0. Finally, SJR 1104 on religious expression in public schools passed 8-3 after extensive public testimony and debate, with supporters saying it would enshrine existing protections in the Constitution and opponents warning it would favor majority religions and increase bullying and litigation. The committee then took up SB 1106 on requiring state agencies and instructional materials to use “Judea and Samaria” instead of “West Bank,” with the sponsor arguing it reflected historical truth and opponents saying it erased Palestinian identity and inserted the state into an international naming dispute; the transcript ends during public testimony on that bill before any vote is shown.
FL

Florida 2025 Regular Session

Judiciary Mar 12th, 2025

Transcript Highlights:
  • The action on the amendment carries. Back on the bill as amended.
  • It is the same actions in the same radioactive material.
  • Senate Bill 106, affirmative. Affirmative Senate Bill 280. Affirmative on Senate Bill 948.
  • Affirmative Senate Bill 106, affirmative 280, affirmative on 948, affirmative 948. Show as adopted.
  • Affirmative on Senate Bill 948, and affirmative on Senate Bill 498. No objection. This is adopted.
Keywords: 999, senate, all
LA

Louisiana 2026 Regular Session

Health and Welfare May 6th, 2026

Health and Welfare

Transcript Highlights:
  • It's not a private right of action. It's an affirmative defense. This does not lead to litigation.
  • defenses to collection actions.
  • And although an affirmative defense is not a cause of action, it's an affirmative defense.
  • defenses, and although an affirmative defense is not a cause of action, it's an affirmative defense.
  • a notice of correction of action.
FL
Transcript Highlights:
  • And your bill creates new criminal penalties as well as a civil cause of action?
  • Next, we'll hear from Kurt Michelli, speaking for Do No Harm Action. You're recognized.
  • Kurt Michelli with Do No Harm Action.
  • , as well as the lack of support, and what might be... ...under affirmation is increased, as well as
  • I wish to record my vote on SB 560 in the affirmative.
Summary: The Committee on Children, Families, and Elder Affairs considered several bills. SB 590, by Senator Bradley, would toll the statute of limitations for failure to report suspected child abuse by mandatory reporters until the offense is known to law enforcement, with a retroactivity amendment adopted. Supporters said it would help hold mandatory reporters accountable in institutional abuse cases; it was reported favorably. SB 778, by Senator Simon, would update the definition of forensic client so certain individuals with intellectual disabilities or autism whose charges were dismissed for incompetency could be housed in the same secure setting under Chapter 916, reducing duplicative staffing and space needs at APD; it was also reported favorably. The committee then took up SB 560, by Senator Garcia, which streamlines psychotropic medication procedures for children in DCF custody, clarifies when new medical reports are needed, reduces duplicative background checks, and simplifies consent documentation. An amendment removed language expanding who could serve as a qualified evaluator and revised the Road to Independence Program changes to focus only on post-secondary education services and support, extending eligibility ages to 26 while keeping a five-year maximum. Members discussed fiscal impacts and funding sources, and the bill was reported favorably. Finally, the committee heard SB 1010, by Senator Yarbrough, which strengthens enforcement of existing prohibitions on sex-reassignment prescriptions and procedures for minors and adds civil and criminal penalties, along with Attorney General enforcement authority and related parental rights provisions. An amendment clarified that actions could be brought by individuals as well as the Attorney General and that the provisions apply only to minors. The bill drew extensive public testimony both for and against, with supporters emphasizing child protection and accountability and opponents warning about chilling effects on medical care, schools, and parental rights. Senators raised concerns about standing, scope, and impacts on teachers and clinicians, but the bill was ultimately reported favorably on a 5-1 vote, with Senator Sharif voting no.
NM

New Mexico 2026 Regular Session

House - Chamber Meeting Part 2 Feb 12th, 2026 at 12:58 pm

New Mexico House Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • The vote is now closed by a vote of 66 in the affirmative, zero in the negative.
  • The vote is now closed by a vote of 41 in the affirmative, 24 in the negative.
  • The vote is now closed by a vote of 59 in the affirmative, 8 in the negative.
  • The vote is now closed by vote of 42 in the affirmative, 23 in the negative.
  • The vote is now closed by a vote of 52 in the affirmative, 15 in the negative.
FL

Florida 2026 Regular Session

Judiciary Mar 19th, 2025

Judiciary

Transcript Highlights:
  • So the qualifying actions for the designation is brought from five to three.
  • By your action. By your action, the amendment is adopted. We are back on the bill as amended.
  • I voted in the affirmative on tab 7, Senate Bill 248, in the affirmative. Sorry, I had to step out.
  • In the affirmative. Sorry, I had to step out.
  • I voted in the affirmative on all of these.
Summary: The Judiciary Committee considered a long agenda of claims bills, housing and business measures, and court-administration legislation. It reported favorably several claims bills, including SB 20 for J.N., a minor, SB 14 for the estate of Pennial Janvier, SB 10 for Sidney Holmes, SB 8 for Marcus Button, SB 22 for Eric and Jennifer Miles, and SB 26 for Kristen and Leah McIntosh. Members also approved SB 520 on curators of estates, SB 386 on self-storage lien-sale notices, SB 362 on reusable tenant screening reports, SB 316 creating series LLCs in Florida, and SB 1650 and SB 1652 on vexatious litigants and related public-records issues. SB 248, expanding eligibility for private school and homeschool students to participate in FHSAA sports at public schools, also passed after amendment. Most of the claims bills were described as settled cases with amounts above sovereign-immunity limits, and several senators spoke in support of compensating victims of catastrophic injury or wrongful conviction. SB 10 drew comments about the 34 years Sidney Holmes spent incarcerated after a wrongful conviction, and SB 8 prompted discussion about the long delay in resolving Marcus Button’s injuries from a 2006 school-bus crash. SB 26 was presented as an uncontested claim arising from a DACS employee’s fatal crash that severely injured two teenage girls, and the committee adopted an amendment placing funds for the minor claimant into trust. The policy bills drew more substantive debate. SB 386 would let self-storage operators use websites instead of newspaper ads for lien-sale notices, with newspaper representatives opposing the change and storage-industry witnesses supporting modernization and lower costs. SB 362 would let renters reuse tenant screening reports for 30 days, with the sponsor saying it would reduce repeated application fees. SB 316 would authorize series LLCs while adding record-keeping protections, and SB 1650/1652 would broaden Florida’s vexatious-litigant rules and create a public-records exemption for certain stricken filings. SB 248 passed over concerns from private-school and public-education witnesses about instructional time, funding, and fairness in athletic participation. All measures were reported favorably, with recorded votes ranging from 7-2 on SB 248 to unanimous or near-unanimous support on the other bills.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
  • Haven't take any questions, but there's no, uh, no action for questions.
  • No, no further action needs to be taken, correct? That's right.
  • Do you swear or affirm that the testimony you will provide is the truth, the whole of the truth, and
  • Do you swear or affirm that the testimony you will provide is the truth, the whole truth, and nothing
  • Um, so that's the most important one that really needs, needs actions, uh, here.
CA
Transcript Highlights:
  • Recent federal actions have created real and troubling effects on college access.
  • They affirm our responsibility. These designations are not just a symbol of enrollment.
  • They affirm our responsibility to ensure every student has the opportunity to succeed.
  • Immigrant international students as gender affirming care as main targets.
  • The administration has framed many of these actions as the end of woke spending.
Summary: The Assembly Higher Education Committee held an oversight hearing on how federal actions are affecting California higher education, with opening remarks from the chair and members emphasizing the importance of state-federal shared governance and the need to protect access, affordability, and campus diversity. The first panel included leaders from the CSU, University of the Pacific, California Community Colleges, and UC, who described broad impacts from federal grant terminations, changes to student aid, loan limits, visa and immigration policy, and proposed reductions to research support. Testimony focused on the elimination of Grad PLUS loans, caps on Parent PLUS and Pell-related changes, the loss or suspension of hundreds of grants, and the resulting harm to student support services, research, workforce pipelines, food assistance, and health care training. UC and CSU representatives warned of major losses in research funding, indirect cost reimbursement, and student opportunities, while community college leaders highlighted uncertainty around federal grants and the need to maintain services for low-income, first-generation, undocumented, and other vulnerable students. Committee members asked how the state could respond, including through intersegmental partnerships, dual enrollment, transfer pathways, and support for basic needs and nutrition programs. Witnesses said California could help by sustaining financial aid, protecting minority-serving institution programs, and investing in research, housing, and workforce development. Several speakers stressed that federal changes were creating instability for students and campuses, and that the effects would likely be long-lasting, especially in health care, teaching, STEM, and social work pipelines. A second panel then focused on equitable access. The California Student Aid Commission described state efforts such as the $3.9 billion investment in aid programs, the Cal Grant system, the Dream Act, and possible reforms to better serve adult learners, foster youth, undocumented students, and students with dependents. The Los Angeles Community College District reported that federal cuts and policy shifts are discouraging students from applying for aid, threatening TRIO and MSI/HSI-funded services, and reducing support for basic needs, counseling, and workforce programs. The Association of Independent California Colleges and Universities and the CSU Academic Senate echoed concerns about FAFSA confusion, international student restrictions, grant losses, and the erosion of equity-focused programs. No formal votes or legislative actions were taken during the hearing; the committee primarily received testimony and discussed possible state responses.
AZ

Arizona 2026 Regular Session

01/26/2026 - Senate Federalism

Senate Federalism Committee of Reference

Transcript Highlights:
  • And are you aware of what Texas has done with Sharia law, that they've taken specific action to prohibit
  • It simply affirms that in Arizona no one's rights are negotiable and no abuse is excusable.
  • We Determinations based on action, not on the intent of the elector.
  • Congress to uphold the principles of federalism and be proponents of appropriate action, including a
  • I think it's an action in the other room. It's a protest in the other room. Oh. Senate. Aye.
Keywords: 1182, all
MD

Maryland 2026 Regular Session

House Floor Session, 4/13/2026 #3

Maryland House Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • , There being 90 votes in the affirmative, There being 90 votes in the affirmative, House<00:05:04.840
  • There being 129 votes in the affirmative There being 129 votes in the affirmative and<00:10:12.360
  • There being 131 votes in the affirmative There being 131 votes in the affirmative and<00:19:39.800
  • There'll be 135 votes in the affirmative There'll be 135 votes in the affirmative and<00:23:35.560
  • There being 114 votes in the affirmative There being 114 votes in the affirmative and<00:46:42.560>
Summary: The House convened with prayer, quorum call, and a brief visit from Maryland Comptroller Brooke Lierman, who thanked delegates for their work on the budget and legislation. The chamber then handled several conference committee and Senate messages, including House Bill 153 on residential rental apartment air conditioning requirements. The conference report changed the bill from four to 10 units, removed preemption language, and required existing units with air conditioning to keep it; the report was adopted and the bill passed on third reading with 90 affirmative votes. The House also took up a number of Senate bills on third reading. Among those passed were measures on digital asset and blockchain task force establishment, franchise registration and disclosure law changes, professional licensing portability for foreign service members and spouses, medical cannabis protections for fire and rescue employees, workers’ compensation presumptions for Carroll County correctional deputies, speed monitoring systems approval timing, veterans cemeteries interment, motorcycle safety awareness in driver testing, IT investment fund uses, child care credential funding, school bus fire safety standards, local stop-sign monitoring pilot programs, stalking penalties, divorce records under the Public Information Act, local boards of elections qualifications, local sourcing database creation, and mutual insurance holding company conversions. Most passed overwhelmingly, though several drew notable dissent, including Senate Bills 10, 223, 439, 467, 757, 775, and 877. Members used vote-change time to shift positions on several bills, and the floor leader and committee chairs answered questions on the record. On Senate Bill 10, delegates discussed the bill’s “shot clock” for State Highway Administration responses to local speed camera requests; the chair later clarified that if State Highway does not act within 120 days, approval is deemed granted. On Senate Bill 775, the Judiciary chair explained that the bill requires destruction of firearms in gun buyback programs and serial-number checks to identify stolen or evidentiary firearms, with some firearms potentially returned if stolen. The House also adopted a favorable committee report on Senate Bill 949, which the floor leader said mirrors House Bill 1069 and would allow Maryland to count state-level ballots if federal action prevents counting federal ballots. The chamber also handled an amendment and conference committee process on Senate Bill 141 concerning election misinformation, disinformation, and deep fakes, with the House and Senate appointing conferees after each declined to recede. Several bills were passed by large margins, including Senate Bills 46, 68, 85, 314, 371, 426, 480, 512, 654, 808, 968, and 982, while a few had narrower margins such as Senate Bills 443 and 757. No final adjournment or sine die action occurred in the excerpt.
FL

Florida 2026 Regular Session

Appropriations Committee on Higher Education Mar 26th, 2025

Appropriations Committee on Higher Education

Transcript Highlights:
  • Do you swear or affirm that the evidence you are about to give will be the truth, the whole truth, and
  • In the course of a year, this board will take probably a hundred-plus actions.
  • Given that action, I can only assume they all support and endorse his positions and policies.
  • As a trustee, my role is not just to support the vision, but to take action.
  • Ross for confirmation, and I'll be voting in the affirmative. Further debate. Senator Kalata-Yut.
Summary: The committee first heard a confirmation from UCF trustee reappointee Mr. Christie, who described his background in medical devices and prior board service and said he wanted to help UCF strengthen its financial foundation, workforce alignment, and engineering and technology pipeline. Members asked about UCF’s direction, and he emphasized the university’s role in producing engineers and supporting Florida’s space and technology sectors. The committee then moved to the higher education budget for fiscal year 2025-26, which was presented as an $11.5 billion total budget including local funds and focused heavily on workforce education, nursing, agriculture technology, tutoring, student aid, and university initiatives. Chair Harrell highlighted increases for school district workforce education, Florida College System operations, career and technical education grants, the GATE program, nursing education through USF’s Florida Center for Nursing, UF/IFAS rural and agricultural programs, UCF’s Community School Grant Program, UF’s literacy and tutoring initiatives, autism and neurodevelopment services, full funding for major scholarship programs, and $250 million for state universities through the Board of Governors. Senator Davis asked about line grant flexibility, and Harrell said a conforming bill would address the details. The budget proposal was adopted as a recommendation to the full Appropriations Committee, with staff authorized to make technical corrections. The committee then took up a series of confirmations, beginning with Florida State University reappointee Peter Collins, who emphasized his long FSU ties, leadership on the board, and goal of keeping FSU on a path toward top-10 status and AAU membership. Rebecca Matthews, a new University of West Florida appointee, discussed her education-related volunteer work, Florida Education Foundation service, and interest in supporting UWF’s continued excellence; senators questioned her on Title IX and she said she would support student protections and compliance. Rachel Moyah, another UWF appointee, highlighted her education, school board experience, and priorities of student safety, fiscal discipline, and workforce readiness; she also said she would comply with Title IX and other applicable rules. Ashley Ross, also nominated to UWF, said she would focus on university advancement, military ties, cybersecurity, civil engineering, and strong governance, and agreed that Title IX protections should be preserved and advanced. The most extensive questioning came during the confirmation of Adam Kessel, a UWF appointee and Heritage Foundation fellow, who was asked about prior writings on privatizing public universities, his comments about the GI Bill, and his views on free speech and Project 2025. Kessel said he did not recommend privatizing Florida universities, clarified that his comments about the GI Bill and over-enrollment were about broader higher education policy, and said he supports veterans and the GI Bill. He described his higher education work as focused on civic education, accreditation, student success, tenure, and free speech, and said trustees should improve campus culture through policies, training, and institutional neutrality. Public testimony on UWF was sharply divided: former UWF leaders and community members warned that the new slate of trustees and their vote to make Scott Yenor chair had chilled donations, enrollment, and community trust, while a James Madison Institute representative praised Kessel’s scholarship and thoughtful approach. The committee also heard from FAMU reappointment Belvin Perry, who cited his judicial career and board service and said his goal is to support student success, retain strong faculty and staff, and help FAMU continue rising in national standing. Finally, the committee began hearing from remote appointees, including UCF nominee Mark Philburn, who emphasized his construction, affordable housing, and higher education board experience, and FSU nominee Peter Jones, who described his finance and investment background and long service to FSU boards and committees. The last nominee heard before the transcript ended was Florida Gulf Coast appointee Paul Applegarth, whose audio issues delayed his remarks; he began by noting his prior federal confirmation, military service, and GI Bill-supported education.
FL

Florida 2025 Regular Session

Judiciary Mar 19th, 2025

Transcript Highlights:
  • BY ACTION, THE AMENDMENT CARRIES. WE ARE BACK ON THE BILL AS IT CARRIES. AND ANY QUESTIONS?
  • BY YOUR ACTION, THIS AMENDMENT IS ADOPTED. WE'RE BACK ON THE BILL. ANY QUESTIONS?
  • BY YOUR ACTION, THIS AMENDMENT IS ADOPTED WE ARE BACK ON THE BILL AS AMENDED.
  • I VOTED IN THE AFFIRMATIVE ON TAB SEVEN SENATE BILL 248. IN THE AFFIRMATIVE.
  • AGAIN ALL IN AFFIRMATIVE. WITH OUT OBJECTION THIS MOTION IS ADOPTED. ANY OTHERS?
Keywords: 999, senate, all
NY

New York 2025-2026 Regular Session

New York State Senate Session - 01/12/2026

New York Senate Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • Senate Print 8761 Comrie, an act to amend the Real Property Actions and Proceedings Law.
  • President, the law currently stipulates that any early voting site has to be in action ..." THERE.
  • >> SENATOR MAY TO BE RECORDED IN THE AFFIRMATIVE. ANNOUNCE THE RESULT.
  • Senator Fahy to be recorded in the affirmative.
  • Senator Gianaris in the affirmative. Announce the result.
Keywords: 993, senate, all
Summary: The Senate met briefly, approved the prior journal, and then took up a Rules Committee report that advanced a large package of bills, mostly Election Law measures, along with several bills in other subject areas. The chamber then moved through a supplemental and controversial calendar focused primarily on election administration, campaign finance, and voter access. Senators also announced committee meetings and later filed majority committee assignments in the journal. On the supplemental calendar, the Senate passed several Election Law bills. One measure by Senator Gianaris aimed to curb foreign influence in New York elections by restricting foreign-influenced corporations; Senator Walczyk argued it was too narrow and ignored dark money, while Senator Gianaris said it was needed to address foreign meddling. Senator May’s bill creating short-term early voting sites passed after debate over whether pop-up sites would confuse voters or improve access, especially in rural areas; supporters said it would help bring voting closer to where people are, while opponents called it costly and confusing. Senator Myrie’s bill establishing standardized training for elections commissioners also passed, with supporters citing the need for uniform training and opponents calling it an unfunded mandate. On the controversial calendar, the Senate passed Senator Myrie’s bill allowing additional early voting locations and clarifying that a voter’s intent can determine residency for voting purposes, including in some cases a second or vacation home. The most debated measure was Senator Gonzalez’s bill creating civil remedies and confidentiality protections for election officers who are threatened or intimidated; supporters said it responds to rising threats against election workers, while opponents warned it could chill legitimate questioning at polling places and create vague liability. Several senators explained their votes on both sides, and the bill passed despite significant opposition. The Senate then adjourned until Tuesday, January 14 at 11:00 a.m.
US

US Federal 2025-2026 Regular Session

US House Floor Proceedings (Monday, June 29, 2026)

US Federal House Floor Meeting

Transcript Highlights:
  • We have an opportunity to take that action...
  • The opinion of the Chair, two-thirds being in the affirmative, The Chair, two-thirds being in the affirmative
  • The need for action has never been clearer.
  • We do not preempt the states from taking further action.
  • Fortunately, we've taken action to Fortunately, we've taken action to address these challenges.