Video & Transcript Research : 'certification'
Page 26 of 306
MN
Transcript Highlights:
- Um, also there's language um to say that if people have a uh certification diving certification higher
- say that if people have a uh certific say that if people have a uh certific diving<00:04:34.759>
- diving certification higher than Open diving certification higher than Open Water<00:04:37.120>
certification - In the A2, you have to have a valid Open Water scuba diver certificate or a more advanced certificate
- I'm wondering, is that certification much higher than the Patty certification?
MA
Massachusetts 2025-2026 Regular Session
Joint Committee on Education Jun 21st, 2026 at 01:00 pm
Joint Committee on Education
Transcript Highlights:
- Some certifications and credentials I've obtained from the program are my OSHA 10 and my Hot Work certification
- Some certifications and credentials I have earned through my program are CPR/AED and first aid certification
- care, as well as my EEC preschool/toddler teacher certification.
- Some of the certifications and credentials I obtained are my Red Cross Basic Life Support certification
- , my OSHA CareerSafe certification, and my Alzheimer's/dementia care training.
Summary:
The Joint Committee on Education held an informational hearing at Quincy Public Schools focused on career and technical education (CTE). Committee members said the visit was intended to gather input for statewide CTE legislation, including efforts to expand awareness and access, improve middle school exposure, invest in equipment and facilities, and strengthen ties to workforce boards and labor pathways. Quincy officials described their CTE system as integrated with academics and highlighted support from district, city, and state partners.
School leaders outlined Quincy’s CTE offerings, including 15 Chapter 74 programs at Quincy High School and four at North Quincy High School, with about 1,360 students enrolled. Presenters emphasized curriculum aligned to DESE frameworks, work-based learning, industry-recognized credentials, safety training, business electives, dual enrollment and articulation with Quincy College, and grant funding such as Skills Capital and Perkins. They also discussed support liaisons for nontraditional careers and military pathways, advisory committees, and plans to seek Chapter 74 approval for an engineering program at North Quincy, along with new computer science and business offerings.
Testimony from MassHire South Shore described workforce partnerships, YouthWorks, job fairs, resume workshops, and the Credit for Life Fair, while the assistant superintendent explained Quincy’s MyCAP planning grant and efforts to build a student-driven college and career readiness system. Three students testified about their pathways in welding, early education and care, and healthcare technology, describing hands-on learning, certifications, clinical or co-op experiences, and future plans for college and careers. Committee members praised Quincy as a model for combining CTE with general education, and the meeting ended with a motion to adjourn and unanimous adjournment.
KY
Kentucky 2026 Regular Session
House Standing Committee on Primary and Secondary Education. (3-4-26)
Primary and Secondary Education
Transcript Highlights:
- certification? certification?
- So, and we know that less students are are existing certificates. existing certificates.
- <00:26:07.360>
um changes to content certifications um changes to content certifications um - Um, I'm here to present House Bill 685, an act relating to teacher certification.
- whose certification has lapsed.
Summary:
The committee began with introductions of student guests, including an FCCLA national officer who spoke in support of career and technical education. She emphasized that CTE connects classroom learning to real careers, builds leadership and employability skills, and deserves continued state supplemental funding to keep programs current, expand offerings, and support student organizations. Members thanked her for her remarks and for representing FCCLA students.
The committee then considered House Bill 67, a cleanup bill to address unintended consequences from last session’s Senate Bill 181 on traceable communication in schools. Rep. Josh Calloway explained that the substitute clarified definitions of family members, coaches, volunteers, certified/classified/contract employees, and virtual instruction; exempted group messaging, public social media posts, translation services, parent-provided phone numbers, emergency communications, and field trip/work-based learning contacts; and allowed teachers to disclose outside commercial or nonprofit involvement so they can communicate with students for those purposes. He said the bill was developed with input from school boards, administrators, KDE, school HR groups, Kentucky League of Cities, and Farm Bureau. The committee approved the substitute and passed HB 67 favorably.
Next, the committee heard House Bill 759, which KDE described as a consistency bill for teacher certification pathways. The bill renames and standardizes alternative certification routes, clarifies content mastery requirements, allows teachers to add certifications more consistently, and lets educators extend certification into lower grade bands if they already hold higher-level certification and pedagogical knowledge. Members asked about chemistry majors, CTE occupational pathways, the veterans pathway, and grade-band “bandwidth”; KDE said the bill preserves the veterans route, does not create a new pathway but reorganizes existing ones, and will help make certification options easier to understand. HB 759 also passed favorably.
Finally, Rep. Shane Baker presented House Bill 654, a follow-up to last year’s effort to reduce administrative burdens on schools. He said the bill would eliminate additional reporting requirements, bar KDE from requiring components of a comprehensive improvement plan not expressly required by statute or federal law, and allow EARS to temporarily authorize reports when the legislature is not in session while preserving necessary reporting tied to SEEK funding and school operations. The committee took up the substitute and began discussion of the bill.
MO
Missouri 2026 Regular Session
Elementary and Secondary Education Jan 15th, 2026
Elementary and Secondary Education
Transcript Highlights:
- So what does that certification process look like?
- The certification for gifted education in Missouri is in addition to an initial teaching certificate.
- is encumbered in some way, in that you don't have a full certificate but you have a certificate with
- But you also don't intend for the current out-of-state certification to change.
- We would still have our regular out-of-state certification process.
FL
Florida 2025 Regular Session
April 1, 2025 - 01:00 PM
Transcript Highlights:
- , in effect, change the way that we prepare educators in the state of Florida to receive their certification
- The bill repeals the professional learning certification programs and professional educational competency
- The bill also authorizes waiver of specialized educator certification requirements based on participation
- And the other thing is, remember, certification right now is a five-year process and recertification
- And the other thing is, remember, certification right now is a five-year process and recertification
Summary:
The Higher Education Budget Subcommittee heard and passed two bills. HB 875 on educator preparation would create a uniform core curriculum for teacher preparation programs, establish a new competency-based CERT program, standardize mentor and clinical educator requirements, allow certain certification waivers, and create a Florida Institute of Teaching Excellence at Miami-Dade College subject to appropriation. Sponsor Rep. Rizzo said the bill would not add costs to local districts and would phase in beginning July 1, 2029; Rep. Snyder said the goal was to unify and raise standards across multiple certification pathways. An amendment by Rep. Aristide to reduce clinical hours for experienced teachers seeking counseling certification was withdrawn after discussion. Public testimony included support from the Foundation for Florida’s Future and opposition from the ACLU of Florida and another opponent. The bill passed on a recorded vote, with Reps. Franklin, Bracey Davis, and Campbell voting no.
Members then took up HB 681, as amended by PCS, on apprenticeship and pre-apprenticeship program funding. Rep. Mello said the bill focuses on funding transparency, accountability, resolving bargaining issues between local education agencies and apprenticeship providers, and requiring annual reporting to the Legislature to assess return on investment. Public testimony was overwhelmingly supportive from business, trade, and workforce groups, including Americans for Prosperity, the Florida Chamber of Commerce, Associated Builders and Contractors of Florida, and others. Rep. Franklin praised the sponsor’s work and said he would support the bill. HB 681 passed unanimously, and the committee adjourned after completing its agenda.
WV
West Virginia 2026 Regular Session
WV Senate Health and Human Resources Committee in Session Mar 10th, 2026 at 01:10 pm
Health and Human Resources
Transcript Highlights:
- I wrote eight of them, eight certificates of need.
- But there are entities out there who basically rent the certificate of need to provide services.
- They did change the standards for certificate of need back in 2022 and 2023 in April.
- They did change the standards for certificate of need back in 2022 and 2023 in April.
- In Putnam and Fayette, I depend heavily on the certificate of need for personal care.
Summary:
The committee met with a quorum, approved the March 5, 2026 minutes, and then took up several House bills. House Bill 5086, concerning peer support programs and testimonial privilege for covered caregivers, was amended to remove references to mental health and substance use disorder treatment from the disciplinary protections and to clarify that boards may still require participation in a board-designated professional health program; the bill was then reported to the full Senate with a do-pass recommendation. House Bill 5004, an education bill on PANS and PANDAS, was supported by the sponsor, who described his family’s experience with the conditions and emphasized earlier diagnosis and treatment; it was reported to the Senate. House Bill 537, creating an ALS services program in the Department of Human Services, also advanced after testimony from the sponsor and supportive comments about the disease’s impact; it was reported to the Senate.
House Bill 5096, which would have removed personal care and intellectual disability services from certificate-of-need review, drew extensive testimony. The sponsor argued the change would reduce regulatory barriers and expand access to in-home care, while an aging-services witness said certificate-of-need revenues help fund senior meals and other local services and that eliminating the requirement would harm county aging programs. After discussion, the motion to report the bill failed on a recorded division vote of 3-9. House Bill 4695, allowing PEIA patients to switch to an alternative covered treatment without additional prior authorization if medically appropriate and no more expensive, was reported to the Senate. House Bill 5582, creating the respiratory care interstate compact, was amended to remove a committee-added initial background-check provision and then reported. Another House Bill 5582, dealing with the TANF drug screening program, removed the sunset date, allowed oral fluid testing, and was also reported.
Finally, House Bill 5466 renamed the batterer intervention program as an abuse intervention program and allowed live synchronous virtual delivery while preserving an in-person option; the sponsor said the change would expand access statewide and better support domestic violence sentencing alternatives. That bill was reported to the Senate as well. The committee then adjourned.
NH
New Hampshire 2025 Regular Session
Senate Executive Departments and Administration (12/03/2025)
Executive Departments and Administration
Transcript Highlights:
- We were able to meet with a number of other states to look at this issue of mandatory certification.
- With these provisions, this amendment represents an... housing, a certification program for housing,
- But too often we certification entity.
- without certificate without mandatory without certificate without mandatory certification<00:17:
- . certification. certification.
FL
Florida 2026 Regular Session
Appropriations Committee on Higher Education Oct 8th, 2025
Appropriations Committee on Higher Education
Transcript Highlights:
- So there are A.S. degree programs, career certificate programs, college credit certificate programs that
- So there are AS degree programs, career certificate programs, college credit certificate programs that
- This is what we know: the CAPE industry certifications, funding these at $1,000 per certification.
- industry certification.
- And so the average was about $677 per industry certification.
Summary:
The Higher Education Appropriations Committee met for its first session of the year, took roll, welcomed new member Senator Bracey Davis, and had members briefly describe their backgrounds and interest in higher education. Chair Harrell framed the committee’s focus on maintaining Florida’s top national ranking in higher education and workforce development, with an emphasis on funding decisions tied to student success, workforce needs, and the state college system.
Senior Chancellor Kevin O’Farrell presented the Department of Education’s workforce and Florida College System budget requests and data. He described requested increases for adult education, Florida College System program funding, workforce development, and several grant programs, including workforce capitalization, apprenticeship/teacher apprenticeship, Open Door, and CAPE industry certifications. He highlighted record enrollment and completion growth across Florida’s colleges and technical centers, major gains in career dual enrollment, and expansion in programs such as nursing, AI, cybersecurity, welding, HVAC, and manufacturing. Members asked about labor-market demand, the impact of artificial intelligence on future job training, teacher apprenticeship details, mission creep and duplication in CTE programs, student placement and wages after graduation, and articulation between technical college clock hours and college credit.
South Florida State College President Fred Hawkins testified about challenges facing a rural college, including low local college-going rates, long travel distances, limited faculty recruitment due to salaries, and the need for more operational funding to expand capacity. He cited strong job placement and licensure outcomes in nursing, dental hygiene, EMT/paramedic, and radiography, and said the college is exploring AI tools to improve student services and reduce staffing pressure. Pinellas Technical College Executive Director Mark Hunter described strong dual enrollment, high job placement, employer partnerships, and a reported 400% return on investment, while also warning that many programs have waiting lists because of staffing and equipment constraints. He explained how technical college coursework is aligned with state college credit through content-based articulation agreements. The committee then opened the floor for public comment, but no additional business was taken up, and the meeting adjourned.
MN
Minnesota 2025 1st Special Session
Committee on Energy, Utilities, Environment and Climate - 03/12/25
Energy, Utilities, Environment, and Climate
Transcript Highlights:
- of need the Public Utilities certificate of need the Public Utilities Commission<00:03:35.799>
certificate - for the certificate of need takes for the certificate of need process<00:05:15.400>
limits <00 - <00:18:44.640>
of utilities process for the certificate of utilities process for the certificate - <00:20:09.640>
of <00:20:09.799>need within the certificate of need within the certificate - Those are certificate of need-exempt.
NM
New Mexico 2026 Regular Session
Senate Chamber Jan 22nd, 2026 at 11:13 am
New Mexico Senate Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- certificate.
- for this special certificate.
- Hearing no objection, the reader will read Certificate 2. Certificate 3.
- Okay, certificate two, certificate three, certificate four, certificate five, Certificate 4.
- Certificate 5. Certificate 6. Certificate 7. Certificate 8. Certificate 9. Certificate 10.
AL
Transcript Highlights:
- HB 289 proposes the removal of the date of disposition off of a death certificate.
- >> So, a death certificate cannot be issued without all of those required fields on there.
- So, if you have not been cremated and/or buried yet, then your family cannot get a death certificate
- So, a death certificate cannot happens?
- him a death certificate because he wasn't<00:16:43.040>
buried <00:16:43.360>yet.
Keywords:
immigration, law enforcement, fingerprints, DNA collection, illegal aliens, Alabama state law, out-of-state warrants, criminal procedure, extradition, Alabama Code, arrest authority, interstate cooperation, Marshall County, TVA, Tennessee Valley Authority, in-lieu-of-taxes, payments distribution, local legislation, school funding, education finance
TX
Texas 89th Regular
S/C on Academic & Career-Oriented Education Mar 5th, 2025
S/C on Academic & Career-Oriented Education
Transcript Highlights:
- Over the past six years... ...this model has allowed us to scale pathways, increase certifications, and
- When I mention a level one, level two certificate, that's the kind of certificate that you earn at a
- In Fort Bend County, we issued 1,500 certificates in floor design.
- They can earn up to... to a $5,000 bonus for every certificate that's issued.
- I guess to get a certificate through TSTC, if you're just going through TSTC.
Keywords:
applied sciences, career education, high school diploma, certificate program, work-based learning, job placement, high-growth jobs, technical training, career readiness, education reform, workforce training, public schools, financial aid, fraudulent solicitation, disaster relief, nonprofit organizations, criminal penalties, consumer protection, fraud prevention, charitable donations
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- Certification, certification. OK. I mean, I, I have cert, not certifications.
- by third-party certification.
- That gives us another avenue of stricter, more certification.
- If they went to the national certification? No, the TCEQ certification.
- So, one option would be for certificate holders.
Keywords:
water filtration, public drinking water, health and safety, well maintenance, water quality, Edwards Aquifer, water conservation, reclaimed water, aquifer storage, environmental protection, public utility agency, dissolution, local government, regulatory framework, municipal authority, Texas Water Bank, Texas Water Trust, water rights, water banking, instream flow
FL
Florida 2026 4th Special Session
January 29, 2026 - 12:30 PM
Transcript Highlights:
- I'm going to get your certificate and need and scope of work, but on Medicaid now.
- So that's the certificate of need. Okay, so now my sections.
- This happens in my district, and I see the value of Certificates of Need.
- The Certificate of Need is also very short-sighted.
- I have some concerns with a blanket repeal of the Certificate of Need.
FL
Florida 2026 4th Special Session
January 14, 2026 - 09:00 AM
Transcript Highlights:
- . >> Chair Esposito: WE WILL TAKE UP HB 561 RELATING TO EDUCATED CERTIFICATES.
- BY CLEARLY OUTLINING REINSTATEMENT REQUIREMENTS ALLOWING EDUCATORS WITH EXPIRED CERTIFICATES TO OBTAIN
- PROFESSIONAL CERTIFICATES HAVE EXPIRED THESE ARE EDUCATORS PREVIOUSLY CERTIFIED IN FLORIDA AND ALREADY
- THIS BILL ALLOWS THOSE WITH EXPIRED CERTIFICATES TO USE THE PREVIOUS SUBJECT AREA EXAMINATION RESULTS
- PRIOR COURSEWORK OR IN-SERVICE POINTS OF ORIGINAL CERTIFICATES CANNOT BE REUSED ENSURING ALL CONTINUED
WV
West Virginia 2026 Regular Session
WV Senate Health and Human Resources Committee in Session Mar 10th, 2026 at 01:10 pm
Transcript Highlights:
- I wrote eight of them, eight certificates of need.
- I was a subcontractor for different entities that had a certificate of need, which I disagreed with.
- of need and that is that is true and that is the case here in Putnam County. certificate of need and
- They did change the standards for certificate of need back in 2022 and 2023, and in April those were
- In Putnam and Fayette, I depend heavily on the certificate of need for personal care.
Summary:
The committee met, approved the March 5, 2026 minutes, and then took up several health- and human-services-related bills. House Bill 5086, concerning peer support programs for covered caregivers, was explained as creating training and testimonial privilege protections; the committee adopted an amendment clarifying that boards may still require participation in a board-designated professional health program, and then reported the bill to the full Senate with the recommendation that it do pass. House Bill 5004, an educational bill on PANS and PANDAS, was supported by the sponsor, who described his family’s experience and the importance of earlier diagnosis; it was reported to the Senate without amendment. House Bill 5327, which would require the Department of Human Services to create an ALS services program, also received supportive testimony from the sponsor and members, but the transcript reflects the bill being reported as House Bill 537; it was moved forward without amendment.
The committee then considered House Bill 5096, which would remove personal care and intellectual/developmental disability waiver services from certificate-of-need review. The sponsor argued the change would reduce regulatory burden and expand access, while a county aging-program director testified that certificate-of-need revenues help fund senior meals and services and that eliminating the requirement would reduce important support for aging providers. After a division vote, the motion to report the bill failed 3-9. House Bill 4695, allowing PEIA patients to switch to an alternative medically appropriate covered treatment without new prior authorization if it costs no more than the original treatment, was explained as carrying an estimated $13 million annual cost to PEIA and was reported to the Senate.
The committee also advanced House Bill 5582, enacting the Respiratory Care Interstate Compact, after discussion of a committee amendment removing a new-background-check-at-initial-licensure provision; the amendment was adopted and the bill was reported. Another House Bill 5582, concerning the TANF drug screening program, was described as removing the sunset date and allowing oral fluid testing in addition to urine samples; it too was reported. Finally, House Bill 5466 renamed the batterer intervention program as an abuse intervention program and allowed live synchronous virtual delivery with an in-person option; the sponsor said the change would expand access statewide, and the bill was reported to the Senate. The committee then adjourned.
NH
New Hampshire 2025 Regular Session
House Judiciary (04/09/2025)
Transcript Highlights:
- <00:36:47.599>
all certificates are expected for all certificates are expected for all natural - certificate has already been completed. certificate has already been completed.
- and do the cremation certificate. and do the cremation certificate.
- And there there is certificate.
- . certificate. certificate.
Summary:
The House Judiciary Committee opened a hearing on Senate Bill 146, which would remove the requirement that a medical examiner physically view a body before issuing a cremation certificate. The prime sponsor, Sen. Suprentice, and Chief Medical Examiner Dr. Jenny Duval explained that the bill would not change the death certificate process or the existing waiting period before cremation; it would only eliminate the in-person viewing step. They said the current review of death certificates already catches the vast majority of cases that should be reported to the medical examiner, and that the physical view changes outcomes in less than 1% of cremation cases.
The witnesses emphasized that the bill is intended to improve efficiency and reduce delays for families and funeral homes, while freeing deputy medical examiners to focus on homicides, suicides, accidents, and unexpected natural deaths. Dr. Duval cited an example where review of a death certificate, not the body, uncovered a long-ago strangulation-related homicide, arguing that the key safeguard is review of records and cause of death, not the physical view. She also said the change would save travel time and some costs for the department.
Committee members asked about how death certificates list primary and contributing causes of death, whether the low percentage of findings means the current process has a deterrent effect, why cremation is treated differently from burial, and whether identification concerns are adequately addressed. The sponsors responded that identification is handled earlier by hospitals, families, and funeral directors, and that any questionable identification would already fall under medical examiner jurisdiction. They also said the bill would not alter the two-day cremation delay or other existing safeguards. No vote or final action was taken in the portion of the hearing provided.
TX
Texas 89th 2nd C.S.
S/C on Academic & Career-Oriented Education Mar 5th, 2025
S/C on Academic & Career-Oriented Education
Transcript Highlights:
- Such as an industry-based certification or degree.
- An associate's degree an associate's degree or a certification or a certificate.
- In Fort Bend County, we issued 1500 certificates in floor design.
- They can earn up to a $5000 bonus for every certificate that's issued.
- And it improves their A through F rating for every certificate that's issued.
Keywords:
fraudulent solicitation, disaster relief, nonprofit organizations, criminal penalties, consumer protection, fraud prevention, charitable donations, higher education, LGBTQ studies, DEI studies, program prohibition, educational policy, HB120, Texas, Texas Education Code, public universities, public colleges, queer studies, gay studies, lesbian studies
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- So right now, your certification is specifically for backflow prevention, correct? Certification.
- That gives us another avenue for stricter certification.
- Currently, over 250 individuals hold this certification.
- With these different certifications, Standards.
- Certification? No, the TCEQ certification.
Keywords:
water filtration, public drinking water, health and safety, well maintenance, water quality, Edwards Aquifer, water conservation, reclaimed water, aquifer storage, environmental protection, public utility agency, dissolution, local government, regulatory framework, municipal authority, Texas Water Bank, Texas Water Trust, water rights, water banking, instream flow
AZ
Arizona 2026 Regular Session
02/10/2026 - House Natural Resources, Energy & Water
Natural Resources, Energy & Water
Transcript Highlights:
- And we have unmet demand outside designated providers, which is the certificate program.
- But the unmet demand requirement applies to certificates, but not to designated providers.
- because once a certificate is issued they never have to remodel they just have that certificate indefinitely
- And we have unmet demand outside designated providers, which is the certificate program.
- And the only way to build that tax base is certificates and replenishment water.
Bills:
HB2026, HB2027, HB2028, HB2031, HB2078, HB2094, HB2095, HB2101, HB2102, HB2103, HB2260, HB2278, HB2827, HB2932, HB2933, HB2934, HB2986, HCM2009, HCR2038
Keywords:
assured water supply, groundwater, commingling, commingled water, water supply, Arizona Department of Water Resources, ADWR, active management area, AMA, subdivision plat, development approval, water rights, municipal provider, private water company, certificate of assured water supply, written commitment of water service, groundwater savings credits, gray water reuse, replenishment district, Central Arizona Project
Summary:
The committee on Natural Resources, Energy and Water heard and advanced several bills and memorials focused on water policy, mining, environmental regulation, and professional licensing. HB 2260, a veterinary board measure, HB 2986, an ADEQ cleanup/omnibus bill, and HB 2827, which extends Pinal AMA groundwater fee authority and related fund deadlines, all received due pass recommendations on unanimous 10-0 votes. HB 2078, clarifying that public notice for new aggregate mine reclamation plans applies only to new plans and can be satisfied by certain local notices, also passed 9-1 after testimony from the sponsor and mining industry representatives. HCM 2009, urging Congress to amend the Antiquities Act, address split estate mineral rights, and streamline mining permits, passed 5-4 along party lines and drew support from mining interests and opposition from members concerned about federal land protection and monuments. HCR 2038, supporting a seven-state Colorado River agreement, passed 9-1 with testimony emphasizing the importance of a negotiated river settlement to Arizona’s economy, food supply, and national security.
The committee then took up a series of water-management bills that generated more extensive debate. HB 2026, which narrows how ADWR evaluates water availability by focusing on proposed dedicated supplies even if commingled in delivery systems, passed 6-4 despite concerns that it echoed previously vetoed language and could weaken water security. HB 2027, as amended, would limit application of Pinal AMA-style rules in the Phoenix AMA and alter physical-availability review for applicants enrolled in the Central Arizona Groundwater Replenishment District; it passed 6-4 after strong opposition from CAP, municipal water users, and ADWR, who warned it could undermine assured water supply designations and CAGRD obligations, while home builders argued it was a fairness issue for development. HB 2028, removing ADWR’s exemption from appealable administrative-completeness determinations, passed 6-4 over agency concerns that it would turn deficiency letters into formal appeals and add workload, while supporters said it would give applicants the same legal rights as other regulated parties.
The committee also approved HB 2031, an emergency measure setting a deadline for filing grandfathered groundwater rights in the Wilcox AMA, on a 5-4 vote, and HB 2094, which would require ADWR to re-review certain assured water supply determinations and retroactively validate some applications using specified models, also on a 5-4 vote; both were described as similar to previously vetoed measures. The transcript ends as the committee begins HB 2095, which would expand the factors ADWR considers in determining groundwater depth and physical availability for assured water supply applications, with an amendment being explained but no final action captured in the excerpt.